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Preface
Electronics is a relative new and expanding field of scientific endeavor with many diverging
areas, each changing rapidly, so that the devices we study today may soon be replaced by more
sophisticated devices. There is however, a common core of knowledge that spans these many
and systems.
Basic Electronics Math
background in mathematics and in mathematical concepts, as applied to the theory and analysis
in a thorough and clear, yet simplified, manner. The student is lead by graduated exercises to a
Teaching methods have been improved in recent years, and it therefore becomes necessary
that textbooks keep pace with advances in the technical sciences. This work has been prepared
for the purpose of meeting this demand, and it is hoped that the material is appropriate to the
This text is respectfully dedicated as a teaching tool to the teachers of technical schools and
Clyde N. H errick
San Jose City College
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)~ xi
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Zero is the least significant number and 9 is the most significant number.
Units
Tens Tenths
Hundreds Hundredths
Thousands Thousandths
en-Thousandths
MillionsHUndred'Th~ ! . . . . . . . . . . .
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Off Numbers
to round off numbers to
the current in an electrical circuit. However, typical laboratory instruments cannot measure to
this accuracy. Furthermore, such accuracy is seldom necessary. We might be asked to
Example I
0.2456 = 0.2460
0.9873 = 0.9870
Exercises 1-1
1. 2346 9. 34650
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1.3 CommonFractions
Numerator
= Fraction
Denominator
improper fraction
II 1.4
+ 3//7
improper fraction t h a t m a y b e r e d u c e d t o a m i x e d n u m b e r .
1//4+%+%=%=4/4+%=1%
To add or subtract fractions with different denominators we must change the fractions so that
commo n denominator.
1/2+%=2/4+1/4=3/4
%+1/3=%+2/6=5/6
%+%+%=
124//36-- 12/3
%+ %+ 5A2
1 1 5
+ +
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number of times that each appears in any denominator.
In the example above: 2 appears 3 times in 1/8 and 3 appears only one time in 1/6 and 1/12.
Therefore, the LCD is 24.
+ +
3^ 4^ 2^
10
As another example:
_+_+
of Fractions
Subtraction of fractions is accomplished in the same manner as addition. After finding the LCD
1/8- 1/12
1 1
2X2X2 2^
TheLCDis2^215215 =24
3
- 89
24 24
1.6 MixedNumbers
Mixed numbers are comprised of a whole number and a fraction. Examples of mixed numbers
31/2+23/4=5+ 1/2+3/4=
5+2/4+3/4=5%=61/4
Arithmetic
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or
1.7 Mathematical
The solution of mathematical problems involving addition, subtraction, division, and multi-
plication require specific sequences of operations. A mathematical expression i s m a d e u p o f
m a t h e m a t i c a l terms.
division signs are within the term and must be acted upon first in each expression.
1.8 Signs
To simplify the evaluation of mathematical expressions we use signs of
grouping are:
or
The correct sequence of operations within a grouping is multiplication, division, addition, and
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Exercises 1-3
1. 7-3^
4. 10.
5. 25+8^ 11.
Summary
t o three significant
places.
grouping is performed.
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