: = Meee lesson journal HELENA CARYL REYES G) & OD) aX arrN O v ( @ Q .OD e e Science Science comes from the Latin word “scientia”, which means knowledge. Concerted with human effort to understand, or to understand better the history of natural world and how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of understanding based on facts learned through experiments and observation e Technolgy S Technology comes from the Greek word “technologia” which means the study of arts and skills, the product of science. Science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools Technology can be both helpful and harmful. In addition to its intended benefits, every technological design is likely to have some unintended side effects in its applications and production. The purpose of technology is to make life simpler and easier. Wise application of technology can lead to a better world. Advances of technology are measured in terms of human factor. & « 6The Natures of Science and Technology Four Meanings of Science © Science as Knowledge - refers to the organized, well-founded body of knowledge of natural phenomena 0 Science as a Field of Systematic Inquiry to Nature - refers to a particular field or domain of systematic inquiry in which knowledge is sought 0 Science as Form of Human Cultural Activity - refers to a distinctive form or kind of human cultural activity, one practiced by people called scientist. o Science as a Total Societal Enterprise - refers to science as the complex of knowledge, people, skills, organizations, facilities, technics, physical resources, methods and technologies that taken together or in relationship to one another are devoted to the study and understanding of the natural world.Four Meanings of Technology Technology as Technics - technology will sometimes be used to mean and refer to mate products of human making or fabrication. Technics - according to Me Ginn R. E 94) are the material artifacts ( to use an anthropological term) or hardware (to use an engineering term) produced by a person, group or society. -subcategorized into tools, devices machines, implements, instruments, and utensils, computers, bicycles, contact lenses, axes fall within the general category of technics. © Technology as a Technology - refers to the complex of knowledge, methods, materials and if applicable constituent part used in making a certain kind of technic Many technologies are involved in the manufacture of an automobile, such as brake technology, carburetor technology, engine technology and transmission technology. © Technology as a Total Societal Enterprise - refers to the total societal enterprise of technology that is, the complex of knowledge, people, skills, organizations, facilities, technics, physical resources , methods and technologies that taken together and in relationship to one another are devoted to the research, development, production, and operation of technics.Technology and Science as terms of Human Activity 5 key aspects or components of Science and Technology | Inputs 2. Outputs 3. Functions 44. Kinds of human practitioners 5. Processes Science and technology can be characterized by describing its characteristics inputs, outputs, functions, kinds of human practitioners, and processes. Characteristic Output of Technology and Science © There are two kind of characteristics outputs of technological activity : Technic - 2. Technic - related intellectual construct - refers to various kinds of mental creation " plans and procedures) that pertain to the design, productions, use or maintenance technic) Ex. A program for the computerized operation of a rapid-transmit system or a systerp for controlling the quality of manufactured goods.Root Functions (Purpose) of Technology and Science Technology processes always encompass at least the following: | Identification of specific need or opportunity to be meet, satisfied or exploited projected ‘technic 2. A design phase 3. A production phase eee v Elements or phases of processes in science: | Identification of an aspect or phenomena of nature of interest to the practitioner; 2. Formulation of some sort of this “worldly-intellectual” - a hypothesis or theory that does not simply attribute to the phenomena to divine intercession - to explain the respect or phenomena; 2 au Aeriaerenve iiiteteaneiteiiotitetneeecitec arenas 4, Assessment of the adequacy of fit of the construct to the phenomena F)\ 5. Adoption or rejection of the explanation or knowledge in the light of the application and assessment. Technology as Technics 4eo » 8 »® eo @ % Technology will sometimes be used to meatg refer to material products of human making or fabrication known as technics (Mc Ginn R.E.). Technics then are “material artifacts”, in anthropologicc term or “hardware” in engineering term, produced by a person or group of persons. Technology as Technology Technology refers to the complex of knowledge, methods, materials and if applicable constituent par used in making a certain kind of technic. How science is used in Technology? x L Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through systematic observation an experiments. Through science , we developed technologies. 