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    367 views164 pages

    Classic WWII Aircraft Cutaways

    Uploaded by

    joausmaximus
    cutaways planes ww2

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 164
    CLASSIC WORLD WAR II AIRCRAFT CUTAWAYS IN ASSOCIATION WITH “ALEROPEANE onc FLIGHT AS CLASSIC WORLD WAR II AIRCRAFT CUTAWAYS BILL GUNSTON ‘An Hachette UK Company wwchachette cok Fest published in Great Britain in 1995 by Osprey Publishing id ‘This edition published in 2011 by Bounty Books, division of Octopus Publishing Group Lad Carmelite House, 50 Victoria Embankinent, London ECAY 07. ‘ww. octopusbooks cok This edition of Classic World War I Airraft Catawaysis published by arrangement with Osprey Publishing Ltd Osprey Publishing Lud © 1995, 1997, 20 ‘Aeroplane Monthly © 1998, 1997, 2011 Flight International © 1995, 1997, 2011, All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may he reproduced, stored ‘ma retrieval system or tansmited in any form or by any means (ineling electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherse) without prior ‘writen permission from the publisher, ISHN 978-0-787-2288.6, CONTENTS PREFACE BY RICHARD RIDING PREFACE BY ALLAN WINN PREFACE BY TIM HALL INTRODUCTION MAX MILLAR'S WASH DRAWINGS THE CUTAWAYS APPENDICES INDEX 20 34 148 ISI RICHARD RIDING ‘WE Johns, nd copies of The Aeroplane liberated fom Fairey si copies hearing the company stamp on ther caver! In adition the skies over ‘head were permanently busy with iterate and eyen atthe tender age of2172 1 ould recognise most of eu aircraft th’ aircraft being those that often woke me wp at night Highlights fommis1984, by wichsime wehad moxedoheend fone ‘of Hendon'srumways, were MrHlite's' Visiter dsinciveand spine chil ing approach would send me lef eodding into the garden, shouting tal and sundry, “Here comes another rudy Doodlebug. Hach time, 1 was ‘icky bundled into the ai raid sheer ude the stars to pore over my tre sured copies of Popular Flying and The Aeroplane. | rcll marveling over Clark's magia cuaway drawings, particularly those of the big bombers. vena that ender age knew that wate to he with aeroplanes Line did reac that 30 yar ter would Become custodian of macho Clarks rig arwor, inching the magsiicen drawings of hou big bombers which tad so capared ny youth imagination. Many of hese casic waremecut aways have been reproduced in The Aeroplane’ successor, Aeroplane Monthly which {stared in 1973 So popular have they remained that Aeroplane Mnthly has sed hem ‘ime and agains promotional postersand free give-aways. Many, burnotall, ‘ofthe orginal Clark cutaway drawings are in the safe keping of Ouadant Pct Libary at Suton, in Sates where they ru shoulders, so speak swith cueways produce by Fight, cheep’ Many of the postwar Hight coaways were proce by Frank Mange, ‘who worked in their suo for 40 years wnt is eiement in 1985, Fy joining igh Fran stil procingcutaway drawings ot ofthe lanes aitraft tof machines that were inthe font in his you, com: rmssioned and published by Aeroplane Monthy fries long-running series pre-war RAP biplane bombers. Thse exquisite deawings ae not linia ‘computer generated tereoype, but hand rated works of art, with charac ter and syle in the tradition of Cask and his generation This book will appet! not only co the generation of readers of The Aeroplane, Aeroplane Spotter and Hight, ba to everyone, young and old, whose interes in aeroplane is more than skin deep Fuciano Rion * Eom» Atorane Mowmtr* Lonbon ALLAN WINN F oF 60 year, curentaway drawing have formed an exsenial pat of nur corerage of aviation technology any picture canbe worth thon sand word itmustheone of these, laying hare the bones fairer and thee 1 of photograph vercould, As such hey form an essential par of aviation journal’ ecard of echnical adrance—a combination of rt nd cence which as served ws, and we ears pro The history ofthis descriptive form hasbeen well-tod eewhere frm itseginings slide more than ghostedillsration, to its cutenincarn ib wt peed regi tmp = os the steno te pop ke Millar, Clark, Bowbeer, Munger and Marsden who drew that history. What ‘may be less well-known or understood (or appreciated) isthe sigiiance ofthese drawings tothe tme The drawings inthis bok wee al complete inthe un fy Giep end Gosche chet We ee olent and far reaching comic this worl has ever ace, on reporting great, yet the light and The Aeroplane aris continued to describe and det the machines of ‘wae in almost incredible