BS 7562 5 Irrigation

BRITISH STANDARD BS 7562-5:
1993
Planning, design and

installation of
irrigation schemes —
Part 5: Guide for irrigation equipment
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Copyright British Standards Institution

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BS 7562
7562-5:
-5:19
1993
93
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Agricultural

Machinery and Implements Standards Policy Committee (AGE/-) to Technical
Committee AGE/30, upon which the following bodies were represented:
Agricultural Engineers’ Association

British Agricultural and Garden Machinery Association Ltd.
Health and Safety Executive
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
National Farmers’ Union
Silsoe College
Silsoe Research institute
UK Irrigation Association
National Rivers Authority
Well Drillers’ Association
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This British Standard, having -

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direction of the Agricultural `

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Machinery and Implements `

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Standards Policy ,

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Committee, was published ,

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under the authority of the ,

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Standards Board and

comes into effect on Amendments issued since publication
15 November 1993
Amd. No. Date Comments
© BSI 07-1999
The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference AGE/30
Draft for comment 88/72250 DC
ISBN 0 580 22447 3

BS 7562
7562-5:
-5:19
1993
93
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Agricultural

Machinery and Implements Standards Policy Committee (AGE/-) to Technical
Committee AGE/30, upon which the following bodies were represented:
Agricultural Engineers’ Association

British Agricultural and Garden Machinery Association Ltd.
Health and Safety Executive
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
National Farmers’ Union
Silsoe College
Silsoe Research institute
UK Irrigation Association
National Rivers Authority
Well Drillers’ Association
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This British Standard, having -

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been prepared under the `

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direction of the Agricultural `

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Machinery and Implements `

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Standards Policy ,

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Committee, was published ,

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under the authority of the ,

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Standards Board and

comes into effect on Amendments issued since publication
15 November 1993
Amd. No. Date Comments
© BSI 07-1999
The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference AGE/30
Draft for comment 88/72250 DC
ISBN 0 580 22447 3

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BS 7562-
7562-5:1
5:199
993
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Contents
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Committees responsible Inside front cover

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Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Informative references 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Sprinkle in-field equipment 1
5 Trickle/bubbler in-field equipment 7
6 Pipes and fittings 9
7 Suction and delivery pipework 14
8 Valves 15
9 Flow meters 18
10 Pump installations 18
11 Applying chemicals 24
12 Safety 24
Table 1 — A classification of irrigation systems used in the UK 2
List of references Inside back cover
© BSI 07-1999
i
BS 7562-5:1993
Foreword
This Part of BS 7562 has been prepared under the direction of the Agricultural
Machinery and Implements Standards Policy Committee and contains
recommendations on good practice in the planning, design and installation of
irrigation schemes in the UK, together with information and guidance. It is
intended for the use of engineers and farmers having some knowledge of the
subject. It embodies the experience of engineers successfully engaged on the
design and construction of irrigation schemes so that other reasonably qualified
engineers may use it as a basis for the design of similar irrigation schemes.
This Part of BS 7562 contains information and represents good practice at the
time it was written and, inevitably, technical developments may render parts of
it obsolescent in time. It is the responsibility of engineers concerned with the
design and construction of schemes to remain conversant with developments
which have taken place since publication.
This standard has been prepared in six Parts as follows.
— Part 1: Glossary of terms;
— Part 2: Guide for acquisition of site data;
— Part 3: Irrigation water requirements1);
— Part 4: Guide to water resources;
— Part 5: Guide for irrigation equipment;
— Part 6: Guide for feasibility and implementation procedures.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i an d ii,
pages 1 to 26, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
1) In preparation.
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ii © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
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1 Scope Sprinklers should be operated within the

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, manufacturers’ specified range of pressures for
This Part of BS 7562 gives guidance on the
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uniform water application. Sprinkler operation with

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equipment required for irrigation schemes. It deals

too high a pressure will cause excessive break up of
specifically with sprinkler and trickle/bubbler
the water jet, loss of wetted radius and excess water
irrigation as the most common methods of irrigation
applied near the sprinkler head. Low operating
in the UK and covers in-field irrigation equipment,
pressure at the sprinkler will result in inadequate
pipelines, pump installations, and pump suction
break up of the jet, large droplets and uneven
and delivery pipework.
application of water.
2 Informative references The size of the nozzle(s) determines the sprinkler
discharge and the wetted diameter. Nozzle
This Part of BS 7562 refers to other publications diameters range from 2 mm to 3 mm up to 50 mm.
that provide information or guidance. Editions of Sprinklers may have one or two nozzles.
these publications current at the time of issue of this
Common trajectory angles for sprinklers are 24°
standard are listed on the inside back cover, but
and 30° measured from the horizontal. Such
reference should be made to the latest editions.
sprinklers are used on a wide variety of irrigation
systems, including hand move and mechanical move
3 Definitions
equipment. Low angle sprinklers, having trajectory
For the purposes of this Part of BS 7562 the angles ranging from 0° up to about 15° produce a
definitions given in BS 7562-1:1992 apply. profile which is less subject to distortion by wind but
may not be as uniform in application. Typical
4 Sprinkle in-field equipment applications for low angle sprinklers include under
4.1 Introduction tree orchard irrigation and centre pivots operating
in windy conditions.
This is the equipment which is laid out, temporarily
The average application rate from the sprinklers (in
or permanently, in the field being irrigated. A wide
millimetres per hour) should not exceed the basic
range of in-field equipment is available but that
infiltration rate (in millimetres per hour) of the soil.
commonly used in the UK is described in this
This ensures that water infiltrates into the soil thus
British Standard. A classification is provided
avoiding the problem of surface water run-off.
in Table 1.
The uniformity of water application is described by
The selection of appropriate in-field irrigation
Christiansen’s coefficient of uniformity. Details of
equipment is based on many factors including
the coefficient and its measurement are provided in
capital cost, operating cost, labour requirements
BS 7459-2. The choice of the most appropriate
and suitability for the farm.
uniformity coefficient depends largely on the crop
4.2 Water application devices being irrigated.
4.2.1 General The spacing between sprinklers should be as
The function of water application devices is to apply recommended by the manufacturer and shown in
water as uniformly as possible to the crop and soil. performance tables. The wetted patterns from
The most common application devices used to apply sprinklers should overlap to achieve an appropriate
water are rotary impact sprinklers, guns and fixed coefficient of uniformity. The degree of overlap will
spray heads. vary according to the water application pattern and
the wind conditions.
4.2.2 Rotary impact sprinklers
Rotary impact sprinklers are the devices most in use
for spraying water.
Sprinklers of varying sizes may be used on a wide
range of irrigation systems including conventional
and mobile lateral systems, see Table 1.
The design and performance requirements for
rotary impact sprinklers are described in BS 7459-1
and BS 7459-2.
© BSI 07-1999
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BS 7562-5:1993
Table 1 — A classification of sprinkle irrigation systems used in the UK

Systems Water application devices
Conventional systems — portable — hand move Mainly use small rotary impact
— roll move sprinkers, but guns, fixed sprays and
— tow line bubblers are also used
— semi-permanent — sprinkler hop
— pipe grid
— hose pull
— permanent
Mobile gun systems — hose drag Mainly guns, but in some cases the
— hose pull gun is replaced with a boom device
with small rotary impact sprinklers or
fixed sprays
Mobile lateral systems — centre pivot Small rotary impact sprinklers or
— linear move fixed sprays
Spray — stationary Fixed sprays
lines — oscillating
— rotating
Wind will distort the wetting patterns of sprinklers. Water droplet sizes from guns may be unacceptably
The amount of distortion depends upon the wind large for certain soil types and crops, causing
speed and the size of the water droplets. The greater damage to both soil and crop. Careful selection of
the wind speed and the smaller the water droplets nozzle diameter and type and operating pressure
the more distortion will occur. Wind distortion can should be made to ensure that the resultant droplets
be counteracted by spacing the sprinklers closer are suitable for the soil and the crop.
together but care should be taken as this may also Gun nozzle diameters can vary from 12 mm up to
increase the application rate. If the application rate and above 40 mm.
exceeds the infiltration rate of the soil, run-off may
Two main types of nozzle are available; ring nozzles
occur. The direction of the wind may be an
and taper nozzles. Ring nozzles are designed to
additional problem especially if the wind direction
produce acceptable droplet sizes at lower operating
changes during the irrigation set. In this situation
pressures. Taper nozzles are designed to produce
the best results may be obtained by ignoring the
the maximum wetted throw but droplet sizes are
effects of wind altogether and operating the
increased.
sprinklers on their recommended spacings for low
wind speeds. The throw is not only affected by the operating
pressure and nozzle diameter and type but also by
4.2.3 Guns
the construction of the gun. The length of the range
Guns are large rotary sprinklers which have a large tube and its diameter, plus the use of straightening
wetted diameter. They are commonly used in mobile vanes inside the range tube, combine to affect the
systems in the UK but they can also be used in maximum throw.
conventional systems. The application rate tends to be greater than for the
Guns may be used on various irrigation systems small rotary impact sprinklers. The recommended
either fixed or mobile. They normally have spacing depends upon the wetted diameter, wind
discharges from 10 m3/h up to and above 125 m3/h speed and direction and the required coefficient of
and operate at pressures from 2.0 bar2) up to and uniformity. Gun spacing recommendations vary
above 8.0 bar. The selection of the operating according to whether the gun is working on a grid
pressure depends upon nozzle size and type and system, a mobile unit or is used on a centre pivot or
droplet size required. linear move.
2)
1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 105 Pa.
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2 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
Guns may be used for full or part circle irrigation. The thrust forces resulting from gun operation may
Full circle irrigation would usually be applicable to be high due to the flows and pressures used and the
fixed grid irrigation systems. Mobile gun systems construction of the riser is critical for correct gun
usually use part circle applications of 270° to 300° performance. The riser strength should be sufficient
arc. Guns may also be used on the end of centre with its support to prevent flexing of the riser which
pivots and linear move machines to irrigate an arc may cause either failure or poor gun performance.
of 180° or less. Risers used on grid systems should be designed with
There are two main types of drive systems used for adequate support structures to ensure that when
rotating the gun. Impact drives operate using the the gun is operating the riser is sufficiently stable.
water flow that leaves the nozzle moving an impact The riser should be of suitable diameter to ensure
arm up and down or sideways causing the gun to that the velocity of water through it is not excessive
rotate. Gear drives operate by passing a small causing high turbulence which may affect the
quantity of the main supply through or over a performance from the gun. Risers fitted to the
turbine gear drive assembly. This causes the gun trolley units used on self travellers should be
itself to rotate via a gear mechanism. sufficiently strong to resist breakage. The trolley
base should be so designed that there is no risk of
The drive mechanism may be affected by water
tipping over when operating under normal
quality. Care should be taken with gear drive
irrigation conditions.
systems to ensure that grit or other particles do not
cause the drive system to fail. Filtration equipment 4.2.4 Fixed spray heads
may be required for some systems. Fixed spray heads may be used to apply water either
Guns normally operate with trajectory angles to the total ground area or to a specific area around
between 18° and 25°. Low angle guns may be used a plant.
on applications where wind affects the gun Spray jets may be used on conventional irrigation
performance, but the wetted diameter of the gun is systems, such as under tree irrigation and also on
reduced. Adjustable trajectory guns may be suitable centre pivots and linear move machines.
for certain situations such as operating in high wind
4.3 Sprinkle irrigation systems
conditions where reduced wind drift is required.
NOTE The irrigation systems most commonly used in the UK
The part circle mechanism fitted to guns should are listed and classified in Table 1.
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4.3.1.1 General
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and 330°. When returning to the start position, the