2. Technology is the dpplication of ically gained knowledge for practical purpose. 3. Sedhtist use #S¢hhology in all their experiments. & NS ws5 oD) = Society the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to figure things out and to make things a group of individuals involved in persistent social interactions or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectation HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFEECT SOCIETY? Science and technology have had a majer impact on society, and their impact is growing By making life easier, science has given the chance to pursue societal concerns, aesthetics, education, and justice; to create cultures; and to improve human conditions Science influences society through its knowledge and world view a just like how scientific knowledge and the procedure used by the e scientist influence the way many individuals in the society think < about themselves, others, and the environment. The effect of science on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental. eal inal (Sl) oe) BH aLRecent issues Concerning Science, Technology and Society |. Framework for sustainable future A practical and effective framework that all countries will participate in, to deal with CO2 emissions and other climate-forcing emissions 2. Renewable Energy Sources Further development of renewable energy sources such as; solar, biomass, hydrogen and nuclear fission power under strict conditions of safety and non-proliferation. 3. Bioethics Issues To try to establish common international standards concerning bioethics that will enable researchers in all countries to collaborate and to have opportunity to be equally productive in their research activities. 4ICT's impact on Human Society Further development of ICT will build a thriving future for humankind. Interoperability, Security and Privacy Protection are imperative for information society Digital archiving for equal access to science and technology knowledge is important &S- Resolving the digital divide issue will be of common benefit to mankind. a 5. Education for All Universal access to education, regardless of gender, race of national origin, it vital for our future 6. Intellectual Property Rights A global, integrated system of IPR was proposed and supported by many participants (Eee), | i)Science and Technology for Human Security: |. Against Terrorism To prevent the use of eclence and technology by terrorist To use science and technology to be defend against terrorism 2. Against Infectious Diseases Developing vaccines and medical therapies against infectious diseases like AIDS (at present, COVID) is crucial for mankind’s future and is one of the most important fields where science and Technology can make a contribution 3. Against Natural Disasters International cooperation to be establish early warning, human safety and rescue systems is strongly needed. oooScience and technology arenot independent variables; they interactand a aL RT ae oreo eae) 9 Oa Moto Le Lee A Ae independent in one sphere and not be in another. Science gives Rate Ce CMA amore ola Ror wane RTL ono oreNeoUUm CML LMU ate Ma Lm aaa uc aa society makes use of science to come up with better technology in Cole an ela eM Cfo) ol MOM Ma Cetera (olate MTLUAMR Lat am Cot LN Science and technology can either yield a positive or a negative result to human survival. Ethical dilemmas and social conflicts will build up in light of abounding beliefs and culture that are slowly disintegrating or vice versa the changes made by science and technology in our society.ey) + Environmental Science : | Definition, Scope and Importance Environment Explained Literary environment means the surrounding external conditions influencing development or growth of people, animal or plants; living or working conditions etc. This involves three questions: What is Surrounded The answer to this question is living objects in general and man in particular. hat Surrounded The physical attributes are the answer to this question, which become environmén In fact, the concern of all education is the environment of man. However, man cannot exist o be understood in isolation from the other forms of life and from plant life. Hence, environr refers to the sum total of condition, which surround point in space and time. The scope of ‘the term Environment has been changing and widening by the passage of time. In the primitive age, the environment consisted of only physical aspects of the planted earth’ lan fiir and water as biological communities. As the time passed on man extended his environmi through his social, economic and political functions. 