Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract-This project report presents a simplified algorithm for cascade 3/2 multilevel inverter[2].Renewable energy source
calculating the switching angles to minimize the total harmonic are used to get the DC power and this power is used to charge
distortion (THD) for cascaded multilevel inverter with reduced the battery. The stored DC power is used to convert it into AC
number of switches and asymmetrical voltage sources. In power by using a conventional two-way inverter. The two-
recent years, application of cascaded multilevel inverters for level inverter can only create two different output voltages for
renewable energy generation has become more popular. . The the load +Vdc or -Vdc. To build up an AC output these two
performance of the multilevel inverter is highly superior to that voltages are usually switched with PWM. Though this method
of conventional two-level inverters due to reduced harmonic is very effective it creates harmonic distortions in the output
distortion, and lower electromagnetic interference. The major voltage, EMI and high dv/dt. Thus these are the disadvantages
drawback of cascaded multilevel inverter are, it requires more by using an inverter so we are moving to a new concept called
number of power switches and number of separate DC sources. multilevel level inverter.In [3, 5], topologies of cascaded
Hence a multilevel inverter topology with reduced number of multilevel converters have been presented that use lower
switches is introduced. This project discusses about design and number of power electronic switches in comparison with the
simulation of a simplified algorithm for calculating the conventional topologies. These topologies use cascaded basic
switching angles to minimize the THD of 9-level multilevel units. Other asymmetric cascade multilevel converter
inverter with reduced number of switches and asymmetrical topologies have been presented in [4, 6]. The topologies
voltage sources. This topology requires fewer components presented in[3, 4, 5, 6] still need high number of power
compared to existing inverters. Therefore, the overall cost and electronic switches The concept of Multilevel Inverters (MLI)
complexity are greatly reduced. The validity of this topology is does not depend on just two levels of voltage creates an AC
verified by computer simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. output. Instead of that several voltage levels are produce by
The simulation results are presented and analysed. using a multilevel inverter to create a smoother stepped
waveform, with lower dv/dt and lower harmonic distortions.
Keywords —Multilevel inverter, power electronics, topology. With more number of voltage levels in the inverter, the
I. INTRODUCTION waveform created becomes smoother, but due to level
increment the design and circuit becomes complicated. As the
MULTILEVEL power conversion was first introduced more number of level increased the number of switches required also
than two decades ago. The general concept in-valves utilizing a increases and it complicates the controller design of various
higher number of active semiconductor switches to perform the components of the inverter.Multilevel inverter with reduced
power conversion in small voltage steps.There are several number of switches helps to achieve high power requirement
advantages to this approach when compared with the through larger voltage steps and exhibits improved power
conventional power conversion approach. The smaller voltage quality, lower switching losses. There are several advantages to
steps lead to the production of higher power quality waveforms this approach when compared with the conventional power
and also reduce voltage (dv/dt) stress on the load and the conversion approach. The smaller voltage steps leads to the
electromagnetic compatibility concerns [1].A power inverter is production of higher power quality waveforms and thereby
a device that converts DC input to AC output. Inverters are reduce voltage stress on the load and the electromagnetic
used to operate electrical and electronics equipment from the compatibility concerns. The important feature in multilevel
power produced by a battery or renewable energy sources (like inverters is that they are wired in a series-type connection,
solar panels or wind turbines). In recent years, there has been a which allows operation at higher voltages. However, the series
substantial increase in interest to multilevel power conversion. connection is typically made with clamping diodes, which
Recent research has Involved the introduction of novel eliminates overvoltage concerns. Furthermore, since the
converter topologies and unique modulation strategies. switches are not truly series connected, their switching can be
However, the most recently Sedinverter topologies, which are taggered, which reduces the switching frequency and thus the
mainly addressed as applicable multilevel inverters, are switching losses. A multilevel inverter has four main
cascade converter, neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter, and advantages over the conventional bipolar inverter. First, the
flying capacitor inverter. There are also some combinations of voltage stress on each switch is decreased due to series
the mentioned topologies as series combination of a two-level connection of the switches. Therefore, the rated voltage and
converter with a three-level NPC converter which is named consequently the total power of the inverter could be safely
57
Integrated Intelligent Research (IIR) International Journal of Business Intelligents
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 June 2016 Page No.57-61
ISSN: 2278-2400
increased. Second, the rate of change of voltage (dv/dt) is supplies. Therefore, it does not face voltage- balancing
decreased due to the lower voltage swing of each switching problems due to fixed DC voltage values.