detail rs dificult to imagine ight Itermavomal ets being allowed et aay the Loskhod F117 inthe mide of the Gulf War of 45 years later, yt inthe idle of the 1939-45 confi there we were [Almont s remarkable the access these arts were allowed was the xtaoediary progressn aviation which they chronicled thee ew ya. In 1937, they were sill ating aay fabric to reveal weldedstee and woot structures, and cating away simple, ai-cooled eylinders to revel nothing more exoriorcomplexthan a couple of valves ed by acarburtor Leshan 10 yeas later they were cating away streed manocogues powered by fet ines ~ an emite generation of ulea-highly stressed fulnjected piston inc having come and ye inthe meantime ~ and were having to pisk op deals ike powered conto That progressinechnolgy wss mirrored by a progtessin the ator isis scien) ofthe eta ill. The grea prewar and wartime practitioners were ants fist and foremost ~manyof those who joined and then sue ceeded them postwar had worked on the design, consrtion oF ce of aireralt and brought an intimate insight with ‘hem which showed up in thet work That which Millar and Clark gana something of ehich nous pro. They began a raion which Ihasheencaried through mathe presen, inwhich Flight Internationals now the only aerospace magarine inthe world to maintain is own staff of fulime cutaway ors, Asthisbook shows, we ome hoe curly artis aed theiearta reat del ALAN Win + Eero Fc teow» SURREY TIM HALL in Awa he had an ungucochablecuthusitm for drawing anything ofa technical naar Milas cutaway of aicrate started in 1934 withthe illastation of che Hawker Hardy and his syle of dawing was noted forts clarity, strength of line and sentient and enstery of drawing in perspective. His deawing had mot f an atte content than Clark’ anda fair number of his aeronautical cutaway were nine in wash with ptr hackgrounds James Clark worked asa france technic atist for Flights compete "The Aeroplane, Tempe Press publication, Clark's drawings were more the ‘woe ofa deaghesman sha an ats an his was shown in his tenon to ex both his main desing and his details, Clarks work di no, how ver have the artic presentation and perspective acuraey of Max Milla’ rowing: Neverthe he was easily the mos prolific and beter known of thet atts proving aeronautical cutaway daring thi peri, Inthe late 1940 and into the SOs names like John Palmer, Arthur Bowheer, John Ferguson, Dick Elis, Frank Munger and John Marsden appeared Theseatsts, under she adeship ofthe Father’ began standard ‘of cutaway drawing which combined the sles of beh Millar and Clark work, and which has leo the cutaways of tay. Max Milla’ way of sein an example to His boys as manager wast cont te working on the tard, and he created an office environment in which emhusism in engineer ‘ngand drawing was encouraged above alle (One sory about Mas plies thi, Fak Manger and Arthur Bowler [romghtesoede tel agar te rockon day ea ee ety ne stat itwhen Ma wake is Iscad of aking them to pitas and get on ‘wth thei work erlled up is shir sleves and lp them spend mos of aalternoo tying to get traning! The cutaway dawn rom ts incepsion antl hela 1960schanged very lle. The arise would vinta factory with blank psc of board and eave a week Iter with fully finished pencil drawing. The jo entailed sketching ascuatly the subject matter from the components and avilable echnical information. Fo example, when producing an engine ilusteatio the att would ask for she crankshaft and connecting rods to be setup om blocks. He would nn it and draw the assembled pars and finish the hataton by sketching the other components and crankcase ino place around his orginal etch, with the ad of enginering dawings ‘The task was simile fram aircraft. The subject would be laid out on ‘hchoand withthe we ofstation point drawings ofthe airratsstractre. The ats would walk around the shop lor puting ‘them srometric layout. The drawing would then be taken back to the office and inked and finished, withthe writen key being added at on the bone’ of the Asthe cutaway entered the 196 the subject mater was becoming more complicated, and manufactucers were becoming reluctant 0 play how tthe arts for rations f longer that two or three days The inermational ints coverage: Gradually th artists began to vs ehe mana ters only to gather the material ~ they di this by gathering eninccring, eawing material, aking photgeaphs and talking wo engineers. They then returned tothe ffceco do the drawing, sing the material hey had cole ‘With this new