Microchemical Journal 182 (2022) 107858

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Microchemical Journal
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/microc

Enzyme free electrochemical determination of bisphenol A using

screen-printed electrode modified by graphdiyne and carbon nanotubes
Shuai He , Hui Xia , Fengxia Chang *
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of
Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, PR China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Graphdiyne (GDY) was synthesized and for the first time blended with carboxylated multi-walled carbon
Nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor nanotubes (cMWCNTs) to modify screen-printed electrode (SPE). Electrochemical response of bisphenol A (BPA)
Graphdiyne at the as-proposed electrode was studied. And the significant reduction of oxidation peak potential and
Carbon nanotubes
enhancement of peak current were recorded, showing excellent performance for the determination of BPA. The
Bisphenol A
Screen-printed electrode
pH of supporting electrolyte, proportion of GDY and cMWCNTs, and modification amount were optimized. At the
optimal conditions, BPA was determined by linear sweep voltammetry with the linear concentration ranging
from 0.2 μM to 500 μM and the estimated detection limit being 0.013 μM (S/N = 3). This sensor also showed
good performance in BPA measurement of the lake water and tissue samples.

1. Introduction fluorescent labels. By comparison, the electrochemical biosensors with

Endocrine-disruptors are substances which mimic, block, or interfere
with body’s hormones and have been related to many adverse health
issues. Bisphenol A (BPA, 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane) as an
endocrine-disruptor, has been reported to cause heart diseases, diabetes,
developmental and behavioral problems and other metabolism prob­
lems [1,2]. Unfortunately, people are easily exposed to BPA, since it has
been extensively used to produce polymer materials that are widely
applied in plastic food containers, medical equipment and nursing bot­
tles [3–5]. BPA has once also been detected in seafood and water-source
[6]. Due to the serious threat to human health and high exposure
probability, it is really significant to establish simple, efficient and
reliable detection means for BPA.
So far, various conventional analytical techniques, including HPLC-
FLD [7], LC-MS/MS [8], GC–MS [9], CE [10], and ELISAs [11] have
been reported for BPA detection. But the time-consuming procedure,
large and expensive equipment and skilled analyzer are usually required
in the application of these techniques. In addition, many emerging op­
tical methods which have the virtues of fast-response and simpleness
have also been tried in BPA detection, like colorimetric [12], chem­
iluminescence [13], and SPR [14]. However, these sensors usually suffer
from low sensitivity, susceptible to interference, and requirement of
the inherent advantages like low-cost equipment, uncomplicated pro­
cess, high selectivity and sensitivity are ideal alternatives. To obtain the
effective electrochemical responses of BPA, various kinds of materials
including carbon nanotubes, graphene, quantum-dots, metal composites
and nanocomposites have been used to prepare the working electrodes
[15]. For example, a carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode
was used for the amperometric monitoring of BPA with a detection limit
of 98 nM and linear range of 0.3–100 μM [16]. The copper(II)
phthalocyanine-modified multi-walled carbon nanotube-based electro­
chemical BPA sensor showed a detection limit of 18.9 nM and the linear
range was 0.1–27.5 μM [17]. The liner range of Pt/graphene-carbon
nanotubes nanocomposite based sensor for BPA detection was
0.06–80 μM with the detection limit being 42 nM [18]. However, the
sensing performance like sensitivity and linear range needs to be pro­
moted further for application in increasing kinds of real samples. For this
purpose, tyrosinase has been combined with a variety of superior ma­
terials like carbon nanomaterials [19–21], metal–organic frameworks
[22], MXenes [23], and metal dichalcogenides [24] for the detection of
BPA in recent years. But the use of enzyme can easily lead to problems
such as limited lifetime, stability problem and complex procedures. In
this regard, it is significant to establish enzyme free electrochemical
sensor with high sensitivity and practicability for BPA determination.

