Sultanate of Oman

Sultan Qaboos University

Collage of Engineering

Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Department

Plant and Process Design CHPE5412/Sec 20

Codes and Standards used in Engineering Design

Submitted by:

Ahmed Saif Al Harthi 118476

Asim Ahmed Al Shehhi 123054

Tariq Hamed Al Mamari 124028

 Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2

2. Types of Codes and Standards used in Chemical and Petroleum Industries ............... 2

2.1.1. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) ......................................... 3

2.1.2. American Petroleum institute (API) ...................................................................... 3

2.1.3. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) ............................................... 3

2.1.4. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ................................... 4

2.1.5. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)................................... 4

3. Codes and Standards used in Chemical and Petroleum industries .............................. 5

3.1.1. Piping ................................................................................................................... 5

3.1.2. Piping connection and fittings .......................................................................... 8

3.1.3. Pumps and Compressors................................................................................. 10

3.1.4. High Pressure Vessels .................................................................................... 13

3.1.4. Low Pressure Vessels along with application of one example ....................... 16

4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 18

5. Reference ................................................................................................................... 19

6. Appendix ................................................................................................................... 21

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1. Introduction

Standardization is the process of developing and improving technical documents that are
agreed upon by various parties, including groups, users, companies, governments, and
organizations. It aims to reduce confusion, cost, and difficulties that can arise from
unnecessary differences in systems, equipment, and procedures. In certain fields such as
safety, testing, and construction, standards can also serve as a record of widely accepted
industry practices. In process plants, standardization is achieved through the use of various
standards, codes, and recommended practices. Standards are documents created by
committees or professional societies that outline requirements that must be followed and
are considered to be effective engineering practices. Users are responsible for proper
implementation of the standards, but compliance with the standards does not exempt
individuals from legal obligations. A code is a set of guidelines or standardized practices
for design, manufacturing, installation, and inspection that are legally recognized and
enforced. They are meant to provide engineering specifications for the safe planning and
construction of pipe infrastructure. Unlike standards, which are voluntary agreements and
only become enforceable when included in a contract, codes have the legal power of a law.

2. Types of Codes and Standards used in Chemical and Petroleum Industries

The are many different types of codes and standards that are being used in the field of
chemical and petroleum industries. These cover the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers -ASME- standards, The American petroleum institute -API- standards which
include an extensive range of issues involving technical specifications, environmental
protection and safety. The other commonly used codes and standards in these industries
comprise the International Organization for Standardization -ISO- standards, the American
Society for Testing and Materials -ASTM- standards and the National Fire Protection
Association -NFPA- codes. These different codes and standards assist to make certain the
reliability and safety of the processes and products in the chemical and petroleum
industries.

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2.1.1. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Is an organization known for developing and publishing guidelines and standards for
extensive range of industries including chemical and petroleum industries. These standards
deliver important requirement and guidelines for the designing, construction and
maintenance of different types of systems and equipment including pressure vessels,
piping, elevators and boilers. Moreover, they comprise other topics such as fabrication,
materials, inspection, testing and installation. Following the standards of ASME,
professionals and engineers can make sure that the systems and equipment which they
design and build are reliable, efficient and safe. ASME standards can enhance the
consistency and uniformity in the design and construction of systems and equipment. This
can facilitate collaboration and trade among several organization and industries.

2.1.2. American Petroleum institute (API)

API is a trade organization known for standards developing and publishing for natural gas
and oil industry. These standards cover equipment, materials, procedures and practices.
API standards aim to provide the industry with requirements and guidelines for efficient,
safe and reliable design, construction, maintenance and operation of systems and
equipment utilized in oil and natural gas industry. These standards are founded for making
sure that the systems and equipment are designed and built to the top standards of safety
and quality and they provide a common framework for industry procedures and practice.
Following the standards of API, organization in the field of oil and natural gas industry can
protect the safety and health of employees and the public. In addition, they can minimize
the impact of their operation on the environment.

2.1.3. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

NFPA is an organization that develop and publish standards and codes for fire protection
and any related safety issue. This is a not for profit organization that aim to reduce the
impact of hazards and fire on people, environment and property. NFPA standard and codes
cover many topics involving fire protection systems, fire prevention, electrical safety and
emergency response. Organizations, professionals and governments are using and adopting
these codes and standards widely. Following the Codes and standards of NFPA.

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Organization and individuals can assist to prevent hazards and fire and they also can protect
lives and property.