working practice, i was important that he artist made se that hha enough mara and information ro complete the job when he ee the manfactrer's premises, In the 1980s compater ade design (CAD) techaolgy began vo tans form the desing oie, and we heya to encounter difiies in acon information nthe form to which we were accustomed, This has led ust the postion weatein today. WetakeCAD information From he manaecrarer on aris Pde foreground), On chr (eee and Tl gh are ‘oxherein 199 when he main tcl se parent as warded page by ‘Aare Aas td Spc Ws Asoaton or 6 Yor otenabns ey rere tape and shen use CAD tly out the geometry ofthe aircraft or engine. Once the perspective geometry plotted out, we sketch in the deal from pho- tographs and engineering data, adden ink tine time honoured way The Iigadvantage of CAD technology i thatiallows easy accesso manufactur «ns Tayoutand assembly drawings and therefore saves time inthe ear stapes ofthe caaway [As we nea the end ofthe century the preset ream of technical artists ~ rnysel, David Hatchard and Joe Picarlla~ carry on the tation of the ‘cutaway’ and wih it, a form of pictorial journalism which is becoming increasingly unique “Tea Haut - Tecaucat Aner» Facer arewanonee Sumner INTRODUCTION ales foe the motoring journals) and John Palmer, When the authors pedas-theboy tweed out “reserved occupa rank went to Farnborough and Palmer Shore Brother seat off to ly RAF aeroplanes, but in that time dda radate beyond spate of ircrafesecognition chat, So Max dil High's main aicrafe nd engine drawings during the War. His airafe began ns pletnes, wih oven as blackline work at fic usually with tof sold ack, They were a rapidly done clearstatement ofthe mainechnia fates, bu lage and roundel, but sted sien withthe lace, rgether with bombs (big, lack, shiny ones! with emp In the 1930 Max had trained a intended sucesor, James ‘inmy Clark, but Clark ee to dra forthe opposition, He develope his ow di sineive style whilst working as a retained eeance, and Became the artist beloned 2 dhe small boys ofthe tne because “he scemed to ut enrything, Pethaps predictably, in view of his joining the competition, our own aris tok jaundice view of “Clatk drawings ard claimed tha he was asually inaccurate, bot the fact remains that he ily came the pre-emi nent acraftctaway artist. This was largely because his enormous cpu recived virally wotklyexposite not only in The Aeroplane bat a maurcirculation Acrplane Spotter Thank you fr that bi of background, Anbar. When you look atone ofthese wartime ciaways tie usally obvious whether or noe the artist knew what he was about. fe sce ony common fenseto sgt hata artis should never draw an aircraft vat he knows Hdeabout, bur many eataways were drawn whe the artis ae ile except the extemal shape ad invented most of wha went inside, Clark vmetimes irra in 1939-40, befor the Bris lands ‘ered with them, nd it was supremely shape won helpful. Sometimes he even go the asfor example when in Nowe 1939 bedi what purported {He 111 bomber. He Shapes allthe beautify dawn strate, with ol gag icra ibs ws pare tion, bearing note slightest rsrblanc Ginter brothers! Tn ny view this is unforgivable anything dese by the cadens in the ‘On the other had, Si Peer Masefi, who waste wartime Tes Ete of The Aeroplane and overworked Editor of The Aeroplane Spite, Ialieves my cricams may be to harsh Hereclls One hasto remember hat festive of The Aeroplane an Fight was to inform posile and asf a8 was permite than these magazines hades produced “inthe fog wa tthe conflict Clark ied before the war The in That acon forthe at that inthe the shape and detail ofthe He 11 w ingrnalsructure But when he waslet loos fora day upon he He 111 at Famborough he it prety wllrigh, though he was allowed only Thank you Sir Peter Tam till unconvinced ofthe value of cutaway thts cer. Thave also feqsentl eon exasperated by what Fs esder tobe another ‘Our cueaways have never ben presente as engineering deaweings, and ae not intended such, Do you seta believe thar one ina thowsand of ‘urreadersn rally ners know if bleed ir or combustion eaters serve for descing parposes? When you sy “What we wish to know ae you not ienaiying the vase majority wih you personally? The deawings are not inrended oh sed a a technical reference, nor are they for posterity 8 you sgt. Thy are purely commercial drawings crested fora specific market, td tec cont sat be commercially viable! Personally, Iam not se tht ‘ore what people may thinkin 2081, certainly wile be