* Corresponding author at: Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic
Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
E-mail address: changfengxia@swun.edu.cn (F. Chang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.107858
Received 5 May 2022; Received in revised form 31 July 2022; Accepted 3 August 2022
Available online 6 August 2022
0026-265X/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
S. He et al.
Scheme 1. Illustration of fabricating the BPA sensor.
Recently, various novel two-dimensional (2D) materials are gaining
great attention for electronic, energy, sensing and cancer immuno­
therapy [25,26]. For example, MXenes was applied to fabricate an
electrochemical sensor for detection of acetaminophen and isoniazid
[27]. 2D MoS2 combined with polydiacetylene was used to construct a
flexible transparent colorimetric wrist strap sensor for selectively
monitoring N,N-dimethylformamide vapor [28]. Bismuthene, a mono­
elemental 2D material has been used to establish a fluorescence
quenching biosensor for microRNA-specific detection [29]. 2D black
phosphorus in combination with aCD47 has the ability for inhibition of
distal tumours [30]. 2D lateral heterojunction, selenium-coated tellu­
rium nanoheterojunction showed tumor-targeting and antitumor effects
[31]. Among the emerging 2D materials, graphdiyne (2D) has received
much attention since synthesized via an in-situ Glaser coupling reaction
in 2010 [32] due to its impressive properties such as high third-order
nonlinear optical susceptibility, high charge carrier mobility, extreme
hardness, evenly distributed pores, and good stability [33]. GDY has
been explored in many fields like membrane separation [34], catalysis
[35,36], environmental remediation [37], energy [38,39], electronics
[40] and sensor [41]. For sensor construction, its large π conjugation,
rich surface chemistry and uniformly distributed pores are benefit to the
adsorption of analytes, which can improve the response of sensors [42].
Also, the sp carbon atoms that have chemical activity offer a variety of
possibilities for modification, which could present selective binding
features [42].
Herein, we firstly established an enzyme free BPA sensor using GDY
and excellent nano-material carboxylated multi-walled carbon nano­
tubes (cMWCNTs). See (Scheme 1). The combination of these two ma­
terials was coated onto a screen-printed electrode (SPE). With this
electrode, excellent electrochemical sensing of BPA namely significantly
amplified peak current and reduced oxidation peak potential was ob­
tained. Besides the features of enzyme free, simple preparation, wide
linear range, good sensitivity and desirable selectivity, this fabricated
sensor also performed quite well in the application of water samples and
tissue samples.
2. Experimental section
2.1. Chemicals
Hexakis [(trimethylsilyl) ethynyl] benzene (HEB-TMS) was pur­
chased from Jiangsu XFNANO (China). Tetrabutylammonium fluoride
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Microchemical Journal 182 (2022) 107858
(TBAF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), pyridine and carboxylated multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (cMWCNTs) were obtained from Aladdin (China).
THF and pyridine were dried via distillation prior to use. Copper foil was
provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (China). Bisphenol A (BPA)
and other reagents were of analytical grade and purchased from Kelong
(China).
2.2. Instruments
Electrochemical tests as well as impedance spectrum (EIS) were
implemented using a CHI760E workstation (China). Screen-printed
electrodes (SPE) were from Zensor R&D (China). Transmission elec­
tron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained via a FEI Tecnai G2 F20
instrument (USA). The Mapada 1800PC UV–vis spectroscope (China)
was used for the optical characterization and N, N-dimethyl formamide
(DMF) was used as reference. Raman spectrogram was gained on a
Renishaw-inVia spectrometer (UK). A JEOL-JSM-7500 scanning elec­
tron microscopy (SEM) (Japan) was used to obtain SEM images.
2.3. Synthesis of GDY
GDY was synthesized using the cross-coupling reaction according to
the reported method [21,43]. Firstly, TBAF was mixed into the THF
solution containing HEB-TMS, and stirred at 0 ◦ C for 10 min to obtain
HEB monomer. After that, under nitrogen atmosphere, GDY generated
on copper foils at 60 ◦ C for 72 h with pyridine in presence. Afterwards,
the produced GDY was collected by ultrasound and rotary evaporation,
and washed using heated acetone and DMF sequentially. The obtained
product was refluxed in diluted hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
at 80 ℃ for 3 h in turn, and then washed and centrifuged for several
times. Finally, centrifugation and drying in vacuum were carried out to
obtain GDY powder.
2.4. Preparation of modified SPE
The SPEs were rinsed with ultrapure water and dried naturally before
use. The GDY and cMWCNTs nanocomposite was prepared by adding 20
mg GDY and 20 mg cMWCNTs powder into 10 mL DMF followed by
ultrasonic for 30 min. The modified SPE was prepared by casting the
suspension of GDY-cMWCNT nanocomposite (6 μL) onto the working
electrode area and dried with an infrared lamp.
S. He et al. Microchemical Journal 182 (2022) 107858

Fig. 1. The TEM image (A), HRTEM image (B), UV–vis absorption spectra (C) and Raman spectra (D) of GDY. The inset in C is the photograph of GDY dispersed
in DMF.