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reverse action of impact driven guns may occur at

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high speed. In this case the riser assembly should be system in use and comprise pipes, small rotary
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strong enough to resist the forces. Operator safety

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impact sprinklers and risers which are moved, often ,

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should be considered where there is a risk that a by hand, around the field to complete an irrigation.
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gun may hit the operator when fast reversing. Slow

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A characteristic of this type of system is that the

reverse action sectoring devices are often now used pipes and sprinklers are stationary during
on guns and these produce less strain on the irrigation and then moved between irrigations.
connection assemblies.
© BSI 07-1999
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BS 7562-5:1993
4.3.1.2 Portable Normally sprinkler laterals should not

The most basic and simplest system is the portable exceed 100 mm in diameter as bigger pipes are
hand-move system. The pipes and sprinklers are all much heavier and are more difficult to move around
portable and moved by hand for each irrigation. As the field. -
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preferred, especially if large diameter laterals a re

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If the field layout allows, the laterals which carry `

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the sprinklers should be laid along the contours to used. `

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ensure as little pressure variation as possible Sprinkler risers should be of sufficient height to
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allow the sprinkler to irrigate over the top of the

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operated down the slope provided that the crop and should be adequately supported to avoid
maximum pressure variation along the lateral does bending and vibration as the sprinkler rotates.
not exceed 20 % of the sprinkler’s recommended Both aluminium and steel lightweight galvanized
operating pressure. If the slope would cause a steel pipes may be subject to corrosion if fertilizers
greater pressure variation, then pressure regulators or other chemicals are applied through the
should be fitted to the sprinklers to produce correct irrigation system. The manufacturer of the pipe and
operation. A pressure regulator may be fitted under fittings should be consulted if this practice is
the sprinkler inlet connection or a pressure considered.
regulating/flow controlling nozzle may be inserted
The ease of connection and disconnection of coupling
at the nozzle. Sprinkler laterals may be laid out up
lateral pipes should be considered carefully when
the slope where this is the only possible layout.
selecting the type to be used. Couplings that can be
Pressure regulating or flow regulating devices
operated by one person may be favoured where
should be fitted to the sprinkler where the pressure
labour is short.
variation along the lateral is greater than 20 % of
the sprinkler’s recommended operating pressure. Sprinkler risers may have either permanent or
quick coupling connections to the sprinkler lateral.
Ideally, sprinkler laterals should be laid out at right
The type of riser used depends upon the method of
angles to the prevailing wind for a more u niform
operation of the system, the riser height and the
irrigation. This should take preference over layout
stability required.
in relation to contours.
The following briefly describes types of portable
The number of irrigation sets per day depends on
hand-move systems.
the depth of water to be applied at the rate per hour
and the time it takes to move the sprinkler laterals. a) Roll-move system
The fewer the number of irrigation sets per day and The roll-move system comprises a sprinkler
the longer the number of hours per set the greater lateral mounted on wheel assemblies so that the
will be the total possible operating hours per day. lateral forms the axle for the wheels. The
The application rate (in millimetres per hour) sprinkler lateral is stationary while irrigating.
relates to the application heads applying water on a The water supply to the lateral is closed off when
unit area operating on a grid system, either square, it is moved. A power unit provides the power
rectangular or triangular The application rate per source for driving the wheels.
hour calculated here is used to estimate the total It is preferable that the system is operated in
depth applied during the irrigation set. level fields to alleviate potential problems that
Several factors affect the sprinkler spacing, both may be caused by uneven ground. If used on
along the lateral and between laterals. These sloping ground, the system should be aligned
include wind speed, coefficient of uniformity, with the lateral at right angles to the land
application rate, the crop and the soil. Sprinkler contours. If it is operated running parallel to the
spacing should be reduced according to wind speed. contours there is a risk that the unit may run
down the slope while the system is operating.
The lateral pipe diameter is chosen so that the
Brake equipment may be fitted to the wheel
pressure loss along the lateral is less than 20 % of
assembly to prevent this happening.
the recommended operating pressure of the
sprinkler. In this way the changes in pressure will A balance weight self-levelling device is included
not seriously affect sprinkler performance and in the connection for each of the sprinklers to
uniformity. ensure that the sprinkler operates in the vertical
position when irrigating.
4 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
b) Towline system 4.3.1.4.4 Hose-pull system

The towline irrigation system uses equipment A hose-pull system comprises a sprinkler complete
similar to that used for the conventional hand with a stand and support assembly connected to the
move portable system. The lateral pipe is lateral by a flexible hose. The assembly can operate
mounted on wheeled bases so that it can be in several different positions from one connection
towed from one irrigation set position to another. point working on a grid layout.
Special fittings are required for the base of the
4.3.2 Mobile gun systems
sprinkler pipe and also to support the pipe
couplings. 4.3.2.1 General
Usual diameters on towline sprinkler laterals Mobile systems are distinct from conventional
are 75 mm and 100 mm. Larger diameter pipe systems because they are moving when applying
may be heavy to pull and therefore more difficult irrigation water rather than being stationary. This
to move. Smaller diameter pipe may not have the usually improves application uniformity. It also
strength suitable for the pulling operation. greatly reduces the labour required for irrigation.
4.3.1.3 Permanent systems Mobile gun systems use a large single gun type
sprinkler to apply water.
When sufficient laterals and sprinklers are provided
to cover the whole irrigated area so that no 4.3.2.2 Hose-pull system
equipment needs to be moved during the irrigation This system uses a hard hose which is wound onto a
season the system is called a solid-set system. The large diameter drum and a gun sprinkler mounted
pipes are laid out at the beginning of the season and on a trolley. The equipment is operated by towing
collected at the end. out the gun and trolley to the furthest position for
When the pipes and sprinklers are left in place from irrigation in the field. The system is started up and
season to season the same system is generally as the gun and trolley irrigate, the hose drum
referred to as permanent. It is usually used on rotates slowly to wind in the hose and the gun. For
permanent crops such as orchards. subsequent set positions the hose drum may simply
be rotated or may be moved to another hydrant
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The hose-drag system comprises a gun mounted on

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permanently fixed whilst other equipment is moved

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a chassis with a cable drum winding mechanism, a `

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around the field. Generally this increases the `

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length of winding in cable and anchor and a length

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capital cost of the system but greatly reduces the

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of flexible lay-flat hose. The irrigation system ,

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4.3.1.4.2 Hop systems gun, at the end of the field. The tow cable is pulled
A hop system combines the basic characteristics of out to the other end of the field and anchored. The
the portable hand move system with the ability to flexible hose is connected to the chassis and to the
move the sprinklers to alternative positions along water supply valve point. As the gun irrigates, the
the lateral. This reduces the number of times that cable drum gradually winds in, pulling itself along
the laterals are moved. the cable and at the same time dragging the lay-flat
hose behind it. If a central water supply valve is
It may be possible to operate for a greater number of
used for the supply of water, the irrigation unit can
hours per day using this system.
cover twice the area as it is able to irrigate both
The application rate is calculated for a single sides of the valve point. For example, if the machine
sprinkler head application as there is no immediate uses 200 m of hose then it is possible to cover
overlap between the sprinklers. Application rates a 400 m wetted strip per irrigation set.
are therefore suitable for a wide range of soils and
crops. 4.3.3 Mobile lateral systems
4.3.1.4.3 Pipe grid systems 4.3.3.1 General
A pipe grid system consists of a complete field layout Many new irrigation systems have been developed
of pipes, made of either aluminium or lightweight in recent years to try and combine the advantages of
galvanized steel. The pipes, usually 25 mm conventional sprinkler systems with the mobility of
diameter, are normally laid down at the beginning rainguns. These are called mobile lateral systems
of the season. Only the sprinklers are moved to because they use laterals which move continuously
complete the irrigation cycles. while irrigating.
© BSI 07-1999
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BS 7562-5:1993
4.3.3.2 Centre pivot systems 4.3.4 Spraylines

This comprises a lateral pipe supported by a series 4.3.4.1 General
of towers on wheel drive assemblies. The lateral Sprayline irrigation equipment uses fixed spray
rotates slowly around a central point irrigating a heads and may be fixed upon supports above ground
circular area. level. It can either be static, oscillate from side to
Centre pivots can usually irrigate large areas up side or rotate while irrigating.
to 100 ha with one machine and can be highly
4.3.4.2 Fixed/oscillating system
automated.
The area irrigated by sprayline equipment is
The maximum length of lateral depends on the
usually small in comparison with other types of
construction features of the centre pivot and the
irrigation system.
configuration of the pipe spans. Pivots with 125 mm
diameters usually have a limitation of up to 400 m Small diameter fixed spray nozzles are installed on
length. the lateral and so it may be necessary to use a filter
at the water source to avoid blockage.
Although normally the most economic centre pivot
unit is one that rotates in a circle it is also possible Spraylines apply water at low application rates.
to irrigate part circles and to have corner systems Variation of application rate can only be achieved by
and end gun units connected and to the centre pivot. using different size nozzles or a change of pressure,
End guns add additional capacity to the machine so but the range of nozzle sizes is limited.
that it can irrigate into corners of rectangular fields The sprayline operates at relatively low pressure
and awkward field shapes. and therefore pressure regulating or pressure
Due to normally high coefficient of uniformity from compensating facilities are not normally used. Thus
a centre pivot irrigation system, it may be fields should be as level as possible along the run of
practicable to apply chemicals and fertilizers the sprayline lateral pipe to avoid excessive
through the irrigation system. pressure variation.
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Application head accessories include drop arms,

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diameter of either 25 mm, 32 mm or 50 mm. Due to

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can be achieved per sprayline are relatively low.