2.1.4. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a non-governmental

organization that develops and publishes international standards. ISO standards are
technical specifications, guidelines, or characteristics that define the requirements for a
particular product, process, or service. They are developed by experts from a wide range
of industries, including manufacturing, technology, healthcare, and environmental
management, through a consensus-based process that involves input from various
stakeholders.

ISO standards cover a wide range of topics and sectors, including management systems,
quality management, environmental management, energy management, food safety,
healthcare, information technology, and many others. They are designed to ensure the
quality, safety, and efficiency of products, processes, and services, and to facilitate trade
and communication among different countries and industries.

2.1.5. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is a professional organization
that develops and publishes technical standards for a wide range of industries. ASTM
standards cover a variety of topics, including materials, products, systems, and services.

ASTM standards are developed through a consensus-based process that involves input
from a diverse group of experts, including industry representatives, government agencies,
academia, and consumer organizations. ASTM standards are designed to ensure the
quality, safety, and performance of products, systems, and services.

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3. Codes and Standards used in Chemical and Petroleum industries
3.1.1. Piping
➢ API
❖ API 5L for Line Pipe.
API 5L is a standard published by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that
provides guidelines for the manufacture, testing, and inspection of line pipe. The
standard covers both seamless and welded line pipe and specifies the requirements
for the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional properties of the pipe, as well as the
testing and inspection procedures to be followed. It also includes requirements for
the protection of the pipe during transportation and storage, and for the handling and
installation of the pipe. API 5L is widely used in the oil and gas industry for the
transportation of petroleum products, such as crude oil, natural gas, and other
hydrocarbons. It is also used in other industries for the transportation of fluids, such
as water and sewage. The standard is regularly updated to ensure that it remains
relevant and up-to-date with the latest industry practices and technological
developments.
❖ API 574 for Inspection Practice for the Components of the Piping System
API 574 is a standard published by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that
provides guidelines for the inspection of piping system components in process plants.
The standard specifies the inspection requirements for different types of piping
system components based on their type, service, and operating conditions, and
provides guidelines for the selection of inspection methods, including visual
inspection, dimensional inspection, and nondestructive testing. It also includes the
acceptance criteria for different types of defects and guidelines for the documentation
and reporting of inspection results. The goal of API 574 is to provide a uniform
system for the inspection of piping system components and to ensure that they meet
the necessary performance and quality requirements. The standard is widely used in
the petroleum and chemical industries by engineers, inspectors, and other
professionals involved in the design, construction, inspection, and maintenance of
piping systems, and is regularly updated to ensure that it remains relevant and up-to-
date with the latest industry practices and technological developments.

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 ❖ API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 for Fitness-for-Service
API 579-1/ASME FFS-1, Fitness-for-Service, is a standard published by the
American Petroleum Institute (API) and the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) that provides guidelines for evaluating the fitness-for-service
(FFS) of process plant components, such as pressure vessels, piping, tanks, and other
equipment. The standard specifies the procedures for conducting an FFS assessment,
including the selection of appropriate methods and techniques, the evaluation of
various types of damage and defects, and the determination of the component's
remaining life and safe operating limits. It also includes guidelines for the
documentation and reporting of FFS assessment results. The goal of API 579-
1/ASME FFS-1 is to provide a systematic approach for evaluating the remaining life
and integrity of process plant components and to ensure that they are safe and reliable
throughout their service life. The standard is widely used in the petroleum and
chemical industries by engineers, inspectors, and other professionals involved in the
maintenance and operation of process plants.
➢ ASME
❖ ASME B31.1 for Power Piping
ASME B31.1 is a standard that provides guidelines for the design, construction,
installation, and maintenance of power piping systems, which transport fluids used
to generate, transmit, or utilize power. It covers requirements for materials, design,
fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, and documentation of power piping
systems, and includes requirements for the protection and repair of piping systems.
ASME B31.1 is used in the power generation, oil and gas, and other industries, and
is intended to ensure the safe and reliable operation of power piping systems.
❖ ASME B31.3 for Process Piping
ASME B31.3 is a standard that provides guidelines for the design, construction,
installation, and inspection of process piping systems, which transport fluids, gases,
or other substances used in industrial processes. It covers requirements for
materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, and documentation
of process piping systems, and includes requirements for the protection and repair