2.5. Electrochemical measurements 0.1 M KCl) as supporting electrolyte, and the scan potential region was
0.2 V-1.2 V with scan rate being 50 mV⋅s− 1 apart from the scan rate
All the solution was saturated with N2 during electrochemical mea­ study section. The parameters for linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) scans
surements. EIS tests with potential set as 0.0 V and frequency 0.1 Hz- were the same with CV.
100 kHz were carried out in potassium ferrocyanide (5 mM) solution
containing 0.1 M KCl in it. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans were con­
ducted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.0, containing

Fig. 2. SEM images of GDY (A) and GDY-cMWCNT (B). (C) Nyquist plots (0.1 Hz − 100 kHz) in potassium ferrocyanide solution.

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S. He et al.
Fig. 3. CV curves at unmodified and modified SPE with 50.0 μM BPA in 0.1 M
PBS (pH 7.0). Scan rate: 50 mV⋅s− 1.
2.6. Sample preparation and analysis
The water samples were collected from the Yinyuetan lake
(Chengdu, China) and PBS (pH 7.0) was prepared with it before elec­
trochemical scans. The tissue was purchased from local market
(Chengdu, China), and was then crushed and soaked in PBS (pH 7.0,
prepared with ultrapure water) for a week. Finally, it was filtered and
the LSV measurements were experimented. The recovery tests were
performed by the standard addition method. BPA was spiked in the
water samples immediately after collected from the lake. And for tissue
samples, BPA was spiked immediately when the crushed tissue was
soaked in PBS. For each sample, three parallel experiments were
conducted.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Characterization of GDY and GDY-cMWCNT composite
The as-synthesized GDY was characterized using the TEM, UV–vis
spectrometer and Raman spectroscopy. As shown in Fig. 1A, the stacked
layers with uniform and continuous microstructure were observed in the
TEM image. According to the high resolution TEM (HRTEM) image
(Fig. 1B), the layer distance is about 0.327 nm. The UV–vis spectra of
GDY (Fig. 1C) shows a strong absorption peak at 273 nm because of its
large conjugated structure. In the Raman spectrogram of GDY (Fig. 1D),
two apparent peaks at 1368.7 and 1585.6 cm− 1 were recorded. The D-
band at 1368.7 cm− 1 can be attributed to the vibration of sp2 carbon
domains, while the G-band at 1585.6 cm− 1 is corresponding to the first-
order scattering of the E2g mode for in-phase stretching vibration in
Fig. 4. (A) CV results of 25.0 μM BPA with GDY-cMWCNT/SPE at various scan rates (40–200 mV⋅s− 1) in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0). (B) Linear correlation of peak current
with scan rate. (C) Linear curve of peak potential with natural logarithm of scan rate.
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Microchemical Journal 182 (2022) 107858
aromatic rings [44]. The intensity ratio of the two bands is 0.63,