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be applied near the soil surface and to the top of the

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crop. The effects of windrift and evaporation may be The sprayline is usually supported above the crop
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Wind may adversely affect performance due to the
spans to enable water to be applied at low pressure small spray droplets discharged from the nozzles. To
as a fine even spray pattern using spray heads. The counteract some of the effects of wind on the spray it
use of a boom allows the application of water over a may be possible to offset the nozzles and/or the
wider area and should reduce the instantaneous oscillating mechanism so that better irrigation is
application rate and improve the infiltration rate achieved.
into the soil. The irrigated area per set depends upon the length
4.3.3.3 Linear-move system of the sprayline lateral and the width between the
The linear move irrigation system comprises subsequent sprayline operating positions. A typical
irrigation equipment which is designed to irrigate a area of 0.1 ha per irrigation set is approximately the
square or rectangular area whilst moving slowly maximum possible from this type of irrigation
across the field. System components are similar in equipment per sprayline lateral.
construction to the centre pivot using tower spans, 4.3.4.3 Rotating spraylines
and lateral pipes connected to the tower spans. A rotating sprayline comprises an irrigator unit
Water is either fed to the centre of the machine or fitted with booms which rotate by the water
supplied to one end, being taken from either an open pressure from the jets fitted to the booms. The unit
ditch or canal or from water supply points or is stationary during irrigation. At the end of the set
hydrants on a pressurized main. A central power the system is closed down and the unit moved to its
unit, which may comprise a pump unit on an open subsequent position.
water supply system, uses a generator unit to
provide the electrical power for operating the linear
move.
6 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
5 Trickle/bubbler in-field equipment Turbulent flow emitters (sometimes called drip

tapes) regulate water flow by dissipating energy in
5.1 Introduction
friction against the walls of the water passage. They
Trickle/bubbler irrigation uses emitters or bubblers are less susceptible to clogging and pressure
to apply water locally to individual plants. The variations and unaffected by changes of water
systems operate at low pressure and equipment is temperature within normal operating limits.
usually laid out over the complete area to be Vortex emitters are less pressure sensitive than
irrigated and may irrigate either the complete turbulent flow emitters. They are generally more
ground area or a percentage of the total ground area susceptible to clogging by soil particles or other
depending on the location of emitters. Trickle contaminants due to their very small water
irrigation is sometimes referred to as drip passages and need higher quality filtration and
irrigation. efficient management of maintenance procedures.
5.2 Water application devices Pressure compensating emitters (either laminar or
5.2.1 Emitters turbulent flow devices) utilize the inlet pressure to
modify the flow path size, shape or length. The
The function of emitters (sometimes called drippers)
pressure compensating devices are able to deliver
is to apply water to the roots of the plant. They are
the design flow rate over a wider range of inlet
described in detail in ISO 9260.
pressures. The elastomeric material used in the
The operating flow range for an emitter is emitter may change its property as it ages. If the
usually 2 l/h to 12 l/h. The discharge selected trickler is used over undulating ground where there
depends upon the crop irrigation requirements, the
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important part in their correct performance. The system design should be such that the system will
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manufacturer should recommend the maximum operate correctly when the emitters are flushing.
particle size filtration requirement for emitters to Emitters automatically self-flush, they may also be
operate correctly. The susceptibility of emitters to manually flushed.
clogging from chemical deposits and algae growth Trickle irrigation systems may be installed above or
should be considered carefully to ensure that the below ground. On above ground installations the
correct type of device is selected. Emitters may have emission devices can be checked and visually seen to
a built-in filter system which is able to remove some be operating, but may be damaged by either persons
suspended material from the water flow. Self or animals. Growth of algae at the outlet of the
flushing emitters also have the ability to flush emitters may occur but this depends on the design
particles with the irrigation water. of the emission device.
Not all of the root zone of the crop needs to be wetted Trickle irrigation laterals may be installed
with trickle irrigation. The percentage of wetted underground using mole ploughing techniques or by
area irrigated depends upon the type of crop. For individual narrow trenching. Tubing may be
wide-spaced crops, wetting may only need to connected to the emitters to bring the water from
cover 33 % to 50 % of the soil area, while close the emitter up to ground level or water may pass
grown crops may require 100 % wetting of the directly from the emitter into the soil to the root
ground area. zone of the crop.
Note that this does not mean that only 33 % to 50 % 5.2.2 Bubblers
of the water needs to be applied. The crop still
requires the same amount of water irrespective of Bubblers are used to apply water either as a small
the application method. stream of water or as a spray to a localized area
around individual plants.
Laminar flow emitters (that is micro tubes, capillary
tubes and spiral path emitters) are simple, reliable Typical flow rates for bubblers range from 1 l/m
and inexpensive but need proper system design and to 10 l/m for solid-set bubblers. Flow rates for
operation to perform well. They are relatively bubblers used on mobile irrigation systems range
pressure sensitive and are susceptible to clogging from 1 l/m to 80 l/m. It is possible to adjust the flow
because of their low velocity flow, small path rate from some bubblers by operating the screwed
diameters and varying flow rate with temperature. adjusters fitted to them.
© BSI 07-1999
7
BS 7562-5:1993
Bubblers are designed to operate over a range of 5.3.3 Lateral layout

pressures from 0.1 bar to 1.5 bar. Bubblers fitted The variation of temperature between daytime and
with pressure regulators, or of special design, may night-time may cause the lateral tubing to expand
operate at higher pressures than those stated. The and contract. To reduce the effects of expansion and
range of pressure regulations available for bubblers contraction, tubing should be arranged in a
fitted with pressure regulators varies snake-like form. This should ensure that
between 1.5 bar and 6 bar. emitters/bubblers stay at the location where they
Bubblers are generally used on solid-set or should be operating. Under UK climatic conditions,
permanent systems, however they can be used on the variation between day and night temperatures
mobile irrigation machines such as centre pivots or might cause an expected expansion/contraction of
linear moves. the tubing up to 0.1 m per 30 m of tubing. Therefore -
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with the crop and comprise a control head unit and eliminate expansion/contraction in the pipe and
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5.3.2 Control head emitter/bubbler point on the lateral to collect any

This control is at the head of the irrigation system deposits which may have passed through into the
and comprises filtration, pressure, and discharge system. This practice should help to prevent
controlled fertilizer injection. Control may be by blockage.
either manual or automatic valves. Manual systems An allowance of 3 % extra in length for laterals
usually incorporate a control valve which is opened should be normal practice to ensure that they are of
and closed as required, by an operator, to meet the sufficient length to irrigate the required area.
irrigation requirements. Automatic control valves
5.3.4 Emitters
may operate on a time clock, on a volumetric control
valve or may be linked to operate by relating to a The number of emitters or bubblers on a lateral will
sensing system within the soil/crop environment. depend upon the emitter or bubbler discharge, their
spacing, the diameter of the lateral and the
The type of filter and filtering capacity of the filter
permissible pressure and flow variation within the
will depend upon the equipment being used and the
lateral. The maximum pressure variation and its
water quality. Main filtration should be completed
effect on flow will depend upon the type of emitter or
at the pump station. Secondary filtration should be
bubbler device being used. If pressure compensating
installed at the control head, to help in ensuring
devices are used it may be possible to have a greater
that water passing to the drip laterals is free from
variation of pressure between the inlet and the end
particles causing potential blockage.
of the lateral. Normally, the variation in emitter
Pressure regulation equipment may be required to discharge along a lateral should not be greater
ensure that the laterals operate at the correct than ± 10 % of the nominal flow.
pressure. Pressure regulation equipment should
The system discharge is determined by the
prevent overpressurization and potential damage to
maximum number of emitters/bubblers operating at
the laterals.
any given time to satisfy the crop water
As there is usually good uniformity of application requirements.
and potentially efficient use of the water both
Management of trickle/bubbler systems should be a
fertilizers and other chemicals may be applied in the
simple routine as the labour requirement for
water. Filtration equipment should always be
operating the system is low. Normally only opening
installed after the fertilizer or chemical injection
and closing of control valves is required with routine
point into the system to ensure that chemical
checking.
particles do not pass through into the system.
Water quality for trickle/bubbler irrigation is dealt
with in Part 3 3) of this British Standard. The
filtration requirements of the water are critical
chemically, physically and bacteriologically.
3)
In preparation.
8 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
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The potential efficiency of trickle/bubbler irrigation 6.2.4 Plans
systems is approximately 90 %, with a correctly
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designed, installed and operated system. However, pipelines are to be installed underground, so that a
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suitable scales should be produced to provide an
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occur through the soil if excessive amounts of water accurate record.
are applied above the crop water requirements.
However, as water need only be applied to the root 6.3 Pipe laying and reinstatement
zone area of the crop instead of the total soil area Before work starts, a record should be made of the
there is a potential here for saving water by state of the land and particular notes made of any
reducing losses. special features so that they may be adequately
Due to the low labour requirement it may be reinstated if disturbed. This record should be agreed
possible to operate the maximum number of h ours with the occupier and, wherever possible, the owner.
per day and night especially if the control valves are An adequate working width should be arranged so
fully automated. The system is not affected by the that the construction equipment can operate
climate in the same way as spray, sprinkler and gun satisfactorily. Temporary bridging and widening of
systems. access roads for the passage of plant and equipment
may be required. Temporary fencing, access bridges
6 Pipes and fittings and roads should be to a standard as agreed. Due
6.1 Introduction attention should be paid to felled trees, top soil
removal and temporary fencing.
The most commonly used pipe materials in UK
For buried pipelines, the trench width and depth
irrigation systems are polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe
should be suitable for the correct installation of the
for underground mains and aluminium pipe for
pipeline. Both the width and depth may vary
above ground mains.
according to the pipe being installed and the method
Other pipe materials, not so commonly used, include used.
polyethylene pipes and asbestos cement pipes for
Existing services, such as water and gas pipes,
underground mains; steel and cast iron pipes for
cables, cable ducts and drains, should be accurately
specials; and lightweight galvanized steel pipes and
located and the irrigation pipeline installed taking
polyethelene pipes for above ground mains.
care not to affect the other services.
6.2 General considerations
Ditches may be crossed under or over depending on
6.2.1 Introduction the site.
This clause contains recommendations on the Special methods of construction may be required
installation of pipelines and deals with those when pipelines cross canals, roads and railways.
aspects of aquisition, rights of way, construction, Where pipelines cross or pass along a highway the
operation and maintenance which affect land and exact siting and constructional details should be
which are common to all applications and materials. agreed with the highways authority.
6.2.2 Routeing Backfilling operations should follow as closely as
The choice of pipe route should be based on the possible to the laying of the pipe, be well compacted
equipment design and layout and the most and be reinstated in the proper sequence.
economical route to achieve these requirements. The selection and application of valves required for
Factors affecting routeing may include existing pipelines will depend upon the design and
underground services, potential development areas, specification. Reference should be made to clause 8
aquifers, ancient monuments, nature reserves, of this Part of this British Standard.
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty or Site of Provision should be made at every bend, branch and
Special Scientific interest, trees, minerals, risk of dead end in a main to resist the hydraulic thrust.
subsidence and highly productive land.
6.4 Design considerations
6.2.3 Land and rights of way
6.4.1 Friction loss
The route may pass through land belonging to other
Friction losses in pipework and fittings may be a
people, and may cross roads, streams, railways, etc.
significant part of the pressure required to operate
For all these considerations it will be necessary to
an irrigation system. It is therefore essential that
contact the other parties who may be involved.
the design of the pipework and fittings is completed
for correct overall system performance.
© BSI 07-1999
9
BS 7562-5:1993
Friction losses for different pipe materials should be Plastics pipes have good hydraulic characteristics
available from manufacturers. resulting in low frictional losses and high flow
6.4.2 Waterhammer and surge capacities. They will not corrode in contact with
water ensuring that their good hydraulic
Both waterhammer and surge can cause problems characteristics are maintained throughout their
in irrigation systems especially failure of pipelines. life.
Waterhammer is a pressure wave which can occur The coefficients of expansion of plastics materials
when water flowing in a pipeline is s uddenly are generally much greater than those of metals and
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power failure.
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If the irrigation system is designed and operated 6.5.2 installing buried pipes
with velocities of less than 1.5 m/s in the pipeline, Pipe with diameters up to 150 mm can be jointed on
the risk of waterhammer and surge is reduced, the surface and subsequently arranged in a
although not eliminated. snake-like form in the trench, this eliminates the
The total pressure in pipelines includes the need for wide trenches. Plastics pipes may also be
operating pressure of the pipeline and the mole-ploughed into the ground.
additional pressure caused by potential Good trenching practices should be followed to
waterhammer or surge. achieve correct installation of the pipe, including
Waterhammer and surge may be reduced by one or bedding, side filling and backfilling.
more of the following methods. 6.5.3 Testing
Reducing the effective length of the pipeline by After installation it is essential that all pipework,
the incorporation of more valves of a suitable fittings and appliances be inspected and tested
specification in the line. hydraulically to ensure the safety and efficiency of
Reducing the velocity. the system.
Increasing the closing time of the valve. Before the start of any test the system should be
Installing suitable pressure regulating valves. visually inspected to ensure that the pipework has
been correctly installed. The test procedure followed
Installing suitable air valves. should be as recommended by the manufacturer or
6.4.3 Thrust blocks as stipulated by the approving authority.
Pipelines operating under pressure can be subject to 6.5.4 Limitations
movement caused by thrust forces, at any change in Plastics are not conductors of electricity and
direction or termination. External anchorage should therefore no attempt should be made to use the
be provided, usually in the form of concrete thrust pipework as a means of earthing electrical
blocks, to resist the thrust forces. equipment.
External anchorage should be provided at all Provision should be made for emptying pipes in
changes in direction and at points where exposed positions above ground or shallow buried
termination of water flow may occur Thrust blocks pipes if they are not otherwise protected against
are therefore recommended at all tees, end caps, frost damage.
bends, valves, etc.
6.5.5 Unplasticized PVC pipe
6.5 Plastics pipework (thermoplastic material)
Above 20 ° C water temperature and ambient
6.5.1 General principles and choice of temperature unplasticized PVC pipe (PVC-U)
materials should be derated according to the manufacturer’s
Materials considered here include unplasticized recommendations.
PVC pipe (for cold water services), low density
polyethylene and high density polyethylene pipe.
10 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
PVC-U pipe may be supplied plain ended for High density polyethylene (HDPE) is rather stiffer
jointing with separate couplings or supplied with and is a stronger material. Therefore the pipe walls
integral sockets already formed on one end of each are thinner and larger bore pipes at the higher
pipe. Joints may be solvent cement, push fit pressure classifications are possible.
insertion or mechanical joint. Both push fit and Polyethylene is not liable to attack from water or
mechanical joints offer little resistance to end thrust from soils which are corrosive to metals.
forces such as those set up at bends, junctions,
Polyethylene is an electrical insulator and cannot be
valves, etc. The pipeline therefore should be
used for earthing electrical insulations.
suitably anchored when these joints are used. The
correct methods for completing the jointing of pipes Polyethylene softens with heat and it is essential
and fittings as advised by the manu facturer should that it is not used for applications adjacent to heated
be followed. surfaces. LDPE softens at lower temperatures than
HDPE.
Either saddles or tees may be used for service
connections, the choice of the most suitable for each Polyethylene pipe may be laid in exposed positions
situation depends upon diameters used and site without the need for special protection against frost
conditions. damage, but will not prevent the water from
freezing in the pipe.
Cold bending or hot bending of PVC-U pipes may be
applied to allow changes in direction; either method The outside diameters of the pipes are based on the
requires skill. outside diameters of steel pipes.
The storage, handling and transport of PVC-U pipe Polyethylene pipe may be jointed using
should be as recommended by the PVC-U pipe thermofusion techniques, compression joints, or
manufacturer, taking care to protect against the threaded joints.
effects of prolonged exposure to sunlight. Bending of polyethylene pipe may be by either hot or
Installation of PVC-U pipe below and above ground cold techniques, hot techniques achieve tighter
should follow the manufacturer’s instructions. For bends.
above ground installations preventive measures Polyethylene pipe may be laid satisfactorily by
should be taken to reduce the effects of freezing, mole-plough providing the equipment is capable of
expansion and heat and adequate support should be maintaining the correct depth of cover over the pipe.
provided. The piping is liable to be cut by sharp surfaces above
Before testing, anchor blocks should be allowed or below ground and therefore extreme care should
sufficient time to develop their strength, e.g. be taken.
concrete to set properly. All intermediate control 6.5.6.2 Medium density polyethylene pipe
valves should be positioned open for the duration of
It is a recommendation of the UK water industry
the test.
that the use of blue medium density polyethylene
The test should be deemed satisfactory if the pipe (MDPE) be adopted as the standard type of
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soil for surrounding buried pipes. Although these recommendations do not apply to
Details of working pressures, classes and wall agricultural irrigation systems, the engineer or the
thicknesses of PVC-U pipes may be found in the end user may specify MDPE pipe.
manufacturers’ technical data. Pipes up to and including 63 mm may be supplied in
6.5.6 Polyethylene plastics pipe coils up to 150 m long, while pipes larger
than 63 mm may be supplied in 6 m, 9 m or 12 m
6.5.6.1 Low and high density polyethylene plastics lengths.
pipe
Jointing methods vary depending on the pipe
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) has a relatively diameter, but they include compression fittings,
low tensile strength and pressure pipes made from electrofusion methods and insert fittings.
it are generally restricted to those of smaller bore.
© BSI 07-1999
11
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6.6 Aluminium pipe The weight of aluminium pipe compared with

