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The module on “Systems and Schools in Psychology” provides a basic understanding of major
systems and theories in Psychology. It covers in detail the historical background and discusses
lucidly, with emphasis on the antecedent forces, all the important systems of psychology.
Besides the traditional school of thoughts around Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism,
Gestalt Psychology and Psychoanalysis, it also covers Humanistic and existential psychology as
well as the exclusive work done by Indian Psychologists.
A better understanding of these schools and systems can provide deep and valuable insights to
the students. One may even learn about past human behavior that is relevant to the intellectual
growth and development of an individual in the present times.
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1. General Course Information
2. Learning Outcomes
2.1 Course Learning Outcome
By the end of this course, students should be able to:
LO 1. Understand and explain the evolution of psychology as a separate science of behavior and
mental processes.
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2.2 Course learning outcomes, program learning outcomes and assessments:
Course learning outcomes Program learning outcomes Assessments
Understand and examine the Develop critical and analytical Continuous Assessment:
important theories in
thinking skills Quizzes and class discussion
psychology presented by
different school of thoughts.
Identify and recognize the
components of a good theory.
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separate science of behavior and its application
and mental processes.
3. Learning Resources
3.1 Required resources
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
3.2 Recommended resources
Reading is considered to be an essential part of the course, and students are expected to access
and critically analyze the relevant literature. Apart from becoming familiar with the contents of
the main text, students are also strongly urged to refer to academic journals in the area of......
History of Psychology
Perspectives on Psychological Science
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1 Part a: Introduction to https://psychology.fandom.com/wiki/
systems and their Systems_psychology
functions in
Psychology
2 Basic Issues in
Psychology
3 Prescientific and https://www.verywellmind.com/a-
Scientific brief-history-of-psychology-through-
developments before the-years-2795245
structuralism
Part b: Structuralism
4 Wilhelm Maximillian https://www.simplypsychology.org/
Wundt and his wundt.html
systematic
Psychology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-
gmooH1jEc
6 Edward Bradford
Titchener and his https://www.simplypsychology.org/
structural psychology structuralism.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=aJi9F4Xbwo4
https://literariness.org/2016/03/20/
structuralism/
8 Tutorial I
9 Quiz for Unit 1 According to the unit 1
Unit 2:
Functionalism and
Associationism
5
10-11 Functionalism and the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_-
Psychology of L2S_ZK2w
William James
https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/
psychologists/pragmatism-
functionalism-and-william-james-
psychology/
https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/
11593695_John_Dewey_and_Early_C
hicago_Functionalism
14 Criticisms of https://revisesociology.com/
Functionalism 2016/12/15/criticisms-of-the-
functionalist-view-of-society/
18 Tutorial II
19 Quiz for Unit 2 According to Unit 2 topics
Unit 3:
Behaviourism and
Gestalt Psychology
20-21 Watsonian https://www.researchgate.net/ Activity:
Behaviourism and his publication/ Analysing cases
experimental 303926239_2_Watsonian_Behavioris from a behavioural
formulations m perspective
22 Critical analysis and http://www.nationalforum.com/ Debate
fate of behaviourism Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/
6
Hart,%20Karen%20E%20A
%20Critical%20Analysis%20of
%20John%20B%20Watson-Original
%20Writing
%20V19%20N3%202006.pdf
Unit 4:
Psychoanalysis and
the Heirs to Freud
30-31 Freudian https://positivepsychology.com/ Debate and
Psychoanalysis: psychoanalysis/ discussion
Contributions and
criticisms
Heirs to Freud:
32 Adler's Individual https://open.baypath.edu/psy321book/ Self-reflection and
Psychology chapter/c4p2/ experience sharing
33-34 Jung's Analytical https://www.simplypsychology.org/ Activity:
Psychology carl-jung.html Analysing cases
from the Jungian
Perspective
35 Karen Horney's https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/ Activity:
Psychology beautiful-minds/finding-inner- Answering
harmony-the-underappreciated-legacy- questions from the
of-karen-horney/ perspective of
Karen Horney.