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 of piping systems. ASME B31.3 is used in the chemical, refining, and other process
industries.
❖ ASME B31.9 for Building Services Piping
ASME B31.9 is a standard that provides guidelines for the design, construction,
installation, and inspection of piping systems used in buildings for the conveyance
of fluids, gases, and other substances. It covers requirements for materials, design,
fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, and documentation of building
services piping systems, and includes requirements for the protection and repair of
piping systems. ASME B31.9 is used in the construction and building services
industries, and is intended to ensure the safe and reliable operation of building
services piping systems.
➢ NFPA
❖ NFPA 13 for Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
NFPA 13 is a standard published by the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) that provides guidelines for the design, installation, and maintenance of
fire sprinkler systems in buildings. The standard covers both wet and dry sprinkler
systems, as well as special-purpose systems such as pre-action and deluge systems,
and includes requirements for the protection of sprinkler systems during
construction and for the repair and alteration of existing systems. NFPA 13 is
widely used in the construction and building services industries and is regularly
updated to ensure that it remains relevant and up-to-date with the latest industry
practices and technological developments. The standard is intended to provide a
uniform system for the safe and reliable operation of fire sprinkler systems and to
ensure that they meet necessary performance and quality requirements.
❖ NFPA 25 for Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire
Protection Systems.
NFPA 25 is a standard published by the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) that provides guidelines for the testing, inspection, and maintenance of
water-based fire protection systems, including sprinkler systems, standpipes, and
hose systems. The standard specifies the requirements for testing, inspection, and
maintenance of these systems, including the frequency and scope of inspections,

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 testing procedures, and maintenance procedures. It also includes requirements for
the documentation of inspections, tests, and maintenance activities, as well as for
the repair and replacement of system components. The goal of NFPA 25 is to ensure
that water-based fire protection systems are properly maintained and able to
function as intended, in order to help prevent fires and reduce the loss of life and
property. The standard is widely used in the building and fire protection industries
and is regularly updated to ensure that it remains relevant and up-to-date with the
latest industry practices and technological developments
❖ NFPA 70 for National Electrical Code
NFPA 70, also known as the National Electrical Code (NEC), is a standard
published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) that provides
guidelines for the safe installation and use of electrical wiring and equipment in
buildings and other structures. The NEC covers a wide range of electrical topics,
including the design and installation of electrical systems, the use of electrical
materials and equipment, and the maintenance and repair of electrical systems. The
goal of the NEC is to help prevent electrical fires, shocks, and other hazards, and
to ensure the safe and reliable operation of electrical systems. The NEC is widely
used in the construction and building services industries, as well as by electrical
contractors, engineers, and other professionals involved in the design, installation,
and maintenance of electrical systems.
3.1.2. Piping connection and fittings
➢ API
❖ API 574 for Inspection Practice for the Components of the Piping System
API 574 is a standard developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that
provides guidelines for the inspection of piping system components in process plants.
It specifies inspection requirements based on the type, service, and operating
conditions of the components, and provides guidelines for the selection of inspection
methods such as visual inspection, dimensional inspection, and nondestructive
testing. The standard includes acceptance criteria for defects and guidelines for the
documentation and reporting of inspection results. The goal of API 574 is to ensure

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 that piping system components meet necessary performance and quality
requirements.
❖ API 576 for Inspection of Pressure-Relieving Devices
API 576 is a standard developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that
provides guidelines for the inspection, repair, and alteration of pressure-relieving
devices. These devices are used to protect process plants and equipment from
overpressure by releasing excess pressure to a safe location. The standard covers
various types of pressure-relieving devices, including safety valves, rupture disks,
and pressure relief valves, and specifies the inspection requirements for each type. It
also provides guidelines for the selection of inspection methods, such as visual
inspection, dimensional inspection, and testing, and includes acceptance criteria for
defects. The goal of API 576 is to ensure that pressure-relieving devices are properly
maintained and function as intended. It is widely used in the petroleum and chemical
industries by professionals involved in the design, construction, inspection, and
maintenance of these device.

❖ API RP 577 for Welding Inspection and Metallurgy

API RP 577 is a recommended practice developed by the American Petroleum
Institute (API) that provides guidelines for the welding inspection and metallurgy of
process piping and pressure vessels in the petroleum and chemical industries. The
practice covers topics such as welding procedures, welders and welding operators,
welding consumables, and welding equipment, and provides guidelines for the
inspection of welds, including visual inspection, dimensional inspection, and
nondestructive testing. It includes acceptance criteria for defects and is intended to
help ensure that welded piping and pressure vessels are designed, constructed, and
inspected in accordance with industry standards and good engineering practices. API
RP 577 is widely used by professionals involved in the design, construction,
inspection, and maintenance of welded piping and pressure vessels.