Aluminium pipe may be used for many above lightweight galvanized steel piping is about 50 % of
ground applications including portable supply the weight of lightweight galvanized steel.
mains, portable sprinkler lateral lines, and suction Aluminium pipes are therefore suitable for moving
and delivery pipework on the pump unit. and installing by one man even with the larger
diameters of pipe.
The pressure rating of an aluminium pipe depends
on its diameter, in general, the smaller the diameter The loading capabilities of aluminium pipe are low
of the pipe the greater is the maximum operating and when the pipework has to span even a short
pressure that can be used for the system. Typical distance, support should be provided underneath
operating pressures are up to 12 bar for pipe the pipe. The spacing and the type of supports
diameters up to 125 mm to 150 mm, and up to 9 bar depend upon the pipe diameter.
for diameters above 150 mm. High pressure Aluminium pipe is susceptible to corrosion from
irrigation systems may eliminate the use of certain chemicals; copper may be especially
aluminium pipe. damaging to aluminium pipe. It is a soft metal and
Friction loss in aluminium pipe is greater than in therefore physical damage may easily occur if
PVC pipe due to the slightly rougher surface finish roughly handled.
of the pipe. Friction losses in the fittings vary 6.7 Lightweight galvanized steel pipe
according to the type of connection and the degree of Lightweight galvanized steel pipes may be used for
resistance to flow that occurs. both portable supply mains and sprinkler lateral
The maximum advisable velocity in aluminium lines. This type of pipe may also be used for suction
above ground portable pipe systems is and delivery pipes on pump units.
about 1.5 m/s depending upon system design A typical pressure rating for lightweight galvanized
parameters. A velocity may be used above this steel piping is a working pressure of 15 bar for pipe
figure, provided that suitable precautions are taken diameters up to 216 mm. The pipe may be suitable
in the design and specification of the pipe and for higher pressure systems.
fittings used.
Friction loss characteristics of lightweight
The technical specification for aluminium pipe galvanized steel piping are similar to losses in
should detail wall thickness, wall tolerance, mean aluminium pipe unless corrosion has occurred
diameter, tolerance on mean diameter, bursting inside the steel piping.
pressure, sag when full and denting factor
Reference should be made to the manufacturer to The material for lightweight galvanized steel piping
ensure suitability for the application. is specified by the manufacturer and should be to a
suitable specification for irrigation applications.
Pipe couplings used with aluminium pipe may be
quick couplers, flanged or sleeved. The commonly used couplings on this type of pipe
are over centre latch couplers. A seal is achieved by
Quick couplers, using a male and a female coupling levers holding the coupling tight and preventing any
to provide a connection between the lengths of pipe, water loss.
should be easy to connect and disconnect and have
efficient seals. The seals may drain down The angle of deviation for lightweight galvanized
automatically when pumping stops, facilitating pipe steel pipes is usually 15° either side of the straight
moving. Seals may be fast drain or slow drain, the line position.
selection of the correct type should be made to suit The seal provides effective sealing under vacuum
the application. and is suitable for the quick coupling connections
Flanged couplings provide a more permanent type required on portable suction assemblies.
of connection and would not usually be used in Galvanized steel piping, if damaged on the
portable pipe systems. galvanizing, is subject to corrosion and once the
Sleeve couplers (bolt up wedge type) may be used for steel is exposed, rusting may occur.
the connection of aluminium piping. The sleeve The quality of the thickness and application method
coupler slides over the two plain ends of the pipe and of the galvanizing is important for the pipe to ensure
bolts up to provide the seal connection. This type of a long service life.
coupling is more often used on the su ction pipe for If the pipe is moved around continually on abrasive
the pump unit where aluminium piping is soils then the galvanizing may well be worn away
employed. In this application it is essential that the and the steel exposed and corrosion could occur.
seals do not allow air to enter. Alternative pipe materials should be considered.
12 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
6.8 Steel pipe Separate couplings usually employ a mechanical

Steel pipe is commonly used in suction and delivery joint to provide the connection between the two
assemblies for pump units, in road crossings, plain ends of pipe and fittings. Bolt up wedge type
hydrant risers and other applications both couplers are often used for connecting PVC pipe and
underground and above ground. either steel fittings or cast iron fittings. The seal is
achieved by tightening up wedges by clamps onto
It is relatively inflexible and connection of fittings the two pieces of pipe or fitting. These types of
should be made with care especially where potential couplers may connect different outside diameter
movement may occur. pipes and fittings (stepped couplers). The coupler
Joints that may be used for steel pipe include may be fitted with or without a centre register.
sealing ring joints, flanges, butt welding, sleeve Couplings without a centre register are used for
joints and threads. repair of piping which is already installed in the
The purchaser or designer should state whether the ground. It is possible to slide the coupler all the way
pipes and specials are to be protected against over the one section of pipe and then slide it back
corrosion, whether the protection is to be external, over the two sections of pipe to repair coupling. Push
internal or both, and the type or types of protection on couplers use a wedge seal at either end which
required. The types of coating commonly used in seals automatically.
irrigation systems are bitumen applied hot or cold, Connections between plain ended PVC pipe and
epoxy or plastics based coatings, cold galvafroiding flanges may be achieved by using either a flange
or equivalent. adaptor which incorporates a bolt up wedge seal
Steel may be used to fabricate specials such as assembly or a stub flange which is cemented to the
bends, tees and reducers for certain types of PVC pipe itself.
irrigation fittings. For smaller diameter pipes, unions may be used to
6.9 Pipe fittings provide a connection between PVC pipe and the
fitting. Threaded unions cement joint onto the PVC
The fittings described concentrate on those used for
pipe and thread connect onto the fitting
PVC pipe as this is the commonest type of material
(valve, tee, etc.).
used for underground mains pipelines for irrigation
systems in the UK. Bends may be fitted with or without couplings for
connection to the PVC pipe. Bends may be either
Fittings for underground mains may be made from
short radius, long radius or sweep bends.
PVC material, cast iron, ductile iron, aluminium or
steel. Sweep bends or long radius bends are preferred for
use on the larger diameters of pipe involved in PVC
The suitability of a specific material for the
supply mains, giving better flow characteristics and
application required will depend on the application
less loss within the bend.
in the field, manufacturer’s advice and customers’
preferences. The type of material used for the Short radius bends may be used on the smaller
diameter sizes of pipe but care should be taken in
-
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fittings will also affect the method of installation,