cycle. Third, harmonic distortion is reduced due to more output
voltage levels. Fourth, acoustic noise and electromagnetic B. Modes of Operation
interference (EMI) are reduced.Cascaded H-bridge multilevel Switching sequences in this converter are easier than its
inverter is advanced topology than diode clamped and flying counter parts. According to its inherent advantages, it does not
capacitor MLI due to some advantages such as automatic need to generate negative pulses for negative cycle control.
voltage sharing, smaller voltage stress, switching redundancy Thus, there is no need for extra conditions for controlling the
and requirement of least number of components, no high rated negative voltage. Instead, the reversing full-bridge converter
capacitors and diodes. performs this task, and the required level is produced by the
II. NEW MULTILEVEL TOPOLOGY high-switching-frequency component of the inverter. Then, this
level is translated to negative or positive according to output
A. General Description voltage requirements. The asymmetric 9-level multilevel
inverter has four modes of operations.Mode 1 is given with DC
In conventional multilevel inverters, the power semiconductor source of 1V for the generation of first level by switching the
switches are combined to produce a high-frequency wave-form switches S6 and S8. Mode 2 is given with 2V for the generation
in positive and negative polarities. However, there is no need of second level by switching the switches S 5 and S8. Mode 3 is
to utilize all the switches for generating bipolar levels. This given with 3V for the generation of third level by switching the
idea has been put into practice by the new topology. This switches S6 and S7. Mode 4 is given with 4V for the generation
topology is a hybrid multilevel topology which separates the of fourth level by switching the switches S 5 and S7. Modes of
output voltage into two parts. One part is named level operation are well explained with help of a mode circuits. The
generation part and is responsible for level generating in switching operation is detailed in the table 2.1.
positive polarity. This part requires high-frequency switches to
generate the required levels. The switches in this part should Table 2.1 Switching operation of asymmetric 9-level inverter
have high-switching-frequency capability.The other part is
called polarity generation part and is responsible for generating Switches
the polarity of the output voltage, which is the low-frequency VO1
part operating at line frequency. S5 S6 S7 S8
1V 0 1 0 1
2V 1 0 0 1
3V 0 1 1 0
4V 1 0 1 0
58
Integrated Intelligent Research (IIR) International Journal of Business Intelligents
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 June 2016 Page No.57-61
ISSN: 2278-2400
Fig.3.1 Simulation circuit for 9-level inverter
Output is 50 Hz A.C.
Odd no. of levelled multilevel inverter.
Calculations
k=1, 2,3,…n
Find n by using the formula,
n= (No. of levels-1)/2
α(sec;1, 2, 3,4….)= α(rad;1,2,3…..)*K, Fig.3.3 Gating signals of polarity generator (G5, G6, G7, G8 )
III.RESULT The circuit shown in Fig. 3.1, uses eight power switches and
three voltage source V1, V2, V3. The pulses required for the
A. Simulation Circuit power circuit are generated by the logic circuit shown in Fig.
Fig.3.1shows the main simulation circuit of the 9- level 3.2. Fig.3.3and 3.4 respectively.
multilevel inverter, this is the type of asymmetric multilevel
inverter.
59
Integrated Intelligent Research (IIR) International Journal of Business Intelligents
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 June 2016 Page No.57-61
ISSN: 2278-2400
Fig 3.5 Nine level output Voltage and Current waveforms with
R-load
The voltage and current harmonic spectrum of asymmetric
multilevel inverter for 9-level with R-load is explained with the
help of FFT analysis. The total harmonic distortion (THD)
value is 9.39% and the fundamental voltage of 121.4Volts as
shown in the fig.3.6. Fig 3.8 Voltage harmonic spectrum of 9-Level
Inverter With R-Load and Equal Width Modulation The
current harmonic spectrum of asymmetric multilevel inverter
for 9-level with R-load is explained with the help of FFT
analysis. Asymmetrical analysis of equal width multilevel
inverter output current total harmonic distortion (THD) is
detailed with the waveform of current THD value is
25.66%.The result of 9-level inverter for simplified sine
algorithm & equal pulse width modulation are summarized in
the table 3.1.