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➢ ASME
❖ ASME B31.1 for Power Piping
ASME B31.1 is a code that provides guidelines for the design, construction, and
inspection of power piping systems, including those used for the transmission and
distribution of electric power, as well as for other purposes such as heating, cooling,
and process piping. It covers materials, dimensions, and tolerances for various types
of piping components like flanges, valves, and fittings, and provides guidelines for
their selection, installation, and testing. It is used to ensure the safety and reliability
of power piping projects, and is often used in conjunction with other ASME codes.
❖ ASME B31.3 for Process Piping
ASME B31.3 is a code that provides guidelines for the design, construction,
inspection, and maintenance of process piping systems, which are used to transport
fluids and gases in industrial facilities such as refineries, chemical plants, and power
plants. It covers materials, dimensions, and tolerances for various types of piping
components like flanges, valves, and fittings, and provides guidelines for their
selection, installation, and testing. It is used to ensure the safety and reliability of
process piping projects, and is often used in conjunction with other ASME codes.
➢ NFPA
❖ NFPA 13 for Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
❖ NFPA 25 for Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection
Systems.
❖ NFPA 70 for National Electrical Code.

3.1.3. Pumps and Compressors

➢ API
❖ API 610 for Centrifugal Pumps for Natura Gas, Petrochemical and Petroleum
industries
API 610 is a standard that provides guidelines for the design, operation, and
maintenance of centrifugal pumps used in the natural gas, petrochemical, and
petroleum industries. These pumps are used to transport liquids and gases at high
pressures and flows, and the standard covers materials, dimensions, and tolerances of

10
 various components, as well as guidelines for pump selection, installation, testing,
and maintenance. It is an important reference for those working with centrifugal
pumps in these industries, as it helps ensure the safety and reliability of these pumps.
❖ API 617 for Centrifugal Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas
Industry Services
API 617 is a standard that provides guidelines for the design, operation, and
maintenance of centrifugal compressors used in the petroleum, chemical, and gas
industries. These compressors are used to increase the pressure of gases for various
purposes, and the standard covers materials, dimensions, and tolerances of various
components, as well as guidelines for compressor selection, installation, testing, and
maintenance. It is an important reference for those working with centrifugal
compressors in these industries, as it helps ensure the safety and reliability of these
compressors.
❖ API 674 for Positive Displacement Pumps (Reciprocating)
API 674 is a standard that provides guidelines for the design, operation, and
maintenance of positive displacement pumps (reciprocating pumps) used in the
petroleum, chemical, and gas industries. These pumps are used to transport liquids
and gases at high pressures and flows, and the standard covers materials, dimensions,
and tolerances of various components, as well as guidelines for pump selection,
installation, testing, and maintenance. It is an important reference for those working
with positive displacement pumps in these industries.
➢ ASME
❖ ASME B73.1 for Vertical In-Line Centrifugal Pumps
ASME B73.1 is a standard that provides guidelines for the design, construction, and
testing of vertical in-line centrifugal pumps. These pumps are used to transport
liquids and gases at high pressures and flows, and the standard covers materials,
dimensions, and tolerances of various components, as well as guidelines for pump
selection, installation, testing, and inspection. It is an important reference for those
working with vertical in-line centrifugal pumps, as it helps ensure the safety and
reliability of these pumps. The standard is often used in conjunction with other ASME

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 codes to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines for the design and construction of
rotodynamic pumps.
❖ ASME B73.2 for Horizontal End-Suction Centrifugal Pumps
ASME B73.2 is a standard that provides guidelines for the design, construction, and
testing of horizontal end-suction centrifugal pumps. These pumps are used to
transport liquids and gases at high pressures and flows, and the standard covers
materials, dimensions, and tolerances of various components, as well as guidelines
for pump selection, installation, testing, and inspection. It is an important reference
for those working with horizontal end-suction centrifugal pumps, as it helps ensure
the safety and reliability of these pumps.
❖ ASME B73.3 for Vertical In-Line Two-Stage Centrifugal Pumps
ASME B73.3 is a set of rules and guidelines for designing, building, and testing
vertical in-line two-stage centrifugal pumps. These pumps are known for their ability
to move liquids and gases at high pressures and flows using two impellers mounted
in a single casing. The code covers everything from the materials used in the pump's
construction to the dimensions and tolerances of its various components, such as the
impellers, casing, and bearings. It also includes guidance on how to properly select
and install these pumps, as well as how to test and inspect them. Essentially, ASME
B73.3 is the go-to resource for anyone looking to build a reliable, high-performing
vertical in-line two-stage centrifugal pump.