around to woery i the undercarriage of an aircraft ba 150 years cartier was cranked upby band ‘orws hyalcally actuated Ananonous of Asan pal be outer Engh css er Gosport ie {939 Nee evra ne neal acing apd tare Tull was explaining the factors governing drawings prodaced for Pit Pes, hut precisely she sume argument apply to those fom any aher com mercial pllisher. This ei so, one begins to appreciate the way the quality and general standard of drawings progres during Worl War 2, leading 10 ‘he oustanding results produced by the end ofthat confit. This is especially reinforced bythe fac that these wartime deawings were often done ost impossible conditions ~ ina fering hangar, a badly li Nien hut ot ‘hotel bedroom — and alms always under dhe unyeing pressure of the publishing deadline. And woe betdethe artist who inadvertent iced an ‘em that he cou ce onthe aircraft bu which had not yet Bon eared for publication. Considerations of security account for many apparent omissions from the drawings of Aled aircraft inthis book. Collecting the materi for this alburn was not easy. Very few of the orig inal draengs exit. The quay of epeodctionn The AcroplameSpter ws unacceptable by rdsy’s sanards and tis mposile to copy fom bound ‘volumes of Flight and Aeroplane without losing the central part ofthe daw ing along the spine. Many drawings were photographed from an unbound copy orginal sue and then doctored to eiminate she staples! Tony we are sed to cutaway with hey tems numbered up t0 0. Tis reflesthe growing complexity of sireafi a proces that was wellunder way hy 1959, Clark’ Sting an ir example pve a prety good ind ‘ition of what these aieaft werelkeandstand out insharp contest to those ‘faye Wellington and White which were from the previous eneaton. ‘Kner Nason th ret hay ar 19K TI er seve i NOUSP Sen ‘fine Vetere Amarog pres shea qurat ten rade Wingo ot Ho Senourons dg rogtonexeesefomlonon nthe pring 939 Having pars In 1939 just few Labels mig suc. As aircraft came more com plicated, and the accepted standards of drawing were aie, it must have taken many hours reawn than pare fashion, these were invariably writen emi eters with ‘ests! After 1939 he ane captal eters ony, bt eaining the ei. ast asked a highly crate fiend wo copy one of Clark's shorter labels ~ i said lect his drawing, te aie then had to pint out various ‘rite in dozens of labs tn Clark’ ease, for no beer and wot only iit take him over two outs, bute wasn’ arly as neat the one done 50 yeas previously. sala mater of pact ‘On the other hand, there sa certain almost chsh naiveté about many ‘ofthe classic wartime drawing, especially with thoe of Clark. Tame ater time he was under sch presse that he would begin a word and oul’ ge tino the availabe space book) aa huge “ol” delle through the engine to show the rea engine mount! Sormtimes words were mie-spel, and arrow to am apree ina eaptred ava an labelled it “THINGS SEEN, THROUGH GAP! Ihave harped on inmy Cath because has by eawings inthis book He invdally mat ave been worth a sizeable re ti ofthe circulation of The Aeroplane during wae years. Incidentally, foe ‘most ofthe war, while The Aerplae and Fight were published on Fridays the cage awaited Aeroplane Spotter cat This newopaper-syle weekly wat launched by Temple Presson? Jamary 1941 ro met an nfiled need that tral could mea ie o death Despite ‘his nee, stengent paper rationing forced fom November 1941 to appear iscutaway Tempest which sin this th ions shar ofthe WHITLEY 20 fighters with upward Bring guns so removal of entralturcs from thes ater ‘versions wa fit consequence. The fist thee marks of Whiley had defensive armament which in dhe ‘mid 19505 secred very mers, bt bythe ar ofthe War was woefully ‘inadequate. Inthe Whiley the rtrets atthe nose and tal were of the Armstrong Whisworth manually operated typ, related vernon being ited ‘othe fist Anson. The gum was he Mk IA Lewis, fed fom 97round drum ‘magazines Inch Mlk Ihe none turret was wally they dra powered Nash and Thompson FN16, equipped witha single Vike K as-operated ‘am, che deun magazines for whch can be sen, Te al gunner hal ven {rams whch en he sce clipped tthe lle wal f the faselage- One ca imagine the unfortunate gunner having sramble ou of iurret each cme he ran out of ammunition and make his way toa fresh drum, the Whitey mean ponubly performing violent eranive manceaves! Incontantthe ventral rer was amor hydraulically powered design by Nash and Thompson, the FNIZ. This could be aise o lowered by twin