36 Erich Fromm's https://www.verywellmind.com/erich- Discussion
Psychology fromm-1900-1980-2795506
37 Tutorial IV
38 Quiz for Unit 4 Based on topics covered in Unit 4
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Unit 5: Humanism,
Existentialism and
the way forward
39-40 Humanistic School of https://www.youtube.com/watch? Activity:
thought: Maslow and v=L0PKWTta7lU Revisiting
Carl Roger https://www.simplypsychology.org/car hierarchy and its
l-rogers.html sequence in
different cultures
41 Critical analysis of https://www.researchgate.net/ Debate
Humanistic publication/
Psychology 303858258_Tudor_K_2015_Humanisti
c_psychology_A_critical_counter_cult
ure_In_I_Parker_Ed_Handbook_of_cri
tical_psychology_pp_127-
136_London_UK_Routledge
Description of the session: This is going to be an introductory session discussing the basic
concepts of systems and functions in psychology. It is going to aim at helping preparing well
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for the entire unit by giving them an idea of the basics of test systems and functions in
psychology
Learning Outcome:
The sessions will serve as an introduction to the course lying ahead of the students while
pondering over the basics of the subject.
Required Readings:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: This session will talk about the basic issues in psychology in
different schools and systems in psychology.
Learning Outcome:
Learning Outcomes: After the above, the students should be able to understand what happened
before structuralism.
Main Text
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A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: In this Session the students will be taught about Maximillian
Wudth and his systematic psychology known as structuralism.
Learning Outcome:
• At this junction the students know what structuralism, the first school of thought in
psychology.
Required Readings:
Learning Outcome:
Required reading:
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Description of the session: In this Session the students will be taught Titchener's Structuralism,
the components, experiences, physical, mental relationships and contribution to psychology.
Learning Outcome:
At this junction the students know about structuralism by Titchener as well, understand the
contribution to psychology.
Required Readings:
Description of the session: An introduction to what is structuralism that has already been
taught and how is it applied to study of literature.
Learning Outcome:
Session 8: Tutorial
Session 9: Here unit 1 will end, there will be quiz regarding the same.
Session 10- 11: Functionalism and the Psychology of William James
Description of the session: Students will talk about William James, his contribution and
Functionalism, a new school of thought.
Learning Outcome:
Introduction to another school of thought, history of William James “father of
psychology”
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Main text:
Description of the session: In this Session the students will be taught John Dewey and early
Chicago functionalism. The work of John Dewey and his associates which stimulated the
progressive-school movement, which attempted to apply functionalist principles to education.
. Learning Outcome:
At this junction the students have learnt about the Chicago functional psychology by John
Dewey.
Required Readings:
Main text:
Description of the session: An introduction to the basic criticism in functionalism. The students
will be taught two criticisms of the Functionalist view of society including postmodernist
and Marxists and Feminists.
Learning Outcome:
Required Readings:
Main text:
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A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: Students during this session will about Hermann Ebbinghaus: The
First Psychologist to Study Learning and Memory. They will understand who Ebbinghaus was,
the memory experiment and limitations.
Learning outcomes:
Main text:
Description of the session: In this Session the students will be taught about Thorndike’s
connectionism. The association between stimuli and responses. Introducing the principles of
pleasure and pain, reward and punishment. This session will also include a discussion
between Pavlov and Thorndike.
Learning Outcome:
At this junction the students have learnt about association and connectionism.
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Learning Outcome: At this junction the students have learnt about old school behaviorism
and Watson’s psychology
Required Readings:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303926239_2_Watsonian_Behaviorism
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: The session covers the ideas of B.F. Skinner (1904–90) who
was a leading American psychologist, Harvard professor and proponent of the behaviorist
theory of learning in which learning is a process of ‘conditioning’ in an environment of
stimulus, reward and punishment. Skinner explains the difference between informal
learning, which occurs naturally, and formal education, which depends on the teacher
creating optimal patterns of stimulus and response (reward and publishment), or ‘operant
conditioning’:
Learning Outcome: By the end of the session students will be able to understand the
learning process in light of reinforcements and explain how learning is affected by the
schedules of reinforcement.