➢ NFPA
❖ NFPA 20 for Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection
NFPA 20 is a set of guidelines that help ensure that stationary pumps and
compressors used for fire protection are installed and maintained correctly. These
pumps are responsible for supplying water to extinguish fires in buildings and other
structures. The standard covers everything from selecting and installing the right
pumps to training and certifying the personnel who operate and maintain them. It
also includes requirements for installing related equipment like tanks and piping.
By following NFPA 20, we can make sure that our fire protection pumps and
compressors are ready to go when we need them most.

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 ❖ NFPA 70 for National Electrical Code
❖ NFPA 99 for Health Care Facilities Code
NFPA 99 is a set of guidelines for the design, construction, and maintenance of
health care facilities. These guidelines cover a variety of systems, including fire
protection, electrical systems, and medical gas systems, and are intended to help
ensure the safety and reliability of these systems in health care facilities.

In addition to general requirements for health care facilities, NFPA 99 also

includes specific guidelines for the installation, maintenance, and testing of
pumps and compressors in these facilities. These guidelines may include details
on the types of pumps and compressors that are suitable for use in health care
settings, as well as necessary safety measures to protect personnel and equipment.
By following these guidelines, we can ensure that pumps and compressors are
properly installed and maintained in health care facilities, and are ready to go in
case of an emergency.

3.1.4. High Pressure Vessels

➢ API

❖ API 510 for Pressure Vessel Inspection Code

API 510 is a pressure vessel inspection code developed by the American Petroleum
Institute (API) for the petroleum and petrochemical industries. It provides guidelines
for the inspection, repair, alteration, and re-rating of in-service pressure vessels that
operate at a pressure greater than 15 psig and a temperature greater than -50°F. The
code covers a wide range of topics related to pressure vessel inspection, including
inspection frequency, inspection methods, repair and alteration, and re-rating. API
510 helps ensure the safety and integrity of pressure vessels in the petroleum and
petrochemical industries by providing guidelines for their inspection and
maintenance.

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 ❖ API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 for Fitness-for-Service

It is a standard for evaluating the structural integrity and remaining life of in-service
equipment, including pressure vessels, in the petroleum and petrochemical industries.
It is based on the principles of risk-based inspection (RBI) and provides guidelines
for assessing the fitness-for-service of pressure vessels operating at a pressure greater
than 15 psig and a temperature greater than -50°F. The standard covers a wide range
of topics related to FFS assessment, including damage mechanisms, inspection
methods, repair and alteration, and re-rating.

❖ API 620 for Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage
Tanks

API 620 is a standard that provides guidelines for the design and construction of large
storage tanks in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. It covers tanks that
operate at a pressure lower than 15 psig and a temperature lower than -50°F. The
standard covers a wide range of topics related to storage tanks, including materials,
design, construction, and inspection.

➢ ASME

❖ ASME BPVC Section VIII for Pressure Vessels

It is a section of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) that provides
rules for the design, construction, and inspection of pressure vessels. It is divided into
three divisions: Division 1 covers the design and inspection of pressure vessels
operating at a pressure greater than 15 psig; Division 2 covers the design and
construction of pressure vessels using alternative methods; and Division 3 covers the
design and construction of high-pressure vessels operating at a pressure greater than
10,000 psig. It is an important standard for ensuring the safety and integrity of
pressure vessels.

14
 ❖ ASME BPVC Section IX for Welding and Brazing Qualifications

It is a section of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code that covers the
qualification of welders, welding operators, and brazers for the construction of high-
pressure vessels. It provides requirements for the qualification of welding and brazing
procedures and personnel, including tests and procedures that must be performed to
demonstrate competency, as well as alternative methods of qualification such as
previous experience or education. It is an important resource for ensuring the safety
and integrity of high-pressure vessels and is widely used in the industry.

❖ ASME B31.3 for Process Piping

ASME B31.3 is a standard that covers the design, construction, and testing of process
piping systems for various industries. These systems transport fluids and gases used
in industrial processes, and the standard provides requirements for materials, design,
fabrication, assembly, inspection, and testing, as well as guidelines for the selection
and use of flanges, gaskets, bolting, and other piping components. The standard is
intended to ensure the safety and integrity of process piping systems.

