1, Business ethics includes principles and standards that guide behavior in business relationships; they are used

by interested people (such as investors, customers, managers, employees, representatives of legal authorities,
communities, partners, competitors, etc.) to judge an action. namely right or wrong, ethical or unethical.

2, Social responsibility is the obligation a business or individual has to perform towards society in order to achieve
the maximum positive impact and minimize the negative impact on society.

Social responsibility can be seen as the commitment of businesses or individuals to society; while business ethics
refers to the well-thought-out organizational codes of conduct that underlie business decision-making.

Basically, social responsibility includes economic, legal, ethical and humane obligations.

+ The economic obligation of an enterprise is to produce goods and services that satisfy society's consumer needs
at prices that permit business to sustain and satisfy owners. private. Performing economic obligations is to ensure
the survival of the business.

+ The legal obligation of an enterprise is to fully comply with the official legal provisions for stakeholders, in
competition and for the natural environment prescribed by current laws. Fulfilling a legal obligation is to make
the business socially acceptable.

+ Ethical obligations of business are defined as behaviors or activities that are expected by society but are not
defined as legal obligations. Moral obligations are the foundation of legal obligations. Fulfilling an ethical
obligation is so that the business can be respected by society and accepted in an industry.

+ Humanistic obligations of enterprises include behaviors and activities that society wants to achieve and have
the effect of determining the value of an organization or business. Humanity obligations express the desire to
dedicate the business to society. Fulfilling the human duty is to express the desire for self-improvement and for
humanity (society).

3, Company culture is a system of meanings, values, dominant beliefs, (way) of perception and thinking methods
that are agreed upon by all members of an organization and are influential in all areas of the organization.
extended to the way members act.

4, Business ethics contributes to the development of human relationships in business.

+ Business ethics becomes significant in management and in business. Business ethics is not only an extension of
personal ethics, but also the personal life experiences that each person accumulates when facing problems in
business.

+ A manager with the right ethical views, having good personal ethics is not enough to create an organization
with the right business ethics and bring about outstanding business results. sharp. But creating an organization
with good business ethics – organizational ethics – is much more than that, where it is important to be aware of
the nature of business relationships, their problems and conflicts. potential conflicts, and find management
measures to overcome the obstacles of differences that can lead to disagreements, create a favorable
atmosphere for everyone to get along, develop their personality and contribute to the community. organization
development.

5, Moral philosophy or ethics are basic principles and rules that people use to determine what is right and what is
wrong. Ethical philosophy guides people in determining how to resolve conflicts and achieve the highest common
good when people live in a collective, a society. Ethical philosophy helps entrepreneurs in the process of strategic
planning, implementing business activities and while dealing with ethical issues that arise.
6, Utilitarian philosophies

+ Selfishism

Egoism is defined as a behavior that can be considered right and acceptable or not based on the consequences
that behavior can bring to a certain object. Egoists argue that every decision should be directed toward maximum
personal gain. The action slogan of the egoists is "find a way to act to gain more benefits for yourself".

+ Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism holds that the moral judgment of an action must be based on its results. If the action brings much
good or benefit, the action is considered appropriate; vice versa if the result is bad or harmful, the action is not
considered morally correct.

An important difference between the utilitarian philosophy and the egoistic philosophy is that the interests of
many stakeholders are considered simultaneously. The action slogan of utilitarianism is "seeking to bring the
most good or benefit to the most people concerned".

7, Philosophies from a legal point of view

+ Behavioral ethics theory

Behavioral ethics is concerned with ethical philosophies that value the rights of individuals and the purpose of
behavior. Behavioral ethics philosophies focus not on the outcome of the behavior but on the manner in which
the behavior is performed. One of the rules: "Treat others the way you want them to treat you", the basic idea of
this theory is to give everyone equal respect.

+ Moral relativism

Relatively ethical behavior is defined based on the subjective experience of a person or group of people. Those
who follow the moral philosophy of relativism often use themselves or those around them as the basis for
determining ethical standards of behavior. They often observe the interactions between members of a social
group and try to identify possible solutions based on a consensus of opinion within the group.

+ Moral theory of justice

Ethical justice is concerned with what people think they are supposed to do, based on each person's rights and
the results of exercising their rights and obligations. The fundamental difference in the ethical philosophy of
justice is that the object of the act is not limited to the rights that each person enjoys or the obligations they have
to perform, but considers the impact of the act on others. for society. In the ethical philosophy of justice, equal
justice and fairness are central concepts.