demonstrating relatively high structure regularity of GDY [44].
The morphologies of the prepared GDY and GDY-cMWCNT com­
posite were investigated by SEM. The SEM image in Fig. 2A shows
aggregated nanoparticles that form a porous structure, which is
consistent with report [45] and can confirm the successful preparation
of GDY. The homogeneous mixture of the two nanomaterials was dis­
played in the SEM image of GDY-cMWCNT (Fig. 2B), showing that these
two substances had good dispersion in DMF.
EIS was applied to characterize the electron transfer resistance Rct
that is represented by the semicircle diameter in Nyquist plot. As shown
in Fig. 2C, the unmodified SPE shows a certain semicircle at high fre­
quencies, and the Rct value is about 193 Ω. The plot of GDY/SPE shows a
smaller diameter with the Rct being 129 Ω, indicating a lower electron
transfer resistance with the unmodified SPE as comparison. The smallest
semicircle was recorded with cMWCNT/SPE, implying lowest resistance
(95 Ω). And the Rct value of GDY-cMWCNT/SPE is 115 Ω and between
the Rct value of GDY/SPE and cMWCNT/SPE. The results proved the
good conductivity of the GDY-cMWCNT nanocomposite.
3.2. Electrochemical behaviors towards BPA
To investigate the response of BPA at the GDY-cMWCNT /SPE, CV
was carried out and the result was displayed along with that at bare SPE,
GDY/SPE and cMWCNT/SPE in Fig. 3 and Fig. S1. Comparing the CV
curves in the blank PBS and PBS containing BPA (Fig. S1A-D), it is clear
that the peaks at around 0.6 V generated from the oxidation of BPA.
Although BPA could be recognized at all the listed electrodes, the
oxidation peak potentials and currents were significantly different
(Fig. 3). Compared with the unmodified SPE, the oxidation peak
appeared at lower potential and the peak current increased at the GDY
modified SPE, stating that GDY has certain electrocatalytic effect for the
oxidation of BPA. Similar response of BPA was observed at the
cMWCNTs modified SPE: besides the obvious oxidation peak at 0.653 V,
higher oxidation current was recorded. However, by simply blending
GDY and cMWCNTs, the peak potential at GDY-cMWCNT/SPE shifted
negatively to 0.532 V and the peak current was further enhanced to
about 4 times of that at SPE modified by only GDY or cMWCNTs
respectively. The significant reduction of oxidation peak potential and
improvement of peak current can be ascribed to the synergistic inter­
action of GDY and cMWCNTs. Overall, the GDY-cMWCNT based elec­
trochemical senor presented remarkable sensitivity for the measurement
of BPA.
3.3. Scan rate investigation
CV diagrams of BPA at a serious of scan rates were collected with the
GDY-cMWCNT/SPE (Fig. 4A). As shown by the results, the oxidation
peak currents (Ipa) of BPA increased with the scan rate (ν) in linear
correlation (Fig. 4B). The regression formula is as following: Ipa (μA) =
0.1726ν (mV/s) + 31.99 (R = 0.999). Thus, it can be stated that the
S. He et al. Microchemical Journal 182 (2022) 107858

