2017 IEEE International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power and Energy (TAP Energy )
Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations on
Reliability of Distribution Network
Sanchari Deb1 (Student Member IEEE)
Centre for Energy
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Guwahati, India
Abstract- The progress in battery technology and the growing
concerns regarding environmental pollution has initiated
transportation electrification. With the replacement of Internal
Combustion Engine (ICE) driven vehicles with Electric Vehicles
(EV) an adverse impact of EV charging load on operating
parameters of the power system has been noticed. Large
charging load of fast charging stations degrade the operating
parameters of the power system. Reliability is one of the pivotal
operating parameters of the distribution network whose
degradation will result in customer dissatisfaction. This work
aims to investigate and quantify the impact of EV charging
station load on reliability of IEEE 33 bus test system which is a
standard radial network.
Index Terms— Charging Station, Distribution Network,
Electric Vehicle, Impact, Reliability.
Nomenclature
EV-Electric Vehicle
SAIFI-System Average Interruption Frequency Index
SAIDI-System Average Interruption Duration Index
CAIDI Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
ENS- Energy Not Supplied
AENS-Average Energy Not Supplied
AIT-Average Interruption Time
AITi -Average Interruption Time of ith bus
B- Set of all the buses of the distribution network
j- Bus with maximum AIT
λi - Failure rate of ith load point of the system
978-1-5386-4021-0/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
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Karuna Kalita2, Pinakeshwar Mahanta3
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Guwahati, India
Ni - Number of customers at the ith load point of the system
Ui -Annual outage time of ith load point of the system
Li- Load demand of ith load point of the system
I. INTRODUCTION
The researchers and environmentalists of 21st century
are preoccupied with the growing apprehension regarding
climate change, environmental pollution and energy crisis.
The transportation sector is one of the major agents of CO2
emission thereby causing global warming and climate change
[1]-[3]. Moreover, as urbanization continues the city traffic
increases at an alarming rate. As a measure to reduce the
carbon footprint as mentioned in Paris Agreement researchers
have emphasized on replacement of Internal Combustion
Engine (ICE) driven vehicles with EVs. The Paris
Agreement, awful air quality are the two driving force for
transportation electrification. The researchers have
emphasized on replacement of conventional vehicles with
EVs in order to reduce the carbon footprint [4]. The ever
increasing number of EVs has initiated development of
sustainable charging infrastructure. Establishment of charging
stations impose additional burden on the power grid. The
charging load of fast EV charging stations will definitely
degrade the operating parameters of the distribution network
like voltage stability, reliability, power loss, and harmonics.
A considerable number of literatures report the negative
impact of EV charging load on different parameters of the
distribution network. The impact of large EV charging load
on a 13 node distribution network with different locations of
Plugged in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is analyzed by
the researchers [5]. It is concluded in [5] that large load of
EV charging stations will have detrimental effect on voltage
profile of weak buses of the system. The authors analyzed
the impact of EV charging load on 14 bus distribution
network where it is concluded that if the EV penetration
increases beyond a certain limit then the transient voltage
stability index of the distribution network will be deteriorated
[6]. In [7] the researchers analysed the effect of non linear EV Distribution Network
charging load on power quality of the distribution system Reliability Indices
where it is reported how the performance and life cycle of the
distribution network equipments like transformer, circuit
breakers, and fuses are affected by harmonic distortion
produced by EV loads. In [8] it is reported that EV battery
charging load can cause harmonic distortion of even 50%.in
extreme cases. In [9] the authors simulated the harmonics
caused by PHEV chargers by probabilistic Monte Carlo Bus System Reliability
approach considering all the uncertainties and concluded that Reliability Index
Index
residential Level 1 chargers have severe impact on power
quality. The increased load demand for EV charging results
in rise in the peak load demand of the grid which is
accompanied by decrease in reserve margin. The researchers
examined the effect of PHEV load on the Metropolitan Customer Oriented Energy Oriented
Reliability Indices Reliability Indices
distribution network of Australia and concluded that with
uncoordinated charging and with 100% PEV penetration 43%
peak load shifting is required [10]. In [11] the authors
analysed the effect of uncontrolled EV charging on daily load
profile where the improvement in load profile by
SAIFI SAIDI CAIDI ENS AENS
incorporating coordinated charging is also illustrated. The
different detrimental impacts of EV charging station loads
like voltage instability, harmonic distortion, power loss on Fig.1- Distribution Network Reliability Indices
distribution network are analysed in [5]-[11]. However, there
is dearth of literatures which reports the impact of EV The different reliability indices of the distribution network
charging station load on different reliability indices of the are as elaborated in Fig.1.
distribution network. In this work the impact of fast charging
stations on customer as well as energy oriented reliability A. Bus Reliability Index
indices of IEEE 33 bus system which is a standard radial Bus Reliability Index is an index which is used to
distribution network is analysed for different scenarios. determine the reliability and vulnerability of each bus of the
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section distribution network [14]. The AIT is used for the purpose of
II presents a brief review of distribution network reliability determination of this index. Bus Reliability Index of a bus is
indices. Section III reports the numerical analysis and defined as the ratio of AIT of that particular bus to the
discusses the key findings of this work. Section IV concludes maximum AIT of the system.
the work. AITi
Mathematically, Bus Reliability Index i = (1)
{ AIT j }
II. RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK j∈B