8, Philosophy from a moral point of view: moral theory of personality

Personality ethics holds that morality in a particular situation is not just universally accepted moral or ethical
rules, but moreover what a person has moral character. good (personality) considered right. The theory of
personality ethics considers existing social and ethical rules to be only the minimum ethical requirements that
need to be satisfied in order to form personality. In the moral philosophy of personality, moral character, self-
respect, and self-cultivation are central concepts.

9, Corporate social responsibility obligations

+ Economic obligations
The economic obligation of an organization's social responsibility concerns the way in which the social system is
allocated the resources used to make products and services.

For consumers and workers, an organization's economic obligation is to provide goods and services, and to create
jobs with commensurate remuneration. An organization's economic obligations include finding new resources,
promoting technological progress, and developing products. For consumers, economic obligations also involve
issues of quality, product safety, pricing, product information (advertising), distribution and sales, and
competition.

For an asset owner, an organization's economic obligation is to preserve and develop the trust's values and
assets. For property owners, these commitments and obligations are different for each object, but they are
basically related to issues of rights and scope of use of authorized valuable assets. exploitation, distribution and
use of benefits derived from assets and the use of assets, reporting/information on monitoring activities.

+ Legal obligations

Legal obligations in social responsibility require organizations and companies to fully comply with the provisions
of the law as a minimum requirement in the social behavior of an organization, collective or individual.

Legal obligations are embodied in the civil and criminal codes. In which, the civil law stipulates the rights and
obligations of each individual and organization, and the criminal law not only regulates actions that are not
allowed to be performed, but also defines penalties for violations.

Basically, the legal obligations set forth in the law relate to the five aspects of competition regulation, consumer
protection, environmental protection, safety and equality, and the promotion of discovery and prevent
misconduct.

+ Moral obligations

Moral obligations in social responsibility relate to behaviors or actions that are expected or not expected by
members of an organization, community and society but are not institutionalized into law. An organization's
ethical obligation to social responsibility is expressed through standards, norms, or expectations that reflect the
interests of key stakeholders such as consumers, employees, partner, owner, community.

+ Humanity obligations

Humanity obligations in the organization's social responsibility related to contributions to the community and
society. The organization's contributions can be in four ways: improving the quality of life, reducing the burden on
the government, improving leadership capacity for employees, and developing employees' moral character.

10, Responsible business is a business behavior that is not only concerned with profit but also concerned with
creating positive changes for a fair and sustainable world, contributing to the development of stakeholders such
as local communities, customers, employees… and society. Responsible business also focuses on fulfilling its
obligations under corporate social responsibility such as economic, legal, ethical and humane.

11, Responsible Business Enterprise

A responsible business enterprise is an enterprise organized to implement and facilitate responsible business
practices.

The objective of a responsible business enterprise is to generate a profit, an economic surplus sufficient to be
able to maintain operations in a sustainable manner, and to have resources to carry out other goals and activities.
+ Main objects of service: people and welfare; products, goods and services are only means of transferring
welfare to the service object.

+ Scope:

Customers and consumers: best meet their needs and create their convenience

Employees: interested in jobs, wages, productivity and creating a safe and favorable working environment; really
care about private issues and create opportunities to develop professional capacity and personality.

Investors: interested in their financial or legal interests; demonstrate an understanding of their risks and sacrifices
and take responsible actions in responding in a worthy manner.

Partners inside and outside the industry: interested in the content of the contract, how to cooperate or commit;
demonstrates a very clear awareness of the meaning of maintaining value chain linkages as well as acting
responsibly to maintain a sustainable relationship and continue to grow.

Community: conducting humanitarian/charity activities; include in the business's operational strategy the content
related to community development and attract the attention of the community to participate in the improvement
of the local natural-economic-social environment.

The economy: interested in fulfilling obligations that are mandatory (taxes, fees, insurance, etc.) or voluntary
(local assistance, charity...); participate in building a clean and healthy socio-economic environment through
activities and contributions to improving the political environment (democracy, fairness, civilization...), policies
(anti-corruption). pollution reduction, balanced and sustainable development, etc.).