rams, and the gins were wo Brsenings, ed by S-round belts was omit ted from the MEV and subsequent Whiteys mainly because oft instaled ‘weight of 715 Ih (325 ks complete with ammunition, and abo because of ts high deag when extended Sadly, the Ai Staff ori imo thei heads hat alla homer teed were nose, mi-upper and tail etets, when by 1943 these were precisely the treet td ned Unlike Clark, Max took cate to draw the cones, He could easily ako hae deaen_ attention tothe simple oil coolers, which projected ato the sinsream aborethe highest poatof eichnaclle Several tnd books state tha the Whiley Mand IM were the ire aera in RAF service with ato age supercharger Max knew his nines an correctly described the Tie ‘Villas having two-speet supercharge. “This di ac lear give better power at high aku, though the rwo- pos sion bracke type DH Hasulon rollers were limited in pitch range in ‘ny cave by later standards thes craft were underpowered, This sate of airs was to some degree etiied by switching 0 Rol Royce Merlin 2 ‘nginsinthe MkIV. Madre the frontend of Mk IV san inst tothe cut fay, but was pethape unaware tht this mark intedoced a welcome impeovement wo the oaaiming positon Inthe Tiger engined aiteat the rose compese hinge door containing window, which whew open pe ‘el mounting forte course setting hom ight Tn the Merin-engined aircraft a permanent projecting balcony or chin was provided snoxporsting an optically Nat window, but Max dil nat shove {his in his inset ofthe new version ‘Normal re ofall Whiley homber versions was ive fourof whom were wll bead ofthe wing ris strange that Max drew three chaps apparel ‘sly enzgd in the normally empey tear fuselage. Lam not sure what he meant by heaey bomb’ The gest bomb hat ould he carrie by a Whitey from he Ml I onward was he 2000 armour piercing type and the sl load ws made up of 250-b or, om occasion, ewo of S00 Ib The maximum, Toad was two SO0+band 12 of 2505 Tiger engined attat had wood: famed bomb doors, with aluminium skin, which could be opened bythe weigh ofthe eleased om and clesed by strong bungee cords Thee cords weredacomneced daring the loading of ‘bombs The Mk intradoced hydraulically operated doors, which oviowsly impeened bombing accuracy ‘Clearly Max was under no restrictions whe he did this drawing though ot long afterwards it became usual practice to omit any reference to arm rent in mow scale cutwaye Mav didnorindcatethat here were no fower than 14 ells for small bombs in che wigs oth inboard and outboard of the rele. The maximum permissible bom oad was 7000 Ib, which a that time waea very eapestable figure. During fantic and onl atacksonthe barges which were intended to bring the vitorious Webrmacht wo Bain in IulySeptember 180, Whitey aetaly cared his maximum. ‘Avesplained inthe text accompanying Clark's Whitey drawing, when {heomber's wing was ying straight and Teves the fuselage wasted steeply rose doven This explain the apparent upward til of the engines in Ma's easing. na ypc cruising ard the engine trast ines were horizontal. LYSANDER wey alike anything ele in the RAF, the Lizzie ew a prooeype in June 1936, Ithad the look of adr slender wings scmingly about to part company withthe bby slag hare ing underneath People who were weet aircraft recognition wal to dre ‘an sing machines nto two groups aeroplanes and Lysandrs, A fundamental requirement of an army co-operation aircraft was the Ayaboa it becuse long and ably to operate fom any resonable Feld near fontine oops. The wings mine 1938.8 he urea fe ewig yr hey were ng oe made n mand, whist stil having higher al rund performance thandhe Hawher taplansirplaced. A two-seater, tals had to have outstanding all ound ‘nom orsuch ols sarily spntingan fone reconnaissance. Tope serve radio silence writen mest could be thrown fom the cockpit or ‘icked up from the ground bya very long hook which could be pivoted down lander height side the fale tp. The Bish Army ned Austr with 130 bp. The German used the Storch, ‘hich was about the sme sos the Lys asshopper and similar types with 6 swing aen wa significa fester), with 240 hp In contrast, the Lysander was Taistol Mercury poppe-ralve engine werd by cither 3 870 oe $90 hp or Biol Perseus nance, and enabled ite cary heavier loads and iy missions nor dreamed of whenit was designed. sleevevalve engine of 90S hp. Thien it higher ee Tehada lighcalloy strata with fabviccovering, Inthe cock the plo sa# 10 ect ff the round. The wing had manimum profile atthe tachment ‘ofthe racing strats