Fig. 5. (A) CV results of 25.0 μM BPA in PBS with different pH at GDY-cMWCNT/SPE. Scan rate: 50 mV⋅s− 1. (B) Peak currents and potentials at different pH and
linear relationships between peak potentials and pH.

Scheme 2. Mechanism of oxidation of BPA at GDY-cMWCNT/SPE.

Fig. 6. CVs of 50.0 μM BPA at SPE modified with GDY-cMWCNT composite of different ratios (A) and different volumes (C). (B) Oxidation peak currents at different
ratios of GDY and cMWCNTs. (D) Oxidation peak currents at different volumes of GDY-cMWCNT.

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S. He et al. Microchemical Journal 182 (2022) 107858

Fig. 7. (A) LSV results using GDY-cMWCNT/SPE in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0) including BPA of (a) 0 μM, (b) 0.200 μM, (c) 2. 50 μM, (d) 7.50 μM, (e) 10.0 μM, (f) 25.0 μM,
(g) 50.0 μM, (h) 75.0 μM, (i) 100 μM, (j) 200 μM, (k) 500 μM). Scan rate: 50 mV⋅s− 1. (B) Linear correlation of peak current and BPA concentration.

reaction process of BPA at the GDY-cMWCNT/SPE is adsorption-
controlled. Moreover, the peak potential enlarged as the scan rate
increased, varying proportionally to the natural logarithm of scan rate
(lnν) (Fig. 4C). The fitted result is Epa (V) = 0.03184 lnν (mV/s) +
0.4688 (R = 0.999). Based on the Laviron theory [46], the slope for
irreversible and adsorption-controlled process is:
RT
αnF
where n is the electron transfer number, and α is the electron transfer
coefficient of which the value is usually 0.5 for irreversible process. Thus
n was calculated to be 1.61. The above analysis demonstrates that the
electron number involved in the electrode reaction is 2.
3.4. pH study
CV scans were experimented to investigate how supporting electro­
lyte pH affected the response of BPA at GDY-cMWCNT/SPE (Fig. 5). As
Fig. 5A shows, the oxidation peak potentials (Epa) of BPA shifted nega­
tively as pH increased. Furthermore, the Epa of BPA showed linear
relationship with pH value (Fig. 5B) and the fitted result was listed as:
Epa (V) = – 0.0656 pH + 1.041 (R = 0.998). The analysis states that the
electrode reaction of BPA includes protons. Furthermore, according to
the Nernst equation [47]:
dEpa 2.303mRT
dpH
=
nF
where m and n are respectively the proton number and electron number,
m/n was calculated to be 1.11, illustrating that equal numbers of protons
and electrons participated in the reaction. Along with the conclusion in
the scan rate study that n equals to 2, the probable reaction mechanism
of BPA can be described as Scheme 2.
3.5. Optimization of detection conditions
Fig. 5B shows that the maximum of BPA peak current appeared at pH
7.0, and the peak potential showed at proper value at this condition
compared with that at low pH values. Therefore, pH 7.0 was used in the
following study.
GDY-cMWCNT suspensions with different mass ratio of GDY:
cMWCNTs (2:1, 1:1, 2:3, and 1:2) were modified onto SPE separately, at
which the CV curves of BPA were recorded (Fig. 6A). The oxidation peak
current (Ipa) approached highest at the ratio 1:1 (Fig. 6B). Additionally,
the oxidation peak potential Epa exhibited an upward trend with higher
ratio of cMWCNTs. Considering the highest peak current and lower peak
potential, 1:1 was chosen as the optimal mass ratio.
The amount of GDY- cMWCNT composite modified onto the SPE was
optimized by comparing the CV results of BPA obtained with SPE
modified with different volumes of GDY- cMWCNT suspension. As
shown in Fig. 6C-D, the maximum peak current appeared as the volume
being 6 μL, while larger volume would result in decreased peak current.
Thicker modification film might hinder the charge transfer from the BPA
molecule to the working electrode. Thus, 6 μL was applied for the
following study.
3.6. Quantitative measurement of BPA
For more rapid measurement of BPA with GDY-cMWCNT/SPE, LSV
was used for the quantitative measurement of BPA. The sweep diagrams
at a series of concentrations were recorded using the optimal conditions
(Fig. 7). Two regression equations were obtained and expressed as Ipa
(μA) = 2.770C (μM) + 0.615 (R = 0.999, from 0.2 μM to 25 μM) and Ipa
(μA) = 1.235C (μM) + 41.39 (R = 0.999, from 25 μM to 500 μM). And
the detection limit was assessed as 0.013 μM (S/N = 3). It can be seen
from the two regression equations that the sensitivity of the two con­
centration ranges is different. In the first linear region (0.2 μM to 25 μM),

Table 1
Performance of electrodes for BPA measurement.
Electrode Epa (V) Linear range (μM) LOD (nM) Samples Interferencesa Ref
b
Tyr-SF-MWNTs-CoPc/GCE 0.625 0.05–3 30 plastic package NP [48]
MWCNT-Tyr/GCE NP 2–100 500 moat water NP [49]
CuMOF-Tyr-Chit/GCE NP 0.05–3 13 plastic package NP [22]
MWCNT-AuNPS/GCE 0.56 0.02–20 7.5 plastic package NP [50]
rGO-Ag/PLL/GCE 0.49 1–80 540 drinking water NP [51]
MoS2/AuNRs/GCE 0.55 0.01–50 3.4 tap water, milk NP [52]
Cu2O-rGO/GCE 0.55 0.1–80 53 water samples NP [53]
CNT/TiO2/CPE 0.7 0.1–60 560 NP NP [54]
GDY-cMWCNT/SPE 0.532 0.2–500 13 lake water, tissue NP This work

a. Interferences that have influence on the signals of BPA with deviations higher than 5%.
b. NP: not provided in the references.