+ Measures:

Actions and behaviors must be selected in accordance with the perceptions and behavioral standards of the
service subjects.

Measures need to promote initiative, creativity, consistent approach, creating the power of collective behavior.

Management tool of responsible business enterprise: business ethics program and corporate culture.

12, Ethical business contributes to building the social capital of enterprises

+ Social capital is a resource of a society, country, or social community, they are latent in people and social
systems, reflecting the formed cultural, economic and social characteristics. from key factors such as trust,
network of social relationships, norms and have an important influence on socio-economic development.

+ Social capital can be verified through 3 factors: norms, organizational trust and the scope of social relationships
or social networks.

+ Social capital in an enterprise is a source of capital expressed in the form of resources or factors used in the
production and business process or can affect this process through business management and administration
measures. business and thereby can make a difference in the performance of the business.

+ The impact of social capital:

 Improve capacity to act by increasing access to resources and receiving support and assistance from the
network and other members.
 Providing and sharing information facilitates effective decision-making and performance of operations.
  Positive psychological impact, creating confidence, loyalty, motivation to act.

+ Developing social capital in business

 Right approach to the nature of social capital

 Identify and overcome obstacles to the new model
 Social capital development should focus on building trust.

Chap 1:
II. Appearance OF ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS
1 What is the issue of ethics in business?
An issue that contains an ethical aspect, or an ethical issue, an issue that is approached from an
ethical perspective, is a situation, situation, and situation where an individual or organization
encounters difficulties. Or in the dilemma of having to choose one of many different ways of
action based on criteria of right and wrong according to the popular, official social notion of
behavior in similar cases - moral and social norms, There is a big difference between a moral
issue and another. The difference is shown in the selection criteria to make the decision. When
the criteria to evaluate and choose how to act are not ethical and social norms, but "efficiency",
"employment", "salary", "good coordination", "Synchronization and productivity", or "maximum
profit", these issues will be of an economic, human, technical or financial nature.

Ethical problems often stem from contradictions. Conflicts can arise within individuals (self-
conflict) as well as between stakeholders due to disagreements in the concepts of ethical values,
cooperation and coordination. , in terms of power and technology. Particularly common, conflicts
often arise in matters of interest. Contradictions also arise in different areas of expertise,
especially in functional coordination activities.

Once a problem has been identified that contains an ethical element, it is always sought to resolve
them. In many cases, the resolution of these issues often ends in court, when the matter becomes
so serious and complex that it cannot be resolved through direct stakeholder dialogue. At that
time, the consequences are often very heavy and although there are winners and losers, neither
side will benefit. Finding and addressing ethical issues in the decision-making process and
adopting management measures can have positive consequences for all parties.

2 The origin of the ethical problem

As mentioned above, the nature of the question of morality is contradiction or self-contradiction.

Basically, contradictions can arise on different aspects such as philosophy of action, power
relations in organizational structure, coordination in operational activities or distribution of
benefits; in areas such as marketing, working conditions, human resources, finance or
management. Conflict can arise within each person (self-conflict), between internal stakeholders
such as owners, managers, employees, or with external stakeholders such as with customers,
partners - rival or community, society. In many cases, the government becomes a powerful
outside stakeholder.
a. Aspects of contradiction

(i) Conflict about philosophy

When making decisions to act, each person is based on ethical philosophies expressed into their
views, principles of action, ethical standards and certain motivations. Each person's ethical
philosophy is formed from their own life experience, awareness and conception of values and
beliefs, demonstrating the spiritual values that people always respect and want to reach.
Therefore, they have a dominant influence on behavior. Although it is difficult to define a
person's moral philosophy, it can still be proved through an awareness and a sense of respect for
the honesty and fairness of the person; in which, honesty is a concept that reflects honesty,
goodwill and trustworthiness; fairness is a concept that reflects equality, impartiality and
impartiality.

Honesty and fairness are issues related to the common ethical views of decision makers. In
business practice, we must admit the fact that companies always act for their own economic
interests. However, ethical business relationships need to be built and developed on the basis of
honesty, fairness and mutual trust. Without these important facilities, business relationships will
be difficult to establish and maintain, the more precarious the business will be, the higher the
costs, the low efficiency, the increased costs, the tough competition, the more unfavorable
business conditions are, the harder it is for private interests to satisfy. At a minimum, businesses
need to comply with all applicable laws. In addition, they are not allowed to take any action that
could harm consumers or customers. workers such as deceiving, manipulating, pressuring, as
well as causing damage to competitors. The phenomenon of dumping below the cost
dumping) to exclude small companies with weaker economic potential in order to gain monopoly
position are practices of dishonest competition.