➢ NFPA

❖ NFPA 55 for Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code

NFPA 55 is a standard that provides guidelines for the safe storage, handling, and use
of compressed gases and cryogenic fluids. The standard covers the storage, handling,
and use of these materials in high pressure vessels, as well as the design, construction,
testing, and maintenance of these vessels. It also provides guidelines for the selection,
installation, and use of gas systems and equipment, including piping, fittings, and
other components. The standard is intended to help prevent accidents and injuries
associated with the use of compressed gases and cryogenic fluids.

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 ❖ NFPA 58 for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code

It is a standard that provides guidelines for the safe storage, handling, and use of
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). LPG is a flammable gas that is commonly used as a
fuel, and it is stored and transported in high pressure vessels. The standard covers the
storage, handling, and use of LPG in these vessels, as well as the design, construction,
testing, and maintenance of the vessels. It also provides guidelines for the selection,
installation, and use of LPG systems and equipment, including piping, fittings, and
other components. The standard is widely used in the industry.

❖ NFPA 59A for Utility LP-Gas Plant Code

NFPA 59A is a standard that provides guidelines for the safe design, construction,
and operation of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) plants. These plants produce, store,
and distribute LPG, which is a flammable gas that is commonly used as a fuel. The
standard covers the design, construction, and operation of LPG plants, including the
storage, handling, and use of LPG in high pressure vessels.

Example of application of high-pressure vessel with specifying the proper

standards for it:

Compressed gas cylinders: These are typically made of steel or aluminum and are
used to store gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen at high pressures:

• API 510.

• ASME BPVC Section IX.

• NFPA 55.

3.1.4. Low Pressure Vessels along with application of one example

➢ API

❖ API 620 for Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage
Tanks.

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 ❖ API 650 for Welded Tanks for Oil Storage

API 650 is a standard that provides guidelines for the design, construction, and
operation of welded storage tanks for oil and other petroleum products. These tanks
are used to store a variety of liquids and may be designed for low or atmospheric
pressure. The standard covers the materials, design, fabrication, testing, and
inspection of these tanks, as well as the design and construction of their foundations,
roofs, and appurtenances. It also covers the repair and alteration of existing tanks and
the inspection and testing of tanks during operation. API 650 is widely used in the oil
and gas industry and is an important resource for professionals involved in the design,
construction, and operation of storage tanks for a variety of liquids.

❖ API 653 for Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction

It is a standard that provides guidelines for the inspection, repair, alteration, and
reconstruction of steel storage tanks used in the oil and gas industry. These tanks are
used to store a variety of liquids and may be designed for low or atmospheric
pressure. API 653 is an important resource for professionals involved in the
inspection, repair, alteration, and reconstruction of steel storage tanks and is widely
used in the industry to ensure the safety and integrity of these tanks.

➢ ASME

❖ ASME BPVC Section VIII for Pressure Vessels.

❖ ASME BPVC Section IX for Welding and Brazing Qualifications.

❖ ASME B31.3 for Process Piping.

➢ NFPA

❖ NFPA 55 for Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code.

❖ NFPA 58 for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code.

❖ NFPA 59A for Utility LP-Gas Plant Code.

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 Example of application of low-pressure vessel with specifying the proper
standards for it:

Storage tanks: These vessels are used to store a variety of liquids, including oil,
gasoline, diesel fuel, and other petroleum products. They may be designed for low or
atmospheric pressure and are often used in the oil and gas industry:

• API 650.

• ASME BPVC Section IX.

• NFPA 58.

4. Conclusion
Codes and standards are crucial tools which provide requirements and instruction for
different types of systems and equipment design, construction and operation. They have
been developed and published by various organization including trade organization,
government agencies and professional society. Codes and standards include different
topics and used in comprehensive applications and industries. Following the codes and
standards enable engineers and any other related disciplines to ensure the safety, efficiency
and reliability of the systems and equipment that have been designed and built.

18
5. Reference

1. “API 5L pipe,” available via

https://www.cnzhongshisteel.com/products/pipe_tube/api_5l_pipe/api_5l_pipe_34
6227.html?gclid=Cj0KCQiAtICdBhCLARIsALUBFcGYtYkO9nfitEoPJTtdxJUc
yJXOVzJ_t4OPmbyLsR-JIcJtt_gj7lQaAh3qEALw_wcB
[Accessed 10/12/2022]

2. “Codes and Standards,” available via

https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-
and-standards/detail?code=20
[accessed 10/12/2022]

3. “Standards,” available via

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6. Appendix

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