Type of THD
Modulation
Voltage Current
Fig3.6 Voltage harmonic spectrum of 9-Level inverter with R- Equal Pulse width 25.66% 25.66%
Load
60
Integrated Intelligent Research (IIR) International Journal of Business Intelligents
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 June 2016 Page No.57-61
ISSN: 2278-2400
[12] Divya Subramanian, RebiyaRasheed “Five level Cascaded H-Bridge
Simplified Sine Multilevel Inverter Using Multicarrier PWM Technique” International
9.39% 9.39%
Algorithm Journal of Engineering Innovative Technology, vol.3 July 2013.
[13] Lipo “Hybrid multilevel power conversion system: A competitive
solution for high-power applications” IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Applications, vol.36, June 2000.
IV. CONCLUSION [14] Jose Ignacio Leon, Samir Kouro, Sergio Vazquez, Ramon Portillo,
“Multi-dimensional modulation technique for cascaded multilevel
A detailed analysis of multilevel inverters and their various converters” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.58, Feb
topologies are discussed. Different topologies of multilevel 2011.
inverter along with the necessary circuit diagram and
waveforms have been discussed.Cascaded H-bridge multilevel
inverter is explained and symmetric cascaded multilevel
inverter is briefed out with their disadvantages. The advantages
of cascaded multilevel inverters over diode clamped and flying
capacitor topologies have been discussed. The advantages of
asymmetric multilevel inverters have been justified.Recently,
some new topologies with reduced number of switches have
been presented for multilevel converters [3,4, 5–7]. However,
in the proposed asymmetric multilevel converter the number of
IGBTs is considerably lower than that of the mentioned
topologies. The 9-level asymmetric multilevel inverter circuit
is modelled using MATLAB Simulink software. Effective
output voltage and current waveforms are shown with
respective waveforms. A simplified algorithm for calculating
optimal switching angles for asymmetric multilevel inverter is
designed for hybrid generation system and necessary output
waveforms are drawn. PWM based asymmetric multilevel
inverter output will be achieved in future. The Multilevel
inverter hardware circuit will be implemented in future and
further improvement will be made for various industrial
applications.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Jang-Hwan, S.-K. Sul, and P. N. Enjeti, “A carrier-based PWM
method with optimal switching sequence for a multilevel four-leg
voltage-source inverter,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 44, no. 4, pp.
1239–1248,Jul./Aug. 2008.
[2] T. L. Skvarenina, The Power Electronics Handbook. Boca Raton,
FL:CRC Press, 2002.
[3] Babaei, E.: ‘A cascade multilevel converter topology with reduced
number of switches’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2008, 23, (6),
pp.2657–2664.
[4] Ebrahimi, J., Babaei, E., Gharehpetian, G.B.: ‘A new topology of
cascaded multilevel converters with reduced number of components for
high-voltage applications’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2011,26, (11),
pp. 3119–3130.
[5] Babaei, E., Hosseini, S.H., Gharehpetian, G.B., Tarafdar Haque,
M.,Sabahi, M.: ‘Reduction of dc voltage sources and switches in
asymmetrical multilevel converters using a novel topology’,
Electr.Power Syst. Res., 2007, 77, (8), pp. 1073–1085.
[6] Ebrahimi, J., Babaei, E., Gharehpetian, G.B.: ‘A new multilevel
converter topology with reduced number of power electronic
components’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2012, 59, (2), pp. 655–667.
[7] Bruckner, T., Bernet, S.:‘Loss balancing in three-level voltage
sourceinverters applying active NPC switches’. Proc. IEEE
PowerElectronrics Special Conf., 2001, pp. 1135–1140.
[8] MadhavD.Manjrekar, Peter K. Steiner, Thomas A. P. Thongprasri “ A
five level Three phase Cascaded Hybrid Multilevel inverter”
International Journal on Computer and Electrical Engineering, vol.3,dec
2011.
[9] YouheiHinago, and Hirotaka Koizumi “A Single-Phase Multilevel
Inverter Using Switched Series/Parallel DC Voltage Sources” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, august 2010.
[10] Mariusz Malinowski, K. Gopakumar, Jose Rodriguez, “A Survey on
Cascaded Multilevel Inverters” IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 57, July 2010.
[11] Keith A.Corizine, Mike W. Weilebski, Fang Z. Peng “Control of
cascaded multilevel inverters” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,
vol.19, May 2004.
61