The concept of fairness in many cases is governed by specific, interests. Some people may
consider not getting the desired result unfair or even immoral.

(ii) Power conflicts

In all organizations, the relationship between people and people is often expressed through a
relationship of power. Authority is distributed to the various positions into a system of authorities
and is a necessary condition for the exercise of the respective responsibilities. Therefore, power
relationships are officially and voluntarily accepted by the members of an organization, even
though they are socially equal. Power is expressed in the form of information, such as orders,
written instructions, reporting regulations, peer coordination and communication with internal
stakeholders, or forms of communication. believe, advertise about the organization's
organization, products and activities to the external interested parties.

For the internal stakeholders, power is designed into a formal organizational structure, in which
the authority of the positions is clearly defined for the performance and fulfillment of duties /
responsibilities. certain. The conflict mainly arises from the mismatch between authority and
responsibility, abuse of authority, extrusion of responsibility, or short-sighted, partiality in
coordination and responsibility-sharing activities.

Owners, while having great control over a company or organization, often have very little
operational power (day-to-day decision-making). Their control power is also used based on
information provided about the operational history. Ethical problems can arise from managers -
who are authorized by the owner to represent them - providing false information or withholding
information for private purposes.

For external stakeholders, information-related ethical issues often manifest in promotional

messages and information about product safety, pollution, and working conditions. A manager,
organization or company may exercise authority in content decision-making to provide inaccurate
or misleading information that is intentionally beneficial to them.

Deception and dishonest advertising are specific manifestations of ethical issues in advertising.
Fraud is not always recognizable but is often very carefully concealed under the pictures. The
final, visual text is very attractive. Deception is hidden in ambiguous, unclear words and
sentences that easily lead to misunderstandings, even when it is not in the attention of the
informant. In such cases, the nature of deception lies in creating false beliefs that lead to
inappropriate behavior choices and consumer disappointment. "

(iii) Conflict in coordination

Collaboration is another aspect of the human relationship in an organization, in which the

relationship is expressed through technical and physical means. Thus, the coordination is a
decisive factor for the efficiency and destruction of physical and technical strength) and
operations for an organization or company. This indirect relationship is often demonstrated
through the technologies and means used in production (to those within an organization), and in
advertising and sales (between company and customer, partner).

Modern technology is developed at a rapid rate and is increasingly used in all fields. One of the
most significant scientific and technical advances in the twentieth century is Information
Technology. The use of advanced technology in business activities and management is not only
an urgent requirement but also. has been shown to have many advantages over traditional
production and business measures. New technology has become a key element of a company's
competitive advantage. New technologies also facilitate improved management in all
organizations. However, using New Technology in production, sales and management can also
cause ethical problems. The first ethical issue is related to the protection of copyrights and rights
to intellectual property, the development of information technology makes the copying, printing
and duplication of documents, music tapes and pictures. Photo becomes extremely simple and
easy. Their dissemination has also become extremely convenient and quick.

The second ethical issue is related to advertising and selling online. Advertising and selling
online is a new way of doing business that is becoming very popular. With the effective help of
information technology, direct contact between buyers and sellers is no longer necessary,
company and product information is sent to regular customers; on the contrary, consumers also
provide personal information to the producer. However, online advertising can cause ethical
issues related to advertising dishonest, deceive, or pollute "customers. Through a computerized
system, online marketing becomes easier, convenient and more effective by aiming directly at the
target audience. The regular "visit" by business and commercial firms to the address of each
customer unexpectedly and the expectations of the customer causes many obstacles for customers
in professional activities and consumption choices. and private life. Using modern means and
techniques to access and exploit mailboxes or personal information is not only illegal but also
immoral.