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,
their application. The normal bend angles available

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,
,
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ease of installation and resistance of the fitting to
are 90°, 45° and 22.5°.
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,
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,
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corrosion, etc.
Tees may be provided with or without couplings and
,
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Fittings may be complete with couplings or may be

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may have different connection types on their inlet

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plain ended to be joined to PVC pipe or other fittings

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,
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,
,
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,
using separate couplings. Fittings complete with and outlet. A typical application for tees within the
underground mains would be where a spur connects
,
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couplings are usually either cement joint (PVC), or

,
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,
,
to the main line. The tee may have either cement

`
-
mechanical joint (PVC fitting and joint or ductile

-
-
iron, cast iron or aluminium). joints or mechanical joints if it is PVC or may use
mechanical couplings if the tee is of steel,
The use of cement joint fittings is not recommended
cast iron, etc.
on fittings above 100 mm to 150 mm as it is likely
that the cement applied to the fitting will have
partially dried before the fittings can be connected
together. It is therefore advisable that mechanical
joints are used above 100 mm to 150 mm sizes
where seals make the joint instead of cement.
© BSI 07-1999
13
BS 7562-5:1993
Hydrant tees provide the take off in a vertical The radius of the fittings used should be generous
direction to above ground irrigation equipment. The and sweep bends should always be u sed, in order to
connection to the above ground fitting is usually discourage excessive turbulence in the water being
threaded on the smaller diameters and flanged on pumped.
the larger diameters. The type of material from The lengths of suction pipe used should be kept as
which the hydrant is made should be considered short as possible to reduce friction losses in the
carefully in relation to the application of the suction pipework.
connected item to the hydrant tee. On the larger
The pipe connections (flanges, threads or couplings)
diameter hydrant tee take offs, such as 75 mm
should be kept to as few as possible, reducing the
where a hydrant valve is fitted to the top, it is usual
risk of air entering the suction line at the joints and
to use a steel or cast iron hydrant tee. This material
limiting the friction losses caused by the
should give greater strength and support to the
-
-
connections.
hydrant riser and reduce the risk of damage to the
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Valves should only be used in the suction line where

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tee connection. Smaller diameter take offs may be

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there is positive suction head. The valve should be

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connected to PVC hydrant tees and the riser may

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then be of PVC material to below ground level or it

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the straight through type and should present no
resistance to flow when fully open.
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may be a threaded steel connection.

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Fittings and valves which include bends, tees, etc.

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The material used for reducers or increasers

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depends upon the diameter of pipe used and also the

,
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should be fitted near the pump suction inlet. The
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number of fittings used in the suction assembly

-
application to which the piping is put.

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should be kept to as few as possible.

Reducers and increasers may be made of PVC, cast
iron, ductile iron, aluminium or steel. Where Where it is necessary to reduce the diameter of the
reducers are used, such as reducing bushes, a ccount suction pipe to connect to the pump suction flange
should be taken of the friction characteristics of the an eccentric taper should be used. This reduces the
reducer caused by the sudden reduction of diameter risk of air entering the pump and air being trapped
on the reduction side of the fitting. In the larger in a potential high point of the suction piping.
diameter main line pipes, long reducers should be The suction pipe inlet should either have a bell
used, providing a gradual reduction of size. mouth or a suitable taper to reduce the entrance
End caps may be fitted at the ends of pipelines losses, where a footvalve is not fitted.
where valves or other assemblies are not utilized. A suction strainer may be fitted to the end of the
The end cap may be of PVC, either mechanically suction pipe. This should prevent large debris from
jointed or cement jointed to the PVC pipe. entering the pipe. The maximum inlet size should be
Saddles may be fitted to the PVC pipe to provide the such that particles that pass through will not cause
take off connection to either small diameter laterals damage to the pump.
or to above ground positions. The saddle may be A footvalve may be used in the suction to facilitate
constructed of either PVC or gunmetal. PVC saddles priming of the pipework.
may be either threaded or provide a cement joint Trash screens, where used, should have sufficient
connection for PVC pipe or for other materials. surface area to ensure that the velocity of water
Gunmetal saddles are usually threaded for through the trash screens is less than
connection to their offtakes. The type of saddle used approximately 0.3 m/s for efficient operation of the
and its installation should be considered carefully to screens.
ensure that the take off will perform correctly.
Straight pipe approximately 5 to 6 times the
diameter of the pipe should connect from the suction
7 Suction and delivery pipework
bend onto the eccentric taper prior to the pump
7.1 Suction pipework suction flange.
The selection of the suction fittings required for the A vacuum gauge (if fitted) should be operated by a
pump unit will depend upon the type of water gauge cock underneath to provide isolation for the
source, the specific conditions existing in that water gauge.
source and the portability required for the A water level sensor unit may be installed in the
assembly. water source to signal high and low water level in
The pipe diameter used for the suction should be of the source to the pump starter panel.
the correct size to keep the friction losses as low as The inlet to the suction pipe should be at the
possible and practicable. The longer the suction recommended submergence depth below the water
pipework the more critical will be the size of the level.
suction pipe and fittings.
14 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
The suction pipework should be installed so that it A pressure relief valve, which might be fitted either
rises gradually from the water source to the pump. on the top of the non-return valve or to a separate
There should be no high spots in the suction tee, may be installed in the delivery fittings, to
pipework where air could be trapped resulting in provide protection and flow bypass facilities.
reduced flow through the pipe. An air/vacuum relief valve may be installed to expell
The velocity of water in the suction pipe should be air from the mains while the pipework is filled and
kept to below 1.5 m/s. to allow air to enter when pumping stops.
A floating suction intake (where used) has its inlet A pressure gauge may be installed on the delivery
to the suction pipe sited just below the surface level side of the pump unit, in such a position that it does
of the water. This location should reduce the not give inaccurate readings due to turbulence in
amount of contaminants entering the suction pipe the pipework. A gauge cock should be fitted
because this point is usually where the cleanest underneath the pressure gauge to provide isolation.
water is situated. Structural support should be provided for all the
The suction intake should be located at the correct fittings and valves to ensure that no weight is put
minimum distance away from walls, baffles and onto the delivery connection of the pump. Clamps
other such pipes to ensure correct performance. fitted around the pipework should ensure that it
Both horizontal and vertical pipes should be well cannot move.
supported. Thrust blocks should be provided at the calculation
If the suction pipe passes through a wall close to the design points connecting from the delivery fittings
pump connection, a flexible coupling may be used to into the supply mains. Thrust blocks should be used
connect from the pump to the suction pipework. The at all changes of direction both horizontal and
flexible coupling reduces the transfer of vibration vertical.
and makes access to the pump connection and Motor vibration is common on internal combustion
suction fittings easier. engine powered pumps and if transmitted to fittings
7.2 Delivery pipework and supports could cause their failure. To avoid a
transfer of motor vibration from the motor to the
The delivery fittings should be designed and fittings it may be advisable to u se a suitable adaptor
specified to carry out the functions required. These or flexible coupling.
functions may include control of the flow and
pressure, measurement of the flow, and protection 8 Valves
of the system. Installation of both the valves and the
pipe and fittings should be designed correctly to 8.1 Pressure regulating valves
achieve optimum system performance. The function of pressure regulating valves is to
If the pump delivery flange has a different diameter control and regulate a higher upstream pressure to
a lower downstream regulated pressure.
-
from that of the delivery valves, a concentric taper

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,
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should be used. This taper should have a smooth

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They are used on the delivery side of a pump unit

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,
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gradual transition in size to the diameter of the and should maintain a preset regulated
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valves to keep the friction loss to a minimum.

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downstream pressure at all times even if the ,

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demand from the irrigation system varies according

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A non-return valve should be installed adjacent to

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the concentric taper to prevent flow reversal. The to the irrigation equipment being operated. `
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non-return valve should be of the non-slam type to

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Valve sizing is critical for long life and minimum `

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avoid the risk of potential damage that could be

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wear and tear. A pressure regulating valve should

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caused by waterhammer. never be oversized because control of pressure is

It may be possible to fit a pressure relief valve, by achieved by the throttling of the water that is
tapping into the top plate on the non-return valve. passing through the valve and seat.
A flow control valve to open and close the flow to the Bends, undersize pipe and all restrictions should
irrigation system often uses a manually operated not be installed either on the inlet or outlet side of a
isolating valve. pressure regulator.
A flow regulating/pressure regulating control valve An isolating valve may be installed each side of a
may be required for the irrigation system, to pressure regulating valve so that the latter can be
automatically regulate the flow and pressure easily removed for maintenance without draining
downstream of the valve. the entire pipe system.
© BSI 07-1999
15
BS 7562-5:1993
Pressure gauges should be used, one on the 8.3 Surge valves

upstream and one on the downstream side of a Surge is the sudden mass movement of water in a
regulating valve and as near to the valve as pipeline which can occur when there is a failure of
possible. the pumping system.
Dirt, pipe scale or other foreign matter should be The function of surge valves is to protect the
prevented from entering and fouling the valve. The irrigation system against surge. They are designed
water quality should be checked to make sure that to open and release water from the pipeline before
the regulator will operate correctly and if necessary surge can cause damage.
a filter should be installed on the u pstream side of
the valve. The water quality may affect the decision Applications may be varied according to the
as to which type of regulating valve is selected. specification and build of the valve. These
applications may include:
The accuracy of pressure regulation downstream of
the valve should be better than ± 5 %. to open fast at a preset pressure to dissipate
damaging surge pressures;
If a secondary pressure sensor line is used in
conjunction with the valve, a better accuracy should to close at an adjustable speed when pressure
be achieved. reduces below a preset setting;
to open fast when anticipating surge on a preset
8.2 Air valves
subnormal pressure;
Air valves allow air to enter and be expelled from a
to stay open until surge is cleared and close
pipeline.
when normal pressure is restored.
The main applications include:
The surge valve is usually sited in the pump
allowing air to escape when filling the pipeline delivery fittings downstream of the main valves to
with water; provide protection for the mains, valves and pump.
allowing air to enter the pipeline when draining The valve sizing required should be calculated
the system; taking account of the functions to be served by the
removing air pockets at high points on a pipeline valve.
caused by entrained or dissolved air; An isolation valve should be fitted upstream of the
preventing negative (suction) pressures during surge valve to provide the facility for maintenance of
main system shut down. the surge valve.
Air valves may need to be sited in the following A discharge pipe should be fitted to the downstream
positions in the irrigation system: side of the surge valve to take water either back to
shortly after the pump discharge valve a double the water source or to a convenient drainage point.
air valve may be fitted, where a peak in the This pipe should be open to atmosphere.
pipeline occurs; 8.4 Flushing valves
where the pipeline is parallel to the hydraulic The function of flushing valves is to allow dirt
gradient a double orifice valve may be fitted at particles and other contaminating matter (even
each end of the section; rodents) to be washed out of the system.
where straight sections of pipeline occur they Flushing valves should be sited at the ends of supply -
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also require venting at suitable regular

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mains and at the ends of spurs. They may also be

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intervals; installed at the ends of laterals and header pipes

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where a change in downward slope occurs a depending on the type of irrigation system and its `
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requirements.
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small orifice air valve may be fitted.