tapering fom this pointinboardaswellas tothe dp. Ths five both crew am oustanding view ively all iretions expecially 38 fone sentir tora wa elevated nthe cockptthanksto superior eating ps! Max Mil sens cf the imporeant cs of equipment, prticlarty Pstradiionabatye drawing showed thy andthe lcstion of H ‘On the oer hand, a was commonly the case with this type aig, ne strate. He gored the com stration ofthe wings ndtail He even aie show any intrest the och rr bya hydraulic ack which drove the slate lps as well as ancctins, with long torque tubes outboard, which simuane ‘xs drone the inboard lars. He dn tempi hath freciyuner aie loads ‘When tis drawing was published on 9 June 1938 security retrconson the armament had wn relaxed By hon it was common knowl that 4 fixed Be te did't worry very much about the aif nein the top ofeach spat fed fom a SOD-round box in the fs Koreven a Mk Il Leis, x depicted ere, but by 1982 thes ha often been replaced by tw Beownings with tlt fe. Also, by this stage the ier and sy kof, Max could have noted that this ioe aircraft featured the biggest Elektron (magnesium > At Fit the observer had a Vickers cer madeat thartine,asinge gant arch sie the nding gears ang aryng oth whee The fist unit recive Lysander Is was No 16 Sqn at Ok Sarum, nea ‘Germans suroanding them. Nos 2, 4, 13 and 26 Sq had owen actos 0 Air Component ofthe BEF, whist No eas target tags, and many others were aquadrons were specially equipped forthe area ue role, si more were specially equipped forthe Mille Fast and Ind, andshe month wenby Nos 138and 161 Sqns wig the overloaded black painted Mk ISD} with 150-zal externa tank and a 2B Jew lon. ichind them were anything up four passengers were subjected eo extranrdinary modiiations. Even the ceype wae rebut with tandem wings mounted ona stubby foselae with Your gun titre. Akogether 1449 of these distinctive aircraft were built ar Yeovil and Doncaster, plas farther 225 by National Stel Carin Canada, Fortunately, several have been preserved tay. OXFORD [isnot train et oii send da pearinto the bckgroand more quickly than fighters and bombers, bt Lm sure thousands of warcme veterans will gree with me that ts ad tht noe ‘many of todays aviation cohusias now mach abou the Oxford ri sad and there must he very few RAF ml engined wartime pilots who did nor qualify on the °Ox-hox”, Bu, unlike almost ll other counties, we in Britain ate vandals when comes to preserving Famous aeroplanes and while youcan se plenty of Harards, you wont be able tf an Oxon To fil athe background fist, Airspeed (1934) Led caused aise eye brows when 1932, they bl he Courier, rim sac ciever brcanse 8586 were buy plane with reuactable undereariage. Next came the biger twin-engine Envoy, which even added spit flaps. This was then the basi ofthe Oxford ml-ole crew trainer bilo Spescation 1.28/36. The N86 were bit by hs toa 4411) an at Christchurch ($50, de Havilland st Hail (1518, Percival Aira at Lion (1356 and Standard Motors at ‘Goveny (750). Aer the Wara few Oxfords found vi customers 150 arcrafton the proton line were completed by Aspect as iil ansposts Called Cosas The prototype Oxford lew on 19 June 1937. Apa from the nose, which \wasalaminium and Pespes the ightalloy cowlngsand nacelles (which were poeta "4 ‘mainly above the wing) andthe fabric skinned contol surfaces, the acne twas entirely wooden, and extremely strong. Though there were other ver sons, the vast majority of Oxfords were powered by the Armstrong Siddeley (Cheetah X 7pm radial, ated at 355070 hp and with dee drive Trirey-Reed fixed pitch metal propels, Despite thi the entra pedestal in the cockpit always had a ever which had vo he moved from "COARSE 10 “FINE before entering the landing circuit, becuse that was par of the all. {mporcan lin the esi proces. In sone Oxfords the manipula the eve actually had some fect! The egies were hand-cranked fox starting, ard ew Fe tank on cach se, to which could be add aia fl yond the nacelles This al of 156 gal meane you could Hy for nearly six hours without havingto reel. The starboard engine drewea hyde pump forthe narow-chord split lps an retractable main underage. The la. ter varied, depending on who made the nite sore having «sgl ting stached othe twin lege nstead of the more common two doors hinged to the cell The prostype wat ited with an Armstrong Whitworth manually con elle ere witha Lewin, while various ight bombs (82, 113 and 20 1b) could be cared ina shallow bay between the centre section spars Asthe fora