The third ethical issue relates to the confidentiality of customers' personal information.
Traditional marketing measures place a great emphasis on gathering customer information.
Modern technology is very helpful

a lot for the collection, storage and processing of personal information. Ethical problems can
arise from consumers' inability to control the personal information that the company collects and
that, as a result, companies may misuse them for various, unintended purposes. consumer wants.
Telecommunication companies often require internet subscribers to provide basic personal
information, which can be provided to commercial companies or other advertisements for access.
Private mailbox for advertising, sending or retrieving information. Illegal access by various
persons to private addresses can result from the disclosure of confidential personal information.

The fourth ethical issue relates to the employee's right to privacy and confidentiality of personal
information. Modern technology is widely used in the control and supervision of the
manufacturing process. It not only reduces the burden on the manager but also increases the
accuracy in coordination, control management and increases the efficiency of production
operations in general. The outstanding advantages of high-tech control are evident in automation
and mechanization technologies. Controlling with modern human technology can cause ethical
problems. Remote monitoring with modern equipment can put psychological pressure on workers
feeling that privacy at the workplace is violated. This right of workers has not been focused and
institutionalized in many countries, but is very respected and protected by law in many other
countries. It is built on the basis of individual liberties and empirical evidence of a high rate of
accidents due to psychological suppression.

(iv) Conflict of interests

Conflicts of interest arise when a person is in a situation of being forced to make choices either
for self-interest, or the interests of others or organizational interests. Conflicts of interest can arise
in an individual's decisions, when different interests must be weighed, or in organizational
decisions when the interests of individuals must be balanced. The group of stakeholders differs
within the company or between the interests of the company and the interests of other individuals
and organizations outside the company.

Benefits come in different forms, they can be specific and verifiable quantities such as
productivity, wages, power position bonus, market share, sales, profits, results. complete".
growth, but it can also be the manifestations of the state of great measure such as prestige,
reputation, market position, quality, confidence in the job. However, there are two features that
are worth noting. So not all stakeholders "hunt" for benefits. Each other concerned object has a
special interest in one. Second, there is often a certain fruitful relationship between benefits.
Conflicts of interests reflect a conflict of interests - wanting to be achieved between different
objects or within the same object (self-conflict), between immediate and long-term interests.

Forms and phenomena of bribery and corruption are also causes and manifestations of conflicting
interests. Conflict of interests is a very common relationship that causes many difficulties for
decision-makers and managers to practice business ethics. They can lead to the personal interests
outweigh the interests of the organization, the local interests outweigh the overall interests, the
short-term benefits outweigh the long-term benefits. They can interfere with honest competition.
Companies need to find ways to eliminate conflicts of interest when carrying out production and
supply activities for goods and services.

b. Areas of Marketing Conflict

The relationship between the consumer and the producer begins with marketing. It is the starting
point for consumer identification, consideration and selection of goods and is also the starting
point for the design, calculation and selection of producers' supply methods. The interests of each
party are based on these preliminary information. Advertising for consumers and producers is
essential. Market research is also for the benefit of both parties. However, ethical issues can also
arise from marketing activities.

Advertising can be considered immoral when it is used by manufacturers with the intent to induce
buyers to tie buyers to existing products. They can create a trend, or even consumerism.
Companies when advertising are often aimed at targeted customers or target markets. In practice,
however, very few companies do this effectively. They advertise in a way that "shoots cluster
bullets", so they are impacted even by those who are not lying

in the "round of sight". The purpose of advertising is often hidden in very sophisticated forms,
difficult to support and can lead to the consumer becoming dependent on goods or production.
Advertising sometimes becomes very crude, lack of delicacy, culture, it not only detracts from
delicate aesthetics, but can also cause disapproval among potential consumers.

Marketing is used by companies to gather information about consumers and target customers for
product design to satisfy their consumer needs. Marketing can also lead to ethical issues related
to the collection and use of personal information about customers, product safety and consumer
protection. Ethical issues in marketing can be related to binding customers to products or to
organizations, companies that make consumer demand dependent on products and production and
business activities of the company. intentional. Marketing research can also be used to gather
confidential information or trade secrets for other purposes. Pricing and the use of consumption
channels can also contain potential consumer and competition ethical issues. Fixing prices,
dumping prices or monopoly pricing are not only damaging to consumers or immediate
competition, but also in the long run.

(ii) Technical facilities

As mentioned above, in production and business, human relationships are partly built on the basis
of technology, in which the technical means plays an important role.