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The size of air valves should be calculated taking 8.5 Drain valves ,
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account of the diameter of the supply mains and the The function of drain valves is to enable the system
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speed at which the air is expelled.

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pipework to be drained, providing protection `

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There are two main types of air valve, small orifice against damage from water freezing in the pipework
or large orifice, both may be used in the irrigation and to allow repair or maintenance to be completed.
system. Drain valves should be installed at all low points.
Small orifice air valves should be installed to allow The drain valves should be able to drain the
expulsion of air while the system is operating. complete system including suction and delivery
Large orifice air valves allow air to be expelled from fittings, supply mains and in-field equipment.
the main or for air to enter quickly.
16 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
The drainage water from the drain valve should Brass valves are more expensive but may provide
either pass into a soakaway or be fed via a pipe into greater strength and corrosion resistance.
a surface water course or ditch. If the valve is fitted with a pressure regulation
Access to underground drain valves should be via a facility, a pressure difference is required between
valve chamber and a key to operate the valve. the inlet and outlet, varying from 0.5 bar to 1.0 bar,
8.6 Riser valves and hydrants for these valves to operate successfully. The aim of
the pressure regulating facility is to maintain a
The function of riser valves or hydrants is to provide constant outlet pressure downstream of the valve,
a take-off to irrigation equipment, or a sub-main , within ± 0.3 bar.
from either an above ground or underground supply
A Schrader valve installed on the side of the valve
mains.
provides the facility for checking the pressure
The operating pressure ranges over which the setting of the valve. Alternatively, a pressure gauge
hydrant valve will operate should be considered to assembly may be fitted to the valve, providing an
make sure that it is suitable for the application. instant readout of the pressure.
The friction loss through the hydrant valve should A grit filter may be fitted to the valve to prevent
be known to ensure that the design diameter is debris from jamming the solenoid plunger and
correct for the duties to be performed. causing it to fall to operate. A mainstream filter may
The opening and closing of the valve should be be fitted, commonly constructed of a nylon screen.
possible without causing damage either to This is able to filter water entering the bonnet
equipment or to persons operating the valve. cavity of the valve.
8.7 Volumetric control valves 8.8.3 Hydraulically operated valves
The function of metering valves is to automatically The functions that hydraulically operated valves
shut off the flow after delivering a preset volume of are able to carry out are similar to those of an
water, regardless of changing pressure or flow rate. electric automatic valve.
The manufacturer’s recommendations for maximum Location limits apply to these types of valves for
and minimum flow rates through the valve should both the distance from the controller that they can
be followed to ensure that the valve will deliver the be sited and the height above or below the controller
required volume of water and accurately measure position.
the flow passed. Operating distance away from the controller will
The volumetric valve may be fitted with the facility vary according to the manufacturer’s specification.
to sequentially operate and regulate the Normally open valves may be installed up to
downstream pressure. approximately 300 m from the controller while
The installation of the valve may require straight normally closed valves may be installed up to
lengths of pipe both upstream and downstream of approximately 60 m from the controller.
the valve. 8.8.4 Mechanically operated valves
The valve opening and closing times may be Similarly, the function of mechanically operated
adjustable and should be such that waterhammer valves is to provide on/off control of flow.
and surges in the line are discouraged.
8.9 Controllers
8.8 Automatic valves
The main function of controllers is to automatically
8.8.1 General open and close control valves. Controllers may be
Automatic valves may be operated electrically, used to open and close valves operating irrigation
hydraulically or mechanically. laterals, to work in conjunction with flushing valves
on filter units and to perform other specialist duties.
8.8.2 Electric automatic valves
A controller to be used on an agricultural irrigation
The function of electric automatic valves is to
system needs to be versatile and may include
provide on/off control of flow.
features such as the number of stations operated,
The applications for all electric automatic valves are the time of operation per station, day and hour
wide and include automatic flushing for filter units, programming, and multi or split cycle
automatic drain down of systems, and many other programming.
uses. Electric automatic valves may be used to
Pump switches, cancel switches, rain switches,
control the flow to sprinkler or drip irrigation
master valve control and moisture control circuits
laterals or to centre pivot or other similar
may also be required and utilized within the control
equipment.
system.
--``,,```,,,``,```,``,``````,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
© BSI 07-1999
17
BS 7562-5:1993
8.10 Valve boxes The meter readout on the dial may have a lockable
All remote control valves, manual control valves, cover which provides additional protection. It
isolation valves, etc. should be installed in valve should also be fitted with anti-condensation glass so
access boxes made of concrete, thermoplastics or that the inside does not fog up.
other suitable material. For correct installation and operation of the meter,
The valve box should provide protection for the the pipeline should be full of water at all times, the
valve and should be of adequate size to allow access flow meter should be installed with the correct
to the valve for operation, maintenance and repair. direction of flow, and upstream of the flow m eter
There should be enough room to allow removal of there should be the equivalent of 10 pipe diameters
the valve and access to the connectors each side of of straight pipe without fittings or flanges.
the valve. Downstream of the flow meter there should be the
equivalent of at least 1 pipe diameter free from
The valve box should be installed on a suitable base valves, fittings or flanges. It may be advisable to
of gravel to provide a sound foundation for the box install the flow meter on the suction side of the
and to facilitate its easy levelling so as to provide pump unit where there may be less turbulence and
proper drainage. thus greater accuracy of recording.
The valve box housing should be so constructed that
9.3 Ultrasonic flow meters
it will rest on bedding and not interfere with pipes
and cables entering or leaving the valve box. The The velocity range over which the ultrasonic flow
housing should be strong enough to s upport the meter will operate accurately depends upon the
cover. manufacturer but the average range is 0.3 m/s
to 0.5 m/s.
The valve box should be provided with length and
side extensions if it is required to bring the valve box An ultrasonic flow meter has no moving parts and
level with the finished ground level, rather than operates with a flow sensor which fits externally to
burying the valve box below ground. the required diameter of tube and is complete with
a tube assembly.
The box should be supplied with an approved cast
iron, concrete or thermoplastics cover. The cover The flow converter transmitter may be connected to
should be of sufficient strength to resist failure due the length of pipe onto which the flow sensor is fitted
to foreseeable causes, such as a vehicle driving over or it may be sited up to a maximum distance of 20 m
it. to 30 m away from the sensor. This type of meter
may be more suitable for flow measurement of
9 Flow meters irrigation water containing debris and other
contaminants.
9.1 General
The function of flow meters is to measure the 10 Pump installations -
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,
discharge from the pipeline or volume of water

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10.1 Permanent pump installations

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,
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passing along the pipeline. They may indicate the ,

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Permanent pump installations should be considered

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flow rate and/or the volume.

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where either electric motor driven pumps or

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The minimum and maximum flows that a flow

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,
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internal combustion engine driven pumps are to be ,

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meter will handle accurately are indicated by the

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,
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located and operated at one point, e.g. abstraction

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,
,
manufacturer It may be possible to operate at lower ,

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from a reservoir or borehole.

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,
,
and higher flow rates than those indicated but the

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-
-
manufacturer should be consulted. Permanent installations may provide benefits of

security and better system reliability.
The usual accuracy range for flow rate
measurements for irrigation flow meters is ± 2 %. Adequate space should be allowed around the pump
and fittings to make servicing and maintenance
There are two flow measuring methods normally
easier.
used for irrigation systems in the UK; the
mechanical propeller type and the ultrasonic type. A fuel storage tank may be required for a diesel
engine driven pump. The storage tank should be
9.2 Propeller flow meters
sited outside the pump house. There should be a
The propeller should be designed so that debris is bund constructed around the tank so that if there is
not able to block the impeller and cause it to operate a spillage no pollution of water sources or other
incorrectly. The impeller should be resistant to areas would occur.
corrosion and wear as should the drive beatings.
18 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
An electrical motor driven pump requires an Air moisture condensing on components may cause
electricity supply. The electricity authority may corrosion. The fittings should be s uitably protected.
advise on the siting of the step-down transformer A space heater may assist in reducing condensation.
-
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,
and the main switch gear and isolators. The location The pump base should be suitably constructed of
,
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,
,
,
of the pump starter gear within the pumphouse concrete, reinforced where necessary, to the
should be such that the operator can reach this
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,
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,
specified size, dimensions and depth. The concrete
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,
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`
equipment as soon as he enters the pump house. foundations for the pump and motor should be such
`
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,
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All the equipment sited at the pump station should that both the pump and motor are raised off the
be adequately protected from the weather. Rain, ground by at least 150 mm.
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,
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water and moisture should be prevented from

,
,
A return blow-off pipe for the pressure relief valve

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,
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,
,
entering motors and electrical equipment. Direct