3. Where Surrounded The answer to this question. It is in nature that physicalicomponent of ecrth, viz landfainywater etc., cupsoht and affect lifd imthe biosphere. HAecorng to aGe+ C g) ‘environment is the representative of physical components of the earth where in man is an G important factor affecting the environment. (i) Definitions of Environment : Some important definitions of environment are as under: | Boring: ‘A person's environment consists of the sum total of the stimulation which he receives from his conception until his death’ Tt can be concluded from the above definition that Environment comprises various types of forces such as physical, intellectual, economic, political, cultural, social, moral and emotional. Environment is the sum total of all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life, nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturation of ‘organisms. 2. Douglas and Holland: ‘The term environment is used to describe, in the aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life, nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturity of living EX & ‘organisms. ]» A ¢ See a a aa al ec aR |. Atmosphere: The atmosphere implies the protective blanket of gases, surrounding the earth: (CP eR Un (CORO Ru Ra LC oe (c) It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the ieee uma CU imi e Cee (d) It transmits only here ultraviolet, visible, near infrared radiation (300 to 2500 nm) and radio waves. (0.4 to 40 m) while filtering out tissue-damaging ultra- 2 a eRe tak oC 2 7 Z3 The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen. Besides, argon, carbon dioxide, and trace gases. 2. Hydrosphere: The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, reserviour, polar icecaps, glaciers, and ground water. (i) Nature 97/ of the earth’s water supply is in the oceans, (ii) About 2/ of the water resources is locked in the polar icecaps and glaciers. (ii)Only about I/ is available as fresh surface water-rivers, lakes streams, and ground water fit to be used for human consumption and other uses. 3. Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth. It consi of minerals occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic mé ir and water. 4, Biosphere: Biosphere indicates the realm of living organisms and their interactions with environment, viz atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.Element of Environment Environment is constituted by the interacting systems of physical, biological an. nee elements inter-related in various ways, individually as well as collectively. These ele: may be explained as under: (1) Physical elements Physical elements are as space, landforms, water bodies, climate soils, rocks and minerals. They determine the variable character of the human habitat, its opportunities as well as limitations. (2) Biological elements iqlogical elements such as plants, animals, microorganisms and men constitute the biosphere. (3) Cultural elements ural elements such as economic, social and political elements are essentially man- made features, which make cultural milieu.v ENVIRONMENT STUDIES: IMPORTANCE Importance of Environment Studies: The environment studies enlighten us, about the importance of protection and conservation of our indiscriminate release of pollution into the environment. At present a great number of environment issues, have grown in size and complexity day by day, threatening the survival of mankind on earth. We study about these issues besides and effective suggestions in the Environment Studies. Environment studies have become significant for the following reasons: + os VARIOUS TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT Lewin, environment is of three types which influence the personality of an individual as under: (a) Physical Environment, (b) Social and Cultural Environment, and (c) Psychological Environment. Se These may be explained as under: |. Physical Environment Physical environment, refers to geographical climate and weather or physical condition wherein and individual lives. The human races are greatly influenced by the cli examples are as under: (a) In the cold countries ie. European countries the people are of white colo’ to adjust, in his physical environment. BAe Rai GANT nile renaee fetcinnctic; Social Environment Social Environment includes an individual's social, economic and political condition wherein he lives. The moral, cultural and emotional forces influence the life and nature of individual behaviour. Society may be classified into two categories as under: (i) An open society is very conductive for the individual developement. (il) A closed society is not very conductive for the developenment. 