The technical vehicle is used in operations and production as an operational implementation and
monitoring tool, research-deployment and management technical vehicle. For high productivity,
ensuring the provision of goods and services is a means of controlling activity

results of scientific and technical advances and research ... improve efficiency of service goods
supply. For managers, they are used as tools and means of enhancing their efficiency, ensuring
quality, and enhancing their performance. management (planning, organization, staffing,
administration, control). Ethical problems can arise in the use of modern technological means in
relation to customers. Contradictions may arise: in the application of new techniques in product
design and manufacture - reducing costs, costs, but can affect the environment and security due to
the tendency to increase in speed. with the product. Ethical issues can be exported: in advertising
and sales techniques and technologies. Existing techniques: used in advertising can make non-
German advertising methods more sophisticated and difficult to recognize. Selling online or e-
commerce can become an opportunity for fraud.

In relation to employees, modern technical means of management can help improve working
conditions and the coordination between work positions, ensuring the safety of the operation. and
health for workers. However, they can also lead to adverse psychological and physiological
pressures on workers such as feeling under constant supervision, work pressure, vague fear,
compromised privacy, and intensity of labor. increased mobility, loss of freedom and confidence.
These negative effects can not only reduce productivity, increase accident rates, and reduce
quality, but can also lead to legal incidents and an adverse organizational atmosphere.

3 Identify ethical issues

Potential ethical issues in all aspects and areas of management and business activities. They are
the source leading to serious consequences for the reputation, existence and development of an
organization or company. Therefore, recognizing potential ethical issues is very important for
making sound and ethical decisions in management and business. Organizations and companies
increasingly recognize the role and attach importance to building the image of organizations and
companies in the eyes of society. To build the company's "personality", ethical decisions play a
decisive role,

The ethical problem identification depends a lot on the level of deep understanding of the
relationships between actors (aspects, domains, factors, stakeholders) related to ethical issues in a
real business situation, activity. Knowledge and practical experience help analysts easily
recognize the nature of underlying relationships and potential contradictions in the ambiguity of
complex relationships.

Exhibit 1.22 is a classification of relationships that can be helpful in verifying the nature of the
relationship and Exhibit 1.23 is a composite example of the source of potential business conflicts.
between different stakeholders.

Ethical identification is of particular importance for their handling. It is the beginning of the
"healing" process. "Proper diagnosis and treatment will be easy". To facilitate the identification
of ethical problems, the following steps can be carried out in a sequence.

ILLUSION 1.22: THE SUBSTANCE OF THE ISSUES OF ETHICS

The first is to verify the people involved. Relevant object is internal or external, directly or
indirectly involved, that reveals relevant or latent facts. Because they have a different degree of
influence, they have important influence ability to be considered to examine these objects in
terms of opinion and philosophy because they determine their action and reaction. The opinion
and philosophy of an object is expressed through their assessment of whether an action is
contradictory or contains unethical factors.

ILLUSION 1.23: THE SOURCES OF CONCENTRATION IN SURVING ACTIVITIES

The second is to verify the concerns and wishes of the concerned objects expressed through a
specific event or situation. Managers have certain expectations about employee behavior and
results. They use organizational measures (power structures) and techniques (technology) to
assist employees in fulfilling their wishes in a particular job, activity, or program. In contrast,
employees also have certain expectations of their managers. These expectations can be the
shaping of rules of action, standards of behavior for operational decision-making, satisfying
personal interests (ambition, career opportunities, respect, employment, income, etc.). import).
Similarly, the owner also has certain expectations of the manager (often strategic, ambitious,
long-term issues), while the manager also has certain expectations that need to be met.

fulfilled when accepting the mandated responsibility (reputation, power, opportunity to perform,
income). As such, each subject may have certain interests and desires or expectations of other
stakeholders in the same thing. When the interests and desires of subjects toward each other do
not conflict or conflict, the chances of an ethical problem arise are virtually absent. On the
contrary, if concerns and wishes to be together cannot be harmonized, ethical problems will arise.
It should be noted that objects can also self-contradict if interests and desires are inconsistent or
cannot be reconciled.

The third is to define the nature of the problem ethics. Determining the nature of a question of
ethics can be done through pointing out the nature of a contradiction. Since contradictions can be
expressed in many different aspects such as views, philosophies, goals, interests, pointing out the
nature of the contradiction is only possible after verifying the relationship between the
manifestations. this. Exhibit 123 is a summary of possible inconsistencies in the relationships
between the objects of interest.