exwing shows cquipment was ao cried or somplet crow ani stew canted Porn foc pilot, navigator, bomb-amer, radio operate, camera operstr og ‘ern pracsce abowt 98 per cee of Oxfords had oo armament, ad were ‘employed night and day passing out win-ngine pits navi ‘operators pancipally for steaming ato Bomber Command. They were abo ‘eda ferry plot anspor ambalanses, rade calibration crf ad fo ‘many ther aks The door as on the lft hove the railing edge. Te cockpit was mo sgroable, with an almost perfect view except where Hacked by the seeming Iygcowlngs The io (or pupil, dual aircraft) naturally sat on thet c0 force him fly with the lee hand while grin used to stack of thro, miatue, propeller, undecatige and Map controls on hs ight. The engine sped indiestore were vertical, a they assay were on wartime RAF air, ‘nd the control wheels weresimple two-handed yokes witha thum-operatad teak leer T could never understand why the Oxford abeays ya in ight arching the ft wingtip it would proceed along the toa top xe backer end thes ecco Forward wpa: There we abucltly ald tp this, even by tying to move throes a thousandth of an 3 inch at ime. contrast, the Anson, wih vill the sme engines nd peo elles jt ew straight. Like all Oxford pos was et ino dob eh i you ei diver as much a degre two fom the staight and nareow on landing, no amount of rate fll adder and maxima Baking would pe ‘sent ground loop hike most Oxford divers if they wer alowed t {hdl ying the acral gently on ina eel atid This deaving wes dewey a rletivclytnlcsowa Right rancc erst ‘named Prat, who obviously Borrowed much of his style fom Mila’s wash artworks ofthe une Ie sows the original peoteype, and whist ving ‘excelent idea ofthe raining equipment made le efor cell ual seca though tid show the tocol tank’ actully shows the “The aris drew line crosthe cabin nine withthe leading edgs, but of camae it ould have been inne with the fron sper. This wat «favoured place for ATC (Air Training, Corps) cadets on air experience Might Tncidenaly, my own ATC school squadeon, No 628, suttered one ofthe ATC very few wartime canuatiesn an Oxford, on a fight fom Kidlington (today, appropriately, Oxford sinpor) pe down), think the annotation ‘cooler BLENHEIM OER Beinesion om is ing a So li ay the other hand from the aspect Mx slested, the Ble Twas do nerested in engines than inarerat. This was undoubedly trac, bt o trys eaginc, The sala wes paticnerty cared, ad by later etanands rot very ineresing, though {am suprised Max didnot choose a viewpoint ing obliquely down fom above n onder wo show far more tha ws pos sible rom the ute evel As explained in dhe text accompanying James Clark's rawing ofthe Mle IV aera the Bristol 142M Ble was a fast day bomber derived rom the even eter Betl 142 eecive transport. Tis wos the fist high-power high-speed aircraft in Briain co have an allantal Te alo had a retractable mdererrage, apa and "excep daring its frst few lights, variable-pch propel In Britain hee ‘hings were inno Despite Man's drawing, procection Mechein had fied tah ka ded, andthe spi flap ally down, The main ck ats theca were cared on ewin a c which was mounted a singe the ‘damage in telly landings, and despite the we ofa waning hor eigztd by ‘losing both rates withthe wheels up, piles often forget tolower the ges he original B swteclruplandings cold have bor made with wo damage a all,ecept tothe Propellers. nthe Blenheim this was no longer posable, Bose he wing had be rau to make tombs of 250 Ib or two af SOD Ub, As was common practic at that ine, the % ces were pashed open bythe weight ofthe released ordnance, closing again under the pllf laste bungee cords. This rae arrangement reise trey in pehing past the ping oud triste space the plot's eck had oi press tow long the lethal ofthe ind ying panel, with the two middle instuments nicely obscured behind This was ust wide enough forthe RAFstandandbasic si hands The vertical scale engne¢p indicators, and oil pressure and temper ature dal, had o be pu above the pun re they ceive spoil Pils view of thea n lading. Everything cae had vo be aranged along the lft wal, or put chin the plot oe aeranged along the ceateline the DH Hamil reached round behind located two plunges by Inside the set Whe clanking eva, to chang m propellers from fine pitch 0 coare yo feet, and pulled then both, Before lading, you ook cae to bag thera in agai, Warne sree made piles ie Faia wih instrament and con sin incredibly il-lsigned locations Mas nlicate the hig ike an elevator tei