Required Readings:
https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: The session is a brief introduction to Gestalt Psychology, what
were the antecedent forces that led to the Gestalt school of thought and the founding fathers
of Gestalt.
Learning Outcome: By the end of the session, students will be able to explain the beginning
of Gestalt school of thought.
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Required Readings:
https://www.gestaltcleveland.org/what-is-gestalt
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Learning Outcome: At this junction, students will be able to explain the Gestalt principles of
similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, figure/ground, and symmetry & order
Required Readings:
https://www.toptal.com/designers/ui/gestalt-principles-of-design#:~:text=There%20are
%20six%20individual%20principles,order%20(also%20called%20pr%C3%A4gnanz).
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: The session involves an analysis of the Gestalt school of thought
and the criticisms and contributions that go along with it.
Learning Outcome: Students will enhance their critical thinking skills and will be able to
explore the application of Gestalt principles and its limitations.
Required Readings:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01782/full
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
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Session27: Tutorial
Description of the session: Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the founding father
of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains
human behaviour. Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our
adult lives, shaping our personality. His theories changed the entire clinical model and
treatment approach.
Learning Outcome: At this junction, students will be able to explain the contributions made
by Sigmund Freud along with the criticisms faced.
Required Readings:
https://positivepsychology.com/psychoanalysis/
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: Adler called his approach individual psychology because it
expressed his belief that every human personality is unique and indivisible (Ewen, 1988). His
emphasis on the individual did not preclude the social. Key concepts of Adlerian therapy
include the inferiority complex, the superiority complex, and style of life
Learning Outcome: At this junction, students will able to understand Adler’s contribution to
psychology and psychoanalytical school of thought.
Required Readings:
https://open.baypath.edu/psy321book/chapter/c4p2/
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
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Session 33-34: Jung's Analytical Psychology
Learning Outcome: At this junction, students will able to understand Jung’s contribution to
psychology and psychoanalytical school of thought.
Required Readings:
https://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-jung.html
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Learning Outcome: At this junction, students will able to understand Horney’s contribution
to psychology and psychoanalytical school of thought.
Required Readings:
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/finding-inner-harmony-the-
underappreciated-legacy-of-karen-horney/
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
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belonging. He suggested that people develop certain personality styles or strategies in order
to deal with the anxiety created by feelings of isolation.
Learning Outcome: At this junction, students will able to understand Fromm’s contribution
to psychology and psychoanalytical school of thought.
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: The humanistic school of thought is a divorce from the previous
dominant behaviorism and psychoanalytical perspectives. It looks at the positive aspects of
human behavior rather than the negative ones. The school of thought views human beings as
having unique abilities and potentials.
Learning Outcome: By the end of the session, students will be able to understand the
theories and ideas of Maslow and Carl Roger
Required Readings:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0PKWTta7lU
https://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: As with any viewpoint, humanistic psychology has its critics.
One major criticism of humanistic psychology is that its concepts are too vague. Critics argue
that subjective ideas such as authentic and real experiences are difficult to objectify; an
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experience that is real for one individual may not be real for another person. For this reason,
critics believe that conclusions drawn from subjective experiences are almost impossible to
verify, making research in humanistic psychology unreliable. In addition, critics claim that
humanistic psychology is not a true science because it involves too much common sense and
not enough objectivity.
Learning Outcome: In this session, students will enhance their critical thinking skills and
will also connect the findings of humanistic school to other different school of thoughts.
Required Readings:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
303858258_Tudor_K_2015_Humanistic_psychology_A_critical_counter_culture_In_I_Park
er_Ed_Handbook_of_critical_psychology_pp_127-136_London_UK_Routledge
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Learning Outcome: At this point, students will be introduced to the basics of existentialism.
Required Readings:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64939/
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
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Learning Outcome: At this point, students will be able to reflect on the concepts of inner
freedom, hope, resilience and responsibility.