The matrix presented in Tool 1.1 and Illustration 11.24 is the generalized way by way of the
contradiction traceability three-step process diagram above. Thereby it can be clearly seen that in
order to overcome the conflict, the best way is to make everyone satisfied. It can only be done if
it limits or excludes disagreements about members' perceptions, philosophies and methods of
action. At that time, company culture plays a role as an extremely effective and effective means
to achieve this goal.
III. CONCLUSION
Morality is a social category of human relationships. Ethics refers to the nature and foundation of
human relationships and is expressed through the concept of right, wrong, fairness, standards and
codes of conduct in human relationships. to humans and to people with the natural world. Ethics
contains human perceived values of natural and social gender, is reflected in behavior and is
perceived and judged by society. This concept is not only shown in individuals as independent
personalities "but also through the relationship - collective personality into" organizational
personality ". Therefore, it is more and more interested in and developed by organizations and
businesses.

The system of concepts of business ethics, including business ethics, corporate culture, social
responsibility and branding, appears more and more in philosophies, action strategies and
operational activities. daily. Although appearing in economically developed countries, typically
in the US, in the last decades of the twentieth century, these concepts still show the influences of
Eastern moral philosophy. This is an advantage for businesses in our country.

Ethical issues are situations, situations, and phenomena in which an individual or organization
must consider choosing between different ways of acting on the basis of right or wrong, morality
or immorality. The nature of ethical problems is caused by conflicts between individuals and
collectives.

In practice, ethical conflicts in business often appear between key stakeholders such as
companies, customers, managers, owners, employees, partners (suppliers, competitors), the
community and society, as a result of the business practices in place, can cause irreconcilable
physical and mental effects on them.

Ethical conflicts can arise measuring conflicts of interest, differing conceptions of honesty and
fairness, and the performance of these obligations through the provision of information, about the
use of technical means. and technology in manufacturing, sales, and management activities. They
can appear in decisions related to management functions, management areas such as marketing,
Technology, human resources, finance, management, as well as in various aspects such as
philosophy, rights forces and responsibilities, operational organization, interests between
stakeholders,

Among the proven principles are two noteworthy principles: (1) "the more public opinion an
activity contains"; and (2) "The more publicly discussed an issue, activity, or situation requires a
decision, the less likely it is to have an ethical issue in implementation." -
Câu 1: Briefly present tools and methods of analyzing ethical behavior in business

5 questions to ask before going into ethical behavior analysis

• Who are the stakeholders? What are their interests in this regard? Do those interests conflict?

• What personality traits are involved in dealing with ethical dilemmas?

• What benefits and harms will each course of action create for stakeholders? What alternative actions would
lead to the best overall outcome?

• What ethical rights do those directly affected have? What is my duty to them?

• Is everyone involved in ethics given equal consideration? Is it certain that no one is biased or discriminated
against?

** Method

1. The 7-step method for solving ethical problems

• Step 1: Collect relevant facts

- What are the relevant events? Make sure you listen to all stakeholders before choosing a course of action.

• Step 2: Identify ethical issues

- What are the existing ethical violations? What is correct? is wrong? good? is bad?

• Step 3. Identify who the stakeholders are and what are their interests?

- Who will be affected by your decision? What are their concerns? Are their interests in conflict?

Step 4: Identify alternative action sequences

- What can and cannot be done? Offer options to deal with the situation. The number of options can range from 3
to 5 so there are many options

• Step 5: Analyze alternatives that align with the organization's existing ethical philosophies and codes of
conduct.

- Ethical assessment of each alternative. Determine which ethical philosophy to consider best resolves the
dilemma.

• Step 6: Decide on a course of action.

- Before making a final decision it is necessary to apply reasonable tests.

• Step 7: Action

- You need to choose the right time to act. Maintain moral courage throughout the course of action. Make sure
your behavior is consistent with your beliefs about the right and wrong norm; good and bad.

2. Problem solving method according to KOALA

• Step 1: Knowledge: To solve ethical issues, it is necessary to collect a lot of information and fully understand the
facts.
• Step 2: Objectives: Determine the goal of solving the problem. What does problem solving aim to achieve?