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S. He et al. Microchemical Journal 182 (2022) 107858

Table 2 0.2 µM to 500 µM with a detection limit of 13 nM. Moreover, the as-
The performance for sample detection. prepared GDY-cMWCNT/SPE performed well in the spike test of BPA
Sample Measured Added Found Recovery RSD in lake water and tissue samples, showing good prospects in the detec­
(μM) (μM) (μM) (%) (%) tion of BPA from actual samples. If miniaturized electrochemical
Lake Not detected 10.0 9.61 ± 96.1 ± 1.9 2.0 workstation was used with the GDY-cMWCNT/SPE, on-site inspection of
water 0.19 BPA can be easily achieved. In conclusion, the composite of GDY and
25.0 25.2 ± 101 ± 1.7 1.7 cMWCNTs has the properties of high conductivity, good electrocatalytic
0.42 performance and stability, which are advantageous to build sensing and
100 97.8 ± 97.8 ± 0.94 0.96
0.94
electronic device. Although the synthesis of GDY with high quality is
Tissue Not detected 10.0 9.53 ± 95.3 ± 2.2 2.3 time-consuming, the GDY-cMWCNT composite proves to be a promising
0.22 electrochemical sensing platform. By combining with other materials,
25.0 24.3 ± 97.2 ± 1.6 1.6 this composite can be further extended to more electrochemical sensing
0.40
devices, creating application opportunities in sensing and environ­
100 96.9 ± 96.9 ± 0.97 1.0
0.97 mental on-site monitoring.

Data from three parallel determinations.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

the local concentration of BPA at the electrode surface was rapidly
catalyzed into a product, showing the good catalytic activity of the GDY-
cMWCNT composite toward BPA. In the second linear region (25 μM to
500 μM), the modified electrode surface might be fouled by the reaction
products, resulting in a lower sensitivity. Compared with similar elec­
trodes, the as-proposed electrochemical sensor can achieve excellent
sensitive measurement with wider linear dynamic range for BPA, and
meanwhile has the advantages of simple preparation and easy opera­
tion. See (Table 1).
3.7. Reproducibility and stability
LSV was applied to investigate the repeatability of the performance
with GDY-cMWCNT/SPE. The oxidation peak currents in BPA solution
were obtained using 6 electrodes prepared in parallel and the relative
standard deviations (RSD) was 3.36 % (Fig. S2A). The stability of the
prepared electrodes was examined via keeping them at room tempera­
ture for 14 days, and the peak currents retained averagely 96.6 % of the
initial measurements for BPA (Fig. S2B). The results prove the estab­
lished method with satisfactory reproducibility and stability.
3.8. Selectivity study
A variety of interferences were added in the LSV measurements to
examine the selectivity of the GDY-cMWCNT based BPA sensor (Fig.S3).
It was found that 20-fold ions like K+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Fe3+ and Cl-
showed no influence on the analysis of BPA. Additionally, 10-fold
phenol, 4-nitrophenol, 4-aminophenol, resorcinol showed no notice­
able change for the measurement of BPA, neither. These results
demonstrate excellent anti-interference ability and selectivity of GDY-
cMWCNT/SPE for BPA.
3.9. Sample detection
To examine the performance of GDY-cMWCNT/SPE for practical
application, the lake water and tissue samples were detected and spiked
with BPA (Fig. S4). The recoveries are 96.1–101 % (Table 2), exhibiting
excellent reliability and feasibility of the proposed method for sample
analysis.
4. Conclusions
GDY was successfully synthesized and characterized. Based on the
nanocomposite of GDY and cMWCNTs, an electrochemical sensor for
BPA with features of enzyme free, simple-operation, high sensitivity and
stability was established. Electrochemical studies verified the superior
performance of GDY-cMWCNT modified SPE. The supporting electrolyte
pH, proportion of GDY and cMWCNTs, and modification amount were
optimized. And the proposed method displayed wide linear region of
Shuai He: Conceptualization, Validation, Investigation, Formal
analysis, Writing – original draft. Hui Xia: Data curation, Visualization,
Resources. Fengxia Chang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investi­
gation, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,
Project administration, Funding acquisition.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Acknowledgement
The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(Southwest Minzu University, 2021PTJS36) supported this work.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.107858.
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