Required Readings:
Main text:
A History of Modern psychology by Schultz & Schultz
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: The session is a brief history of psychology from an Indian
perspective and carefully reflects on the developments made in India in the area of
psychology.
Learning Outcome: By the end of the session, students will acquaint themselves to
developments in India in the field of psychology
Required Readings:
Main text:
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
Description of the session: The session is a quick glimpse into the future of psychology
from and carefully reflects on the developments across globe in the area of psychology.
Learning Outcome: By the end of the session, students will acquaint themselves to the
emerging school of thoughts.
Required Readings:
Main text:
The Comprehensive History of Psychology by A.K. Singh
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Session 48: End Term Assessment
5. Assessments:
Assessments for Courses are based on the following four principles:
Assessment must encourage and reinforce learning.
Assessment must enable robust and fair judgments about student performance.
Assessment practices must be fair and equitable to students and give them the
opportunity to demonstrate what they have learned.
Assessment must maintain academic standards.
5.1 Assessment summary
Assessment Item Due date Weighting Related learning
(marks/Percentage) outcome
1. Continuous Across the semester 20 L.O.2
Assessment after the completion
of each unit (Quiz and
attendance)
2. Mid Term September 26th 2022 20 L.O.3
Assessment (Project or
presentation)
3. End Term As per academic 60 L.O.1
Assessment calendar
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assessment. The faculty in such cases shall conduct a separate viva for the concerned
student and grade her/him accordingly.
End term assessments are compulsory. Absence in end term assessments will be marked
as ‘absent’ and the result will be marked as ‘incomplete’. This is irrespective of the
student’s score in internal assessments.
Component 2: Mid term Assessments will be conducted through a project and presentation. Top-
ics for the project will be allocated to the students in the beginning of the semester. Students will
be given a practical question in psychology which they will have to resolve using an eclectic ap-
proach.
Component 3: A pen and paper-based End-Term examination will be conducted at the end of the
course. The end term exam will be applied in nature. You will not be allowed to use the internet,
access your note books and text books.
Note: Appeal of grade – students who wish to appeal their end term marks should initially
discuss their concerns with their tutor. If they are still dissatisfied, they should then make contact
with the Controller of Examination within 10 business days from the date of notification of the
result. Such a written request must contain details of the grounds on which the objection is based.
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Requests must include a summary of the reasons the student believes his or her assessment work
deserves a higher mark. These reasons must be directly related to the academic quality of the
work.
6. Maps:
6.1 Assessment Map
Module Name: A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Taught * * *
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Assessed * * * *
Covered * * * * *
7. Student feedback
The Institute places high priority on approaches to learning and teaching that enhances the
students’ experience. Feedback is sought from students in a variety of ways including on-going
engagement with faculty, the use of online questionnaires and interaction with the
Dean/appropriate authority. This course is regularly revised and updated to reflect student
feedback.
8. Plagiarism
Please refer to the student handbook, page 30, for details.
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prepare for examinations, the workload may be greater. We strongly encourage you to connect
with your MS Teams Portal in the first week of semester.
Attendance: Your regular and punctual attendance at lectures and seminars or in online learning
activities is expected in this course. The Institute reserves the right to refuse final assessment to
those students who fails to attend the required minimum number of classes where attendance and
participation is required as part of the learning process (e.g., tutorials, flipped classroom sessions,
seminars, labs, etc.).
General Conduct and Behavior: You are expected to conduct yourself with consideration and
respect for the needs of your fellow students and teaching staff. Conduct which unduly disrupts
or interferes with a class, such as ringing or talking on mobile phones, is not acceptable and
students may be asked to leave the class.
Health and Safety: IILM requires each person to work safely and responsibly, in order to avoid
personal injury and to protect the safety of others.
Keeping Informed: You should take note of all announcements made in lectures, tutorials or on
the course web site. From time to time, the Institute will send important announcements to your
university e-mail address without providing you with a paper copy. You will be deemed to have
received this information. It is also your responsibility to keep the Institute informed of all
changes to your contact details.
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