3. Psychological Environment Although physical and social environment are common to the individual in a specific situation. Yet every individual has his own psychological environment, in which he lives. Kurt Lewin has used the term ‘life space’ for explaining psychological environment. The Psychological environment enables us to understand the personality of an individual. Both- the person and his goal form psychological environment. Tf a person is unable to overcome the barriers, he can either get frustrgte pleted to change his goal for a new psychological environment. But adopting + mechanispA\ the individual is helped in his adjustment to the environmer —STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT Environment is both physical and biological. It includes both living and not components. (i) Physical Environment The Physical Environment is classified into three broad categories viz. 8 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE @) Solid, ii) Liquid (coer These represent the following spheres: (i) The lithosphere (solid earth) (ii) The hydrosphere (water component) and (iii) The atmosphere ‘As such, the three basic of physical environment may be termed as under: (i) Lithospheric Environment (ii) Hydrospheric Environment (iii) Atmospheric Environment The scientists have classified them into smaller units based on different spatial s ore @) Mountain Environment Gi) Glacier Environment CO ee nena (iv) Coastal Environmentaan. am (ii) Biological Environment The biological of the environment consists of: (i) Plants (flora) Gi) Animals (fauna). fh Thus, the biotic environment further be divided into floral environment and faunal GS environment. All the organisms work to form their social groups and organizations at several levels. Thus, the social environment is formed. In this social environment the organisms work to derive matter from the physical environment for their sustenance and development. This process gives birth to economic environment. Man claims to be most skilled and civilized of all the organisms. This is the reason why his social organisation is most systematic. The three aspects of man, e.g. physical, social and 2 economic, function in the biotic environment as under: Dm iar {S](i) The Physical Man The ‘Physical Man’ is one of the organisms populations or biological commu! in need of basic elements of the physical environment like habitat (space), air, water an food. Besides, like other biological populations, he releases wastes into the ecosystem. i) The Social Man The ‘Social Man’ performs the following functions: + YP (a) Establishing social institutions, (b) Forming social organisations, (c) Formulating laws, principles and policies, (d) Taking steps to safeguard his existence, interest and social welfare. v© The Economic Man at ;onomic man derives and utilises resources from the physical and biotic CaaS oa mols oa ea eC al an environment/ geomorphic process as he transports matter and energy from one SE ee ORCL nC hi ne (a) His exploitative functions may be in harmony with the natural Ca eS oT Oa: (Ma Coo a NA Roa als CR Coa ls Roam ecosystem. (b) These functions may exceed the critical limit. Consequently, the equilibrium of the environment/ecosystem is disturbed and a great number of nvironment and ecological problems crop up. These are determental to man him besides to wholepopulation of human species in a given ecosystem.Ss e we ». es What is Ewin ental Science? -a multi disciplinary science that comprises branches of studies like chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture, public health sanitary engineering ete. -it studies of the resources, reactions, transport effect and \ 9 fate of physical a biological species in the air, water soil and the See Frompbyman activity upon these. cS) & Boop Oo Definition of Enivronment ¢ Environment comprises various types of forces su as physical, intellectual, economic, political cultura social, moral and emotional. e —_Environmenta is the sum total of all the external forces, influences and conditions which affect thi life, nature, behaviour and the growth. oy3 Scope of Environment The Environment consist of four segments as under: Hydrosphere The hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans, seas, lakes, rivers streams reservoir polar icecaps, glaciers and ground water. Atmosphere This refers to a place or position on the Earth’s Surface.Ber aa LSI ror aa Mn Teme AML indicates the realm of living solid earth. It consist of organisms and their interactions minerals occurring in the — with Environment viz atmosphere earth’s crusts and the Ne mers) aC ia Me late MULLaer) aC as soil e.g. minerals, organic matter, air and waterElements of Environment qr I. Physical Elements 2. Biological Elements St Cultural Elements& Gere Importance of Environment Studies Environment Issues being of international importance. Problems cropped in the wake of development. Explosively increase in pollution Need for an alternative solution. Need for wise planning of developmeoO : ae Literacy is the desired outcome of environmental cae. which strives to provide learners with: Sound scientific information Skills for critical thinking Creative and strategic problem solving Decision-making e What are the 5 components of environmental literacy? o Based upon an evolving understanding of EL, we assume that EL includes six main components; namely, Ecological knowledge, Socio-Political knowledge, Knowledge of environmental issues, Affect, Cognitive skills and Environmentally responsible behaviors (Simmons, 1995; Volk & McBeth, 1997). 