• Step 3: Alternatives: Provide many solutions, can give 3-5 options to choose from. There should not be only one
way to solve the problem.

• Step 4: Look ahead: For each solution, we need to evaluate and anticipate possible consequences.

• Step 5: Action: Once a suitable solution has been identified, consistent and timely action is required.

** Tool

1. Stakeholders analysis method

Stakeholder analysis is a method of analyzing stakeholders involved in a proposed decision or action to uncover
potential conflicts or conflicts between them that are likely to lead to a reaction. On that basis, choose the
decision, the action that can satisfy the most of their desires or lead to the most favorable action or the least
possible negative reaction. Relevance analysis can be performed in a three-step sequence.

 Step 1: verify stakeholders. In business, decision makers usually only pay attention to direct objects.
 Step 2: verify the concerns and wishes of the stakeholders related to the incident, situation, problem,
decision under consideration
 Step 3: Identify potential conflicts and contradictions. Conflicts and contradictions will arise when the
realization of the goals/wants/expectations of some objects can lead to hindering the realization of the
desired goals and expectations of some other objects.

2. 360 degree feedback method

Feedback 3600 is an evaluation method based on feedback from many different directions, from employees of
other groups, direct bosses, subordinates, members of management to customers and suppliers. … This is the
most effective method for gathering information regarding difficult-to-measure aspects of job performance
(behavior, leadership behavior, etc.). This method helps managers get feedback from a variety of sources about a
person's behaviors in the workplace.

3. Behavioral analysis using the Ethical Algorithm

Ethical algorithm is a system of steps with a certain rule and order to guide, point out morally valid opinions and
solutions. Ethical Algorithm is an essential tool to help managers identify optimal ethical solutions in business
operations, identify ethical difficulties when making business decisions, predict Avoid business dilemmas.

Decision making in the Ethical Algorithm

+ Step 1 - Objectives: What does the business want to achieve?

Are there multiple goals?/Are the goals in harmony?/Top audience?

+ Step 2- Measure: How to pursue the goal?

Do interested parties endorse the company's actions?/Do the measures meet or maximize the stated objectives?

+ Step 3 – Motivation: What drives goal accomplishment?

Secret business or public real motives? Does the business follow individual or collective interests?/What are the
guiding values of the business?

+ Step 4 – Consequences: What consequences can be foreseen?

Will the consequences happen in the short or long term?/Consequences affecting the target audience of the
business/ Is there an element of surprise?
4. PA method

Verifying the engine is very difficult to work, sometimes considered almost

impossible to do. However, the verification of motives is decisive in understanding human
behavior in specific circumstances and finding ways to satisfy human desires best. An
efficient approach to understanding human motivation stems from the view that "motivation is
the 'root' of behavior, the cause of the causes of problems." Thus, the verification of the
motive is essentially the systematic repetition of answering the "why" or "why" questions in a
chain reaction, starting with phenomena to verify the cause and cause of the cause, or the root
cause of the problem, phenomenon. The above approach is generalized in a method of
analysis - the method of cause analysis or problem analysis (PA) - which is very commonly
used in practice. This method is part of the method of meta-analysis - the method of analyzing
problems and solutions - whose principles are presented
The essence of the method of analyzing the problem is to systematically determine the
causal connection between the factors to find out the nature of the problem - the
phenomenon. In the system of phenomenal relationships - this nature is always the result;
nature is the cause. In turn, the cause results from one or more deep-seated causes (root
causes)
4. Fishbone analysis method

Fishbone diagram or cause - effect diagram, whose original name is Ishikawa method, is a method to
identify problems and provide solutions in management and leadership.

Câu 2: How can ethical dilemma be identified in business practices?

Ethical issues in the workplace occur when a moral dilemma emerges and must be resolved within a
corporation. Many areas of a company's general operating standards can be affected by ethical issues.
Although each ethical dilemma is unique, there are a few commonalities. In every ethical dilemma, right
and incorrect choices exist. When faced with an ethical issue, one must choose between doing the right
thing and doing the wrong thing. There may be no right or incorrect answer when faced with a common
challenge or issue. A person may suffer harm as a result of a wrong decision in an ethical quandary. Even
if the harm is limited to physical discomfort, it might also include emotional distress. Ethical dilemmas
also frequently deal with legal issues. Ethical behavior is an important component of obeying the law.