`
should be installed from the pressure relief valve

-
-
-
sun onto the motor or pump should be avoided as back to the water source. This pipe should be of
this could lead to overheating. sufficient diameter to allow the pressure relief valve
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 [1] to operate correctly.
applies within the pump house, and is applicable to If a hand priming pump is used to prime the pump,
not just moving parts but electrical and other a return pipe or a return gulley should take the
components. water that is discharged from the hand priming
The floor surface should be solid, even, of non-slip pump back to the water source or drain.
construction and should not become slippery. A Fertilizer injection equipment and filtration
concrete brushed surface should be safe. There equipment may be sited within the pump hous e.
should be no pipes, cables, valves or fittings in the Both will need regular maintenance and therefore
access areas that could present a hazard to the easy access to this equipment is important.
operator. Piping and other fittings, where possible,
should be installed below ground level and suitable 10.2 Portable pump installations
covers placed over fittings that are within the Portable pump installations are generally designed
operator access areas. for irrigation pump units which are to be re-sited
The pump house should be adequately ventilated so fairly frequently, often during the irrigation cycle.
that the equipment does not operate in extremes of Mobility is therefore a key factor in this type of
temperature or humidity. installation.
The lighting in the pump house should be adequate Small light pump units may be mounted on a simple
for the operator to work and for maintenance work base and supplied with a handle for hand carrying.
to be carried out. Light may be from a combination Larger units may be mounted on a wheeled trolley
of both natural and artificial sources. assembly so that the unit can be towed.
It may be necessary to install overhead gantry gear If the pumpset is to be towed and is mounted on
to assist in removal and/or installation of the pump wheels, jacks should be fitted to provide stability
and motor for repair and maintenance. The need for when pumping.
lifting gear depends upon the size of the equipment For ease of connection and disconnection the
installed. couplings on the pump unit should be of the quick
Drainage gulleys should be constructed in the floor connect and disconnect type.
of the pump house to allow any water to run out of The quick couplings on the suction side should
the pump house into a soakaway or drain. Water provide complete sealing under vacuum so that air
may drip from packed glands or it may leak from the cannot enter the suction via these couplings.
pipework. The floor should slope slightly so that Quick couplings used on the delivery side of the
water can run off into the drainage gulleys. pump should be of the type that will seal under
Where chemicals are used (e.g. via chemical pressure and will not leak when the system is
injection equipment) they should be stored in a operating.
secure area, away from water and the pump house, The suction assembly should incorporate quick
preferably in a separate building. coupling at the pump, and be portable and easy to
Drain down facilities should be fitted to the suction move. It should be possible to drain the suction hose
and delivery pipework and pumping and other and pipe by opening a valve on the f oot valve, thus
equipment to ensure that water can be drained from facilitating re-siting.
the equipment when not in use. This should prevent The portable pump unit should be positioned so that
the risk of damage caused by freezing. it is not able to move, especially towards the water
source, while it is pumping.
© BSI 07-1999
19
BS 7562-5:1993
The pump unit should be protected against a back The minimum safe flow that the pump will handle is
flow of water in the mains, which could occur when critical for the protection and performance of the
the system stops pumping. This protection should pump. The pump manufacturer should advise on
be provided by a non-return valve fitted in the first this minimum safe flow referring to temperature
piping in the supply mains and protected against rise, effect on performance and nett positive suction
thrust forces. head required. A bypass assembly or orifice plate
A diesel engine pumpset may require a portable fuel may be used to allow the pump to operate under low
tank, unless a fuel tank is built into the pumpset. flow conditions.
Both the suction and delivery pipes should be The maximum flow that the pump will handle may
supported adequately to prevent excessive weights be critical in the selection and sizing of the power
being placed on the suction and delivery connections unit. The sizing depends on the control and range of
of the pump. duties that may be demanded. Motor overloading
should be avoided by the correct design and
The suction pipe should be installed so that it rises
selection of the pump and motor.
slowly from the water source up to the pump inlet.
10.4.1.2 Total dynamic head
10.3 Floating pumps
The total dynamic head should be evaluated in
Floating pumps may be used on surface water
terms of the duty head and the shut down
sources where the site conditions are suitable, e.g.
head i.e. when equipment is no longer operating and
where there is great variation between maximum
there is no flow.
and minimum water levels in the water source, such
as in a reservoir with a water level variation greater The duty head may vary according to where the
than 5 m. in-field equipment is being operated. The static
head, the head loss in the main s and the equipment
The normal power unit to drive a floating pump unit
operating pressure may all vary, thus changing the
is an electric motor, as an electrical supply is
operating duty head at the pump.
usually easier than supplying fuel for an internal
combustion engine. The pump shut down head should be considered
when selecting pumps as well as the irrigation
The floating unit should be constructed so that it is
system design requirement. Protection equipment
stable and will support the weight of the pump and
may be needed to prevent overload occurring due to
accessories.
high shut down head which may be greater than the
The floating pump should be anchored securely so normal operating head.
that it will not be able to detach itself f rom its
10.4.1.3 Efficiency
moorings.
The motor specification should be suitable for The efficiency of the pump unit is directly related to
operating in the adverse conditions which may exist the power required for the pump. Efficiency should
at a floating pump installation. be as high as possible at the duty point. If a pump
has to operate over a wide range of pressures and
The cable should be correctly rated and be discharges, variations in efficiency can be expected.
supported with adequate fixings.
10.4.1.4 Absorbed power
The delivery pipe from the pump unit to land may be
by either solid or flexible pipe. Whichever type of The absorbed power required at the pump shaft will
pipe is used, it should allow vertical pump vary if there is a range of pump duties to be met. The
movement without straining the connections. selection of the power unit should be based on the
Access to the pump should allow repairs and range of duties required plus a factor for safety and
maintenance to be carried out. wear and tear.
10.4 Pumps 10.4.1.5 Nett positive suction head required
10.4.1 Centrifugal pumps The nett positive suction head required (NPSHR) is
the pressure required at the inlet of the pump to
NOTE Most of the pumps used for irrigation are centrifugal
pumps. achieve the specified duty. It is a function of the
pump inlet design and impeller speed. (NPSHR)
10.4.1.1 Discharge
varies with the type and size of pump and increases
Many irrigation systems operate over a range of with both discharge and pump speed. NPSHR
flows, rather than at one fixed duty point depending curves should be given on the manufacturer’s pump
on the equipment, operation and type of irrigation performance data sheets, covering the range of
system. Where a wide range of flows is needed it speeds at which pump performance is shown on the
may be necessary to install more than one pump curves.
unit and operate them in parallel.
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20 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
10.4.1.6 Nett positive suction head available Submersible pumps are electrically driven. For
The nett positive suction head available (NPSHA) is correct installation and performance of the pump,
the resultant pressure at the entrance to the pump the factors considered should include maintenance,
impeller after all losses and performance borehole straightness, removal for servicing,
requirements have been met. The NPSHA shou ld be operating depth and depth of water above the pump.
positive otherwise the pump unit will not operate. For all boreholes there should be close liaison
between the borehole engineer and the pump
10.4.1.7 Pump unit configuration
supplier to ensure that all features of the borehole
Where more than one pump unit is used in the are assessed.
irrigation system, they may be operated in series or
10.5 Power units
in parallel.
Pumps operating in series use a first pump which 10.5.1 General
supplies water under pressure to a second pump. The power unit may be either an electric motor, an
The second pump delivers the same discharge but internal combustion engine or a PTO shaft,
boosts the pressure. It is essential that the pumps depending on the type of pump. The choice between
are balanced with regard to discharge. The the alternatives depends on many factors both on
maximum casing pressure of the booster pump site and with regard to the client’s requirements.
should be capable of handling the total pressure Economic factors also apply: both fixed costs and
produced. variable cost elements need to be considered
Pumps operating in parallel combine to increase the carefully when selecting the power unit.
discharge whilst the pressure remains the same. 10.5.2 Electric motors
The pressure produced by each pump should be
Electric motors should be suitable for the UK
similar to ensure balanced pumping from all the
electricity supply voltage, phases and cycles and
pumps.
able to operate within the range of voltage
10.4.1.8 Cavitation variations permissible on the national grid.
Most centrifugal pumps cavitate but some may Their power consumption should be considered
suffer cavitation damage if incorrectly installed or if taking account of the efficiencies of both pump and
the pump is incorrectly used. This may seriously motor. The efficiency of the pump and the efficiency
damage the pump impeller and result in poor pump and power factor of the motor should be as high as
performance. possible for the duty range required.
Cavitation may occur when the flow from the pump The type of electric motor used will depend upon the
is greater than the design flow. type of pump that is to be driven. For most pumps,
If the suction lift becomes too great, the NPSHR excluding submersible pumps, a totally enclosed fan
could exceed NPSHA, with resulting risk of ventilated motor should be adequate to meet the
cavitation. requirements of the typical operating conditions in
which an irrigation pump would be working in the
If a pump is cavitating it tends to be noisy with a
UK.
continuous crackling sound. There may also be
excessive vibration. For submersible pumps, a special submersible
motor will be required. Usually the pump and the
10.4.2 Borehole pumps motor are supplied as an integral unit by the
Borehole pumps are a form of centrifugal type pump manufacturer.
specially adapted for use in boreholes. They may be Alternative motor enclosure types are available to
driven either by a power unit mounted at ground suit the different conditions under which the motor
level (shaft drive) or by a power unit fitted may be operating, especially if outside or in a
underneath the pump itself and installed within the pumphouse. These include drip proof and totally
well (submersible motor driven). enclosed fan cooled. The temperature motor rating
For shaft driven pumps the diameter of the pump, is dependent on the type of insulation used in the
length of fittings and borehole straightness should windings. The correct rating should be applied.
be correct for the installation of the pump unit in the Various types of enclosure protection to different IP
borehole. The diameter of the borehole and its specifications (see BS EN 60529) are available.
straightness may limit the size of pump that can be IP 54 and IP 55 specifications should be suitable for
used and hence the yield from the borehole. most irrigation applications. IP 65 may be used on
certain motor installations.
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© BSI 07-1999
21
BS 7562-5:1993
Additional matters that may require consideration Engine and pump protection may be fitted to the
for motors include provision of heaters, protection, engine to protect against engine overheating and
motor derating, speed, slip and service factor. The low oil and no water in the pump.
manufacturer should be consulted for the correct It is essential that the engine power available at the
specification for the application. various duty points required by the pump is
The starter selected for operation with the electric carefully matched to ensure that performance over
motor should be compatible and may need to the duty range can be achieved.
incorporate protection equipment and other When selecting and specifying the engine size a n
features as required. Single-phase electric motors allowance of about 10 % should be made to allow for
normally use direct on-line starters. Three-phase wear and tear in the engine.
electric motors may use either direct on-line
The engine speed should be matched to the speed of
starters, star delta starters, auto-transformer
the pump to give optimum performance at the duty
starters or other suitable types of starter.
point or duty range.
Each starter type has its own particular
The gross power requirements for a diesel engine
performance characteristics for torque and current.
pump unit should include the power absorbed by the
The starting torque and current vary greatly
pump, the losses incurred through the gear drive
between the various types of starters available.
attached to the pump, derating factors, engine
Direct on-line starters are usually only suitable for
accessories and service factor.
smaller motors.
The general build of the starter should prevent 10.5.4 Power-take-off shaft power
entry of moisture, dust etc., while mounting Power from the power-take-off (PTO) shaft on a
supports should be adequate. Facilities tractor may be used to drive an irrigation pump.
incorporated within the starter may include The power available at a tractor PTO should be
isolator, overloads, protection circuits, meters. The checked with the tractor manufacturer to ensure
starter specification should be made in conjunction that the power required by the pump can be met by
with the electric motor. the PTO shaft. The power available at the PTO is at
10.5.3 Internal combustion engines least 10 % less than the power available at the
engine and is specified at the speed for the PTO
Only diesel internal combustion engines are
shaft, usually 540 rpm or 1 000 rpm.
considered here, as these are the type of engine most
commonly installed on irrigation schemes in the The safety guards that protect persons from the
UK. They offer the advantages of fuel economy and PTO shaft should be properly fitted.
good power output, characteristics which are very The actual maximum angle of deviation of the PTO
suitable for the requirements of irrigation pumping. shaft and the actual maximum PTO speed should be
Small diesel engines (having one or two cylinders) checked against that specified to ensure that the
are usually hand started, have no protection PTO shaft does not fall at the couplings due to
facilities for either the engine or the pump and have excessive angle of operation or excessive velocity.
no electrics. The pump may be connected to the power unit via
Engine accessories will cause additional loads on either a three-point linkage or a trolley assembly.
the engine. These may include radiator fans, Engine protection equipment should be considered
alternators, oil coolers. An allowance of up to 10 % for installation on the tractor to provide protection
should be made for these losses. for both the engine and the pump.
An air cleaner configuration which comprises a 10.6 Power transmission
pre-cleaner and a filter element should be suitable
Power can be transmitted from a power unit to a
for most applications.
pump via either a direct coupling, a flexible
If the pump is a portable unit, a fuel tank may be coupling, various belt configurations, or a gear
fitted to the pump set, otherwise a separate fuel drive.
storage tank may be used.
The pump may be directly coupled to the motor on
The type of exhaust system and configuration both electric motor drives and diesel engine drives,
depends on whether the pump unit is mobile or thus providing a short close coupling between the
installed permanently. power unit and the pump.
Starting of the engine may be by battery or A flexible coupling may be used where a pump unit
mechanical start depending on the site conditions and a power unit are separated. The flexible
and requirements. coupling is usually mounted on a base plate and
provides easier coupling and alignment.
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22 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
V belts, if correctly set up and sized with the power Before the performance can be tested, the priming
to be transmitted, may be suitable for connection should be checked to make sure that the pump can
between the power unit and the pump. Losses be adequately and correctly primed before the motor
incurred should be low. is started. If there is a bleed valve on top of the
Gear drives, such as those used for engine driven pump, this should be opened to provide a physical
shaft drive borehole pumps, should only incur low method for checking that the pump unit is
losses in the gearbox. adequately primed.
10.7 Control and protection equipment The pump discharge at the duty point should be
measured using either a flow meter or flow test
The functions of the control and protection using one of the methods described in Part 3 4) of this
equipment are to provide control for starting and British Standard.
stopping the pumpset and to provide protection for
The operating pressure of the pump unit at the duty
both the pump and the power unit.
point should be checked by reading the pressure
Starting equipment should be suitable for the power gauge fitted to the delivery side of the pump unit.
unit with which it is required to operate. The The pressure reading should be taken in conjunction
equipment should have the facilities to incorporate with the flow rate to make sure that the correct duty
protection when and where necessary. point on the pump characteristic curve is being
Pump protection equipment usually takes the form studied.
of protecting the pump against low or high pressure The vacuum gauge on the suction side of the pump
and against poor discharge resulting from low unit should be read to check that the vacuum being
suction water levels or a depriming of the pump. produced by the pump is correct and conforms to the
An electric motor may be protected against design data.
overload, overheating, over and under voltage, The speed of rotation of the pump unit at the duty
phase imbalance, phase failure, low or high current, point should be checked to make sure that the flow
etc. The specific requirements should be considered and pressure produced are being achieved at the
in relation to reliability, cost etc. correct speed.
An engine may be protected against overload, When the pump unit is running at normal operating
excessive speed, overheating and low oil pressure. conditions, it should be checked for vibration to
The commonest protection facilities for the engine make sure that neither the pump unit nor the power
are overheating of the engine and low oil pressure. unit are vibrating excessively.
Both engine driven pump units and electric driven Pump bearings and glands should be checked for
pump units can be automated if and when required. any overheating. Glands of the packed-gland type
The degree of automation depends upon the should be dripping at the rate recommended by the
supervision requirement at site and general manufacturer.
requirements.
The pump suction should be checked very carefully
Automatic stopping of the pump set is a normal for air entering any of the joints or through any of
feature, where engine protection units are fitted. the fittings. The easiest way to check for leaks is by
This may be achieved by the use of a timer which is applying a soap solution or similar liquid to the
preset to close the engine down at a predetermined suspected leak points.
time. Alternatively the engine may also be closed -
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Leaks on the discharge fittings should be checked