6 eBO treo C 3 Microsoft Office (or simply Office) is a family of server software, and services developed VOCs ee aCe an CMR Cem en ee) version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, data integration etc. Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different end-users and computing environments. The original, and most widely use RRR a Roll ce RR a eo RU % OS operating systems. Office Online is a version of the software that runs within a web brows: ROR eRe Oa Re Ra Rol Oe Dee RE Rem aC Be oe RR Ce AR Coie Oe Rca Roe a ae ee ee eee ee frig released in 990. Microsoft Office is available in 35 different languages and is supported by Windows, Mac and most Linux variants. It mainly consists of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, OneNote, Outlook and Publisher applications. 2 7Microsoft Office was primarily created to automate the manual of fice work with a collection of purpose-built applications. Each of the applications in Microsoft Office serves as specific knowledge or of fice domain such as: | Microsoft Word: Helps users in creating text documents. 2. Microsoft Excel: Creates simple to complex data/numerical spreadsheets. 3. Microsoft PowerPoint: Stand-alone application for creating professional multimedia presentations. 4. Microsoft Access: Database management application. 5. Microsoft Publisher: Introductory application for creating and publishing marketing s materials. 6. Microsoft OneNote: Alternate to a paper notebook, it enables an user to neatly organize their notes. (D®) &Important Features of Ms-Word Ms-Word not only supports word processing features but also DTP features. Sor important features of Ms-Word are listed below: i) Using word you can create the document and edit them later, as and when required, by adding more text, modifying the existing text, deleting/moving some part of it. 11) Changing the size of the margins can reformat complete document or part of text. iil) Font size and type of fonts can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer can be included. iv) Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire document. Word count and other statistics can be generated. v) Text can be formatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can be made. vi) Tables can be made and included in the text. vil) Word also allows the user to mix the graphical pictures with the text. Graphical pictures can either be created in word itself or can be imported from outside like from Clip Art Gallery. vil) Word also has the facility of macros. Macros can be either attached to some function/special keys or to a tool bar or to a menu. ix) It also provides online help of any option.v Excel Features There are a number of features that are available in Excel to make your task of the main features are: AutoFormat - lets you to choose many preset table formatting options. | AutoSum - helps you to add the contents of a cluster of adjacent cells. a AutoFill - automatically extends cell formatting when a new item is added to the end of a list. 3. AutoShapes toolbar- will allow you to draw a number of geometrical shapes, arrows, chart elements, stars and more. With these shapes you can draw your own graphs ‘ag and Drop - feature will help you to reposition the data and text by simply dragging the data with the help of mouse. + < ak@ 5. Charts - features will help you in presenting a graphical representation of your data in the form of Pie, Bar, Line charts and more. 6. Pivot Table - flips and sums data in seconds and allows you to perform data ent Dare generating reports like periodic financial statements, statistical reports, etc. You can also analyse complex data relationships graphically. 7. Shortcut Menus - commands that are appropriate to the task that you are doing appear by clicking the right mouse button. f. 7 Lee!se » 8 »® eo @ F&F Microsoft Word is a word processing program that is offered within the Microsoft Office suite of programs. This class covers the components of the Word program; creating and opening documents; moving, editing, and formatting text; and Saving and printing documents. Starting Word in Windows |. Click on the Windows button in the task bar in the lower left corner of the screen 9 2. Choose Microsoft Word x ‘9 B ‘9 & & mw »® Naneee mon Ce Loa The Ribbon Microsoft Office 2019, 2013, 2010, and 2007 make use of the Ribbon system. The Ribbon is the large graphic user interface (GUI) that appears at the top of the Word screen. The ribbon is divided into Tabs, Groups, and Commands. Each tab opens with various groups of commands. Microsoft attempts to make the placement of the commands within both tabs and groups as intuitive as possible to make them easy to find. The Word 2014 Ribbon allows users to quickly access all of the program's features and Ce aes ROTA Raat BA a aL Re Ce ed een Cee nee ena Cece Ve nee AR a Rea RR Rha oyRibbon Groups further organize tools and commands. For example, tools for changing font formats are arranged together in the Font group on the Home