wheel which worked the onroling the landing wear and apa ire small whl, but farther forward. The ileyon control wasa neat ro owning gun fot inthe el wing, nr mentioned by Max. Bath hee had tobe operated by the pilots ight thamb, wich hd tobe ally serviceable! Mav ook cr Ind each engine. He alo showed how the exhaust frm the nine cylinders show the win ram inks which fd air theo cooker edad cto igo prota agp an Opera wos piped to the sel collestor ring round the font of the coming and expelled through a pipe on the ight side. tn some ways the Mk Blenheim tmnt fc ener, compared wit the ld fbri-covered Mphanes, in tht there ‘wa plenty of pow if oth Mercurie kept ing. The problem wa, fiche fngie cut on takeoff you might be in trouble. Soon, the concept of single gine fey speed was invented ou fad react a lieve or mot Bleains twas 115 mph, youcould kee going on one Soles gorinto the absolutely never-beoken hab of holding the Blenheim dow on ekeot teech his spond as quickly as pesith, Only then was it ste cb ey. Safety speed was always increased ifthe propeller could not be fathered vwasthecase with the two-pth unitson the len a BRISTOL TBLENMEM" Hk. Mediuen Bombe Max wrote K70S6 on his Blenbsim. This was the 2nd aircraft come of ‘he production lin. Later very large numbers of lenis were made by the Rootes Groupat Speke Lterpo!) and ae Blt Hedge in Safford, nd ako by A'V Roe at Manchester. Ii crogs how de Havilland’ dea of 3 homberso fast id not ned defensive guns the Mosquito) was alist un ‘erly deride ancompletenomense, whist atthe seine lenin were Pouring of the asembly lines that were 100 mph slower and hada singe ewisgun fo defence. A bonus withthe Mesguitoisthat if youlost an engine con takeoff, at below safety sped, you could sil keep going, provide you were alt feathered quickly and gave ita bootfl of euler. With the [lei youhad no option but to pt oven a dct font as pol SPITFIRE Minin te ote ace modification asthe Spite isl. Hei icin N fest appeaedia Fgh for 1st Decembe inal Mk ipraft existed, wih a Metin I engine with three ctor exh rember 1938, anit Of course at that time ony the ison ech side each served by two cylinder) driving a two- blade ive pitch propeller carved bythe Airscrew Company from laminated w ‘Other fetes inca an engine wing ony, fartopped cockpic hood and provi Toning machine guns inthe wigs ike many of Ma's drawings this one wae dominated hy the enn. He made virally no ate eo sho che wing oa Dering the wer dhs de was repeatedly modified, by Max himself of dept che Mark X irra, which ak’ do mich abou the pe course. Asrepreiced het, ts meant ‘atted RAF serve in Jly 1942. Mas ‘which he et as twas He could’ do mich abou the engin ether, tov the gave it individual exhaust pips six on each sid) and removed the 28 1X ss roference tom hand steer socket becmne ltr Mes et on the righ side of the cowl ing oly unlike the the Hlrricae's engine which could be cranked acy Spits had a hand earning cranks noth ‘role ace” It on disappeared frm the Spite, later Meri relying ensrely upon the cletric tae, while Seafies and ll versions withthe big Griion engine had Coffin sd-bew carrie stares Heals ler Ment 1,000 H.P. to Mens LXE 1,620 HP. What edd not anterpe wasto engenthe whe nose, which he sh Iecause the Spite IX was powered by one ofthe fit versions wih a wo stage supercharger which made the engine 7 inches longes Max had previonly changed the fa-top ond aircraft in the incu of 19 Sn Bow lef a bulged one, which made life easier for tl plots. He had alo previously draw in a thick bulletroo! windicren, and given the poe an oxygen mak. In hs orignal drawing he Showed cre ring and head sigh a modified he made the ring look ikea sight, bat he forgot remove the bead post above the coming jut the lft ofthe label deseribing the engine! eawing was todo jst ax Supermarine had done and ec the inboard pai with 20mm Hispano cannon, cough Tor ee these guts label Car he de Bows es, whereas here the wing skinned over again a+ i wasin 1938, There are several other ol estates. The orignal drawing was of ours own camouflage with oundes above the wings. This scheme followed the short-lived ase of raph. Asmodifed, Mas drew strange oerving roundel which peat wo be fedfwhiteble. He should alo have added a tree-coloue ‘ash to the fin sen strange, his orginal drawing showed the finfuer ofthe peoterype the Mk) All pr nig che hora ications inched tapering off the antenna mast and adding a slipper

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