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Any unusual noises should be checked, located and

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investigated to ensure that they do not indicate a ,

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with the starter gear and start the unit.

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fault with the pumpset.

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It is essential with any automatic starting system

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The current consumption (electric motors only)

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that the pump unit is able to perform correctly and -

-
should be checked against the ammeter fitted to the

be fully primed ready to operate.
starter panel. The reading taken should be checked
10.8 Pump performance after installation against the voltage of the electrical supply to
Once a pumpset is installed and ready to be establish that the supply is correct.
operated it is advisable to check its performance to
ensure that it is operating in the manner for which
it was designed.
4)
In preparation.
© BSI 07-1999
23
BS 7562-5:1993
It may be possible to check the fuel consumption of 12.3 Supply mains

internal combustion engines and compare with the Piping used in either above or below ground mains
specified fuel consumption figures. can present potential hazards to persons. These
The operating procedures for the pumpset as given hazards include high pressures, pipe bursts, valve
in the instruction manual should be followed. These blow outs. Other hazards occur when the equipment
instructions should include complete closing of is being moved, especially long lengths of pipe,
delivery valves prior to priming of the pump unit which provide a very great danger when
and slow opening of delivery valves. The procedures manoeuvred near overhead power lines. Pipes used
should be checked to make sure that they are in the on supply mains above ground may be up to 9 m
correct order and that no instructions have been long and if raised vertically could easily strike
omitted. The shut down procedures for the pump overhead power lines. These pipes should always be
unit should also be checked to make sure that they moved in a horizontal position, as near the ground
are correct. as possible. The pipes should not be left a nywhere
Protection systems supplied for the pump unit where the public might gain access.
should be checked very carefully. 12.4 In-field equipment
In-field equipment may present particular hazards
11 Applying chemicals
caused by, for example, rotating parts, high
Agricultural chemicals can be applied to crops by temperature, electricity, high pressures. All
injecting them into the water in the irrigation equipment should be correctly guarded so that risk
system. Fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and to operators or others is reduced to the minimum.
fungicides may all be applied through the irrigation Accidents, including fatalities, have occurred when
system. machines have been used too close to overhead
Any person wishing to investigate the application of power lines. Common causes include ignoring self
chemicals should consult the appropriate clearance, mechanical failures, contact during
authorities for clarification of the situation in their
-
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transportation and careless handling of piping.
area with regard to regulations applicable to this
`
Conductor clashing resulting in loss of supply has

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practice. ,
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been caused by the impact of water j ets on overhead
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power lines. The electricity authority should be
12 Safety
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consulted at the design stage of the irrigation

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system and at installation to ensure that all

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12.1 Introduction
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Safety in the operation of the irrigation equipment
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Rainguns, often fitted to self-travellers, potentially

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should be considered at all times to be of great

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may cause a hazard by either passage of current or

-
importance. Safety for both persons and equipment

clashing of conductors. Passage of current may
should be considered for all types of equipment
occur where a full stream water jet acts as a
being used. General safety recommendations in the
conductor from the power line to the irrigation
use of equipment also apply to irrigation equipment.
equipment. Clashing of cables may occur where the
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act [1] lays
jet of water hits the cable at such a force that the
down guidelines to be followed.
cables meet. The use of ring nozzles helps to break
12.2 Pumping equipment up the water jet, but at the same time reduces the
Pumping equipment can present many hazards, radius of throw of the raingun. It is preferable for
including rotating parts, high pressures, high the raingun fitted to a self-traveller to run parallel
temperatures, electrical shocks, fuel and chemicals. to the power line and not underneath it. The
All of these can be a risk to the operator and persons recommended minimum distance that the gun
involved should be made fully aware of the dangers. should operate from the power line is 30 m. The
All equipment should be correctly guarded so that electricity authority should be consulted for their
risk to operators or others is reduced to the advice.
minimum. All equipment should be correctly The hosedrum unit height should also be considered
maintained to ensure that dangerous failures with respect to the height clearance between the top
cannot occur or built-in protection facilities do not of the machine and the minimum sag level of the
fail. power line. Special care should be taken where the
power line passes across a slope in the field, as the
minimum sag level of the power line may be nearer
to the ground.
24 © BSI 07-1999
BS 7562-5:1993
Boom irrigators may present two hazards: height, Centre pivots, being located in one position and
and horizontal distance. The height of the machine rotating about that position, should not present a
when the booms are raised may be 6 m or 9 m above problem once correctly installed.
the ground. This type of machine should not be Linear moves, due to their moving while irrigating,
driven under power lines unless the booms can be should be designed after studying the area to be
kept in the lowered position. The minimum distance irrigated to avoid any potential dangers. Protection
between the boom and power lines should be 15 m equipment should prevent the machine from coming
from the tip of the boom. This distance closer than the recommended distance to hazards.
recommendation may alter depending on the type of
If contact is made between the equipment and a live
boom used, that is whether it rotates while
power line, no one should approach the equipment.
irrigating or moves while irrigating. Ground slopes
The electricity authority should be advised
over which the boom travels may have a particularly
immediately.
dangerous effect on the reaction of the boom to the
ground undulation, in the vicinity of power lines. Warning notices should be fitted to all equipment
Gateways are a common problem area where where a risk could occur.
uneven or sloping ground may exist. The booms, Operators should be made fully aware of the
when being moved, should be anchored at each end dangers of operating near power lines and the
to prevent rotation. potential dangers the equipment presents.
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© BSI 07-1999
25
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26
blank
BS 7562-5:1993
List of references (see clause 2)
Informative references
BSI standards publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS 7459, Rotating sprinklers for irrigation equipment.

BS 7459-1:1991, Specification for design and operational requirements.
BS 7459-2:1991, Methods of test for uniformity of distribution.
BS 8010, Code of practice for pipelines.
BS 8010-1:1989, Pipelines on land: general.
BS EN 60529:1991, Specification for degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code).
ISO publication
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) , Geneva. (All publications are available
from BSI Sales.)
ISO 9260:1991, Agricultural irrigation equipment — Emitters — Specification and test methods.
Other references
[1] GREAT BRITAIN. Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. London: HMSO.
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BS 7562 5 Irrigation

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BRITISH STANDARD BS 7562-5:

Planning, design and

Copyright British Standards Institution

Committees responsible for this

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Agricultural

Agricultural Engineers’ Association

This British Standard, having -

been prepared under the `

direction of the Agricultural `

Machinery and Implements `

Standards Policy ,

Committee, was published ,

under the authority of the ,

Standards Board and

The following BSI references

ISBN 0 580 22447 3

Copyright British Standards Institution

Committees responsible for this

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Agricultural

Agricultural Engineers’ Association

This British Standard, having -

been prepared under the `

direction of the Agricultural `

Machinery and Implements `

Standards Policy ,

Committee, was published ,

under the authority of the ,

Standards Board and

The following BSI references

ISBN 0 580 22447 3

Copyright British Standards Institution

Committees responsible Inside front cover

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

1 Scope Sprinklers should be operated within the

uniform water application. Sprinkler operation with

equipment required for irrigation schemes. It deals

Table 1 — A classification of sprinkle irrigation systems used in the UK

provide adequate adjustment to cover the range of

4.3.1 Conventional systems `

arcs required. Usually the range is between 45°

and 330°. When returning to the start position, the

reverse action of impact driven guns may occur at

Conventional systems are the most common type of `

strong enough to resist the forces. Operator safety

impact sprinklers and risers which are moved, often ,

gun may hit the operator when fast reversing. Slow

A characteristic of this type of system is that the

4.3.1.2 Portable Normally sprinkler laterals should not

Pipe lengths usually used for sprinkler laterals are

this tends to be very labour intensive, several ,

weight, are easier to connect and disconnect and are

reduce the labour input. -

preferred, especially if large diameter laterals a re

If the field layout allows, the laterals which carry `

the sprinklers should be laid along the contours to used. `

allow the sprinkler to irrigate over the top of the

caused by difference in height. The lateral may be

b) Towline system 4.3.1.4.4 Hose-pull system

4.3.2.3 Hose-drag system `

This range of systems has some equipment which is

The hose-drag system comprises a gun mounted on

permanently fixed whilst other equipment is moved

a chassis with a cable drum winding mechanism, a `

around the field. Generally this increases the `