In recent years reliability analysis of the distribution AITi =λiU i (2)

network has emerged as a challenging area of research. Here
we are concerned with the reliability of distribution network.
The reliability indices of distribution network are evaluated
based on statistical data of failure rate, repair rate, average
outage duration, and number of consumers [12], [13]. A brief
review of the reliability indices of the distribution network is
presented in this section.
B. System Reliability Index
System Reliability Indices signify the reliability of the
entire distribution network. As illustrated in Fig.1 System
Reliability Indices are further subdivided into Customer and
Energy Oriented Reliability Indices. SAIFI, SAIDI, and
CAIDI are some of the well known customer oriented
reliability indices.
SAIFI is defined as number of times a system
customer experiences interruption during a particular time
period [13]. Typical causes of interruption can be line
outages, equipment failures severe faults or increase in load
demand, scheduled maintenance.
Mathematically, it is expressed as

SAIFI =

λi N i
(3)
Ni

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 From equation (3) it is quite clear that SAIFI depends AENS which is regarded as the average system curtailment
on failure rate. Increase in failure rate of the load points will index is given as in (7).
result in degradation of this index. Different factors like
increase in load demand, extreme weather, ageing of AENS =

Li U i

components, improper maintenance policy can cause Ni

(7)
increase of failure rate. Another important factor which may
Equations (4) to (7) represent the mathematical
degrade this index is an increase in the number of consumer
equations of different customer and energy oriented reliability
at the load points. SAIFI is expressed in interruption/
indices of the distribution network. All the aforementioned
customer year.
reliability indices are useful for predicting the severity of the
SAIDI is defined as the average interruption duration
system failures and predicting a trend in future performance
per customer served [12]. Mathematically,
of the system [12]. These are also used by power system
SAIDI =
 Ui Ni
(4)
engineers as a parameter in distribution network planning and
 Ni expansion. They establish the chronological changes in
performance of the system and also help to identify the weak
SAIDI is expressed in hours/ customer year. From (4) it is load points of the system which needs reinforcement [12].
clear that SAIDI depends on the duration of interruption as SAIFI illustrates the condition of the system in terms of
well as the number of consumers. The duration of interruption, while SAIDI illustrates the condition of the
interruption can range from few minutes to few hours system in terms of duration of interruption. AENS is the
depending on the severity of the cause of such interruptions. index which gives an idea of how much energy is not served
CAIDI is the average interruption duration time for during a particular time period.
those customers interrupted during a year
[13].Mathematically, III. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

CAIDI =
U N i i The impact of EV charging stations on different reliability
λ N i i
(5)
indices of IEEE 33 bus system is reported in this section.

In other words, CAIDI is the ratio of SAIDI and
SAIFI.CAIDI is expressed in hour/ customer interruption.
Equation (5) signifies that CAIDI depends on failure rate,
repair time, as well as number of consumers
Energy or load oriented indices depends on the load demand
of the buses or load points. ENS and AENS are the two most
crucial Energy Oriented Reliability Indices used for
determining performance of distribution network [12], [13].
ENS gives the total energy not supplied by the system.
Mathematically it is expressed as in (6)
ENS =  Li U i (6)
A. Test System and Different Scenarios
The entire analysis is carried out on IEEE 33 bus test
system which is a standard radial distribution network as
shown in Fig.2. The Bus Reliability Index is evaluated for the
test network based on the outage data taken from [15]. Table
I reports the Bus Reliability Index value of IEEE 33 bus test
network. A high value of this Bus Reliability Index signifies
vulnerability of that particular bus. Based on the values of
Bus Reliability Index strong and weak areas of the network
are determined. And the impact of EV charging stations on
IEEE 33 bus test network is analyzed for placement of
charging stations at both strong and weak bus as shown in
Table II.

19 20 21 22 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 5

23 24 25
Fig.2- IEEE 33 bus Test Network

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 TABLE I. BUS RELIABILITY INDEX OF IEEE 33 BUS TEST NETWORK

Bus No AIT Bus Reliability Index Designation

2 0.0150 0.0718 Strong
3 0.0120 0.0574 Strong
4 0.0180 0.0861 Strong
5 0.0060 0.0287 Strong
6 0.0060 0.0287 Strong
7 0.0540 0.2584 Weak
8 0.0180 0.0861 Strong
9 0.0060 0.0287 Strong
10 0.0040 0.0191 Strong
11 0.0030 0.0144 Strongest
12 0.0060 0.0287 Strong
13 0.0120 0.0574 Strong
14 0.0090 0.0431 Strong
15 0.0060 0.0287 Strong
16 0.0060 0.0287 Strong
17 0.0060 0.0287 Strong
18 0.0080 0.0383 Strong
19 0.0080 0.0383 Strong
20 0.0080 0.0383 Strong
21 0.0080 0.0383 Strong
22 0.0080 0.0383 Strong
23 0.0080 0.0383 Strong
24 0.2090 1.0000 Weakest
25 0.2090 1.0000 Weakest
26 0.0060 0.0287 Strong
27 0.0060 0.0287 Strong
28 0.0060 0.0287 Strong
29 0.1620 0.7751 Weak
30 0.0450 0.2153 Weak
31 0.0280 0.1340 Weak
32 0.0600 0.2871 Weak
33 0.0060 0.0287 Strong