ribbon. Within each group are related command buttons. Click buttons to issue commands or open dialog boxes. Launcher (or Dialog Expander) buttons are displayed in the bottom right corner of some groups. Clicking the launcher button opens a series of options either in a Task Pane (such as the Clipboard) or a Dialog Box (such as the Font group). To see what a command does, hover the mouse pointer over the command. A textbox appears containing the command name, its keyboard Oo shortcut, and its description.v v WV Getting Around in Word There are several options available for keeping track of changes in Word as documents are created and edited. As the mouse moves around, the cursor is typically an arrow. Sometimes it changes to an Ibeam, indicating that the location the pointer is in is meant for text. The I- beam turns back into an arrow again when moved outside of an area meant for text. The blinking cursor represents your current location. To type in a different area: Point and click with the mouse Use the arrow keys on the lower right part of the ever Hit enter several times to move the cursor down the page BPrimcks are Once familiar with Word, you may find that keyboard shortcuts to perform cer ls 4 preferable. For instance, a file can be opened by: Clicking the File tab and selecting Open Clicking the Open icon in the Quick Access Toolbar Holding down the Ctrl key and pushing the letter O key on the ki L a oN *Text Alignment ‘ext can be shifted to the left, right, center, or justified. All o se options can be controlled with the Alignment buttons in the Home aay ie RC ORR ORO ee eo uk kur aca 3 a0 Same MCR eum Naat Ra Tol ea ORCL LS eee ee aman Rie cetacate lign text, select it and click the second button. The text should now be centered ees arr) @ @L + To right align text, select the text and click the third button. The text should now line up with the right edge of the page. To justify text, select it and click on the final alignment button. Justifying text spaces it so that it perfectly meets both margins of a page by stretching the text out across the page. Newspapers use justified text to fit article into columns. NOTE: Justified text can sometimes look odd because one line may have far fewer or far more words on it than the previous or following line 3 v EtO Before printing, always look at the document with Print Preview. New to Word 2010 is an Printing automatic Print Preview on the right side of the page when going to the File tab Print. Oo The number of copies to print The printer (if more than one is available) Which Choose from various options before printing the document, including: pages to print To print specific pages: Click on Print All Pages and choose from the drop-down menu A specific page or range of pages can be printed by entering it/them in the t beside Pages (eg. 5, |-3, or 3-8)Microsoft Excel XP is a spreadsheet application in the Microsoft Office suite. A spreadsheet is an accounting program for the computer. The > Se primary purpose of a spreadsheet is to work with numbers and text. y Spreadsheets can be used to organize data like alphabetizing a list of 4 named or sorting records, as well as to calculate and analyze data using mathematical formulasVv The following are the basic parts of the Microsoft Excel Window: Quick Access Toolbar Reames File Tab Scroll Bars Title Bar Spreadsheet Area Control Buttons Leaf Bar : Menu Bar Column Bar Ribbon/Toolbar Row Bar Cells Dialog Box Launcher Cells Name Box Status Bar View Buttons Zoom controlON Ree RN oh Sea uM eT ee Rope la ole AG Normal view is divided into three areas: 1) Slide Pane - shows the full layout of a slide Cy 2) Thumbnails - shows slide thumbnails Ocean RM TLR ea oN ORS Coad (hur ob: Mane BS CRT a UCU el ea mR aL aT) Slide Show view where you preview your presentation as your audience wil iCreating a New Presentation To Create a New Presentation: 1) Click on the File tab 2) Click on New ither a Blank Presentation, a featured theme or search for online templates and themes. 4) Double-click Blank Presentation to create a new presentationO Applying Slide Transitions A transition is a special effect that determines how a slide appears as it enters or leaves the screen. To Apply Transitions: oO 1) Click on the Transitions tab 2) Click on the drop down arrow in the Transition to This Slide group to see a listing of all available transitions 3) Click on the transition you want to apply 4) Click on Apply to All to apply the transition effect to the entire present: Liesl9 \ Under Settings click on Print All Slides and select one of the options to print: \e Print All Slides - print entire presentation Print Selection - only print the selected slides ‘9 Print Current Slide - only print the current slide Custom Range - enter specific slides to print, Printing Handouts, Notes and Outline Click on Full Page Slides and choose from the following: Print Layout o Full Page Slides o Notes Pages \ 9 © Outline Handouts Ye _>Chocee between |= 4 sides per page (horizontal or verted) iS) & Soe