TABLE II. DIFFERENT SCENARIOS CONSIDERED FOR ANALYSIS

Description No of
Case Increase in load (kW) servers/charging
points
1 Fast charging station is placed at 1500 30
bus 11
2 Fast charging station is placed at 1500 30
bus 2
3 Fast charging station is placed at 1500 30
bus 24
4 Fast charging station is placed at 3000 60
bus 24 and bus 29
5 Two Fast charging stations are 3000 60
placed at bus 24

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 B. Results
The impact of EV charging load on IEEE 33 bus test
network is analyzed for all the cases as given in Table II.
The degradation of the reliability indices after placement of
charging stations is reported in Table III.

TABLE III. IMPACT OF EV CHARGING STATIONS ON RELIABILITY INDICES

OF IEEE 33 BUS TEST SYSTEM

SAIFI CAIDI AENS

(interruption SAIDI (hr/ (kWh/yr)
Case /yr) (hr/yr) Interruption)

Base
case 0.0982 0.5048 5.1385 1.9369
Fig.5- Plot of AENS for different scenarios
1 0.1080 0.5374 5.2481 6.3439

2 0.1195 0.6321 5.2915 10.2612

Fig.3, Fig.4 and Fig.5 illustrates the graphical
representation of the results of table III.
3 0.1787 0.9707 5.4316 11.940
C. Discussions
4 0.6341 1.2237 6.3927 25.6506
The main focus of this work is to present a detailed
5 0.6451 1.4367 6.5928 34.7676 analysis of placement of EV charging station load on
reliability of IEEE 33 bus system. As reported in Table III
both customers as well as energy oriented indices of IEEE
33 bus test system degrade after placement of charging
stations.
The value of SAIFI for base case is 0.0982
interruption/yr. And after placement of fast charging station
with 30 servers at bus 11 which is the strongest bus of the
system the SAIFI increases to 0.1080 interruption/yr. SAIDI
and CAIDI value for case 1 also increases to 0.5374 hr/yr and
5.2481 hr/interruption respectively. Similar degradation of
AENS is also observed for case 1. It is observed that the
reliability indices degrade considerably for other cases also.
For case 3 where fast charging station is placed at the weakest
bus the value of AENS is as high as 11.94 kWh/yr. This
signifies that placement of fast charging stations at the
weakest bus are detrimental to the security of the system.
However, slow charging stations of 19.2 kW can be placed
Fig.3- Plot of SAIFI and SAIDI for different scenarios
even in the weak buses. For case 4 and case 5 the degradation
of reliability indices is even more prominent. However, the
reliability indices of case 4 where charging station load is
distributed between two buses is better than case 5 where
two charging stations are concentrated at a single weak bus.
Thus distributing the charging stations between a number of
buses is advantageous than concentrating the charging
stations at a single bus in terms of reliability. Also in some
cases if the strong nodes of distribution network and nodes of
the road network with high traffic concentration merge then
the routes leading to that node will be too much congested.
Therefore another advantage of distributing the charging
station is making the charging facility accessible to a larger
number of EVs plying in different routes and thereby
reducing the traffic congestion of the specific routes leading
Fig.4- Variation of CAIDI for different scenarios to the bus in which charging stations are concentrated. For

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further illustration Fig.3, Fig.4 and Fig.5 illustrates all the [14] Amini, M. H., Moghaddam, M. P., & Karabasoglu, O. (2017).
Simultaneous allocation of electric vehicles’ parking lots and
aforementioned results graphically.
distributed renewable resources in smart power distribution
networks. Sustainable Cities and Society, 28, 332-342
[15] Bhadra, J., Chattopadhyay, T. K., “Analysis of distribution network by
IV. CONCLUSIONS reliability indices”, Int. Conf. International Conference on Energy,
Power and Environment: Towards Sustainable Growth (ICEPE), 2015
EVs are welcomed as an environment friendly option for IEEE
reduction of the emission from transportation sector.
However the impact of EV charging station load on
distribution network cannot be neglected. This work
thoroughly analyzed the impact of EV charging station load
on reliability indices of IEEE 33 bus test system. The results
obtained show that the impact of placing fast charging
stations at the weak buses is quite critical. However, the
system is robust enough to withstand placement of charging
stations at the strong buses. For low penetration of EVs (1-2)
% placement of charging stations at the weak buses is not
required. However, keeping in mind the ever increasing
popularity of EVs in future placement of slow charging
stations (level 1 and level 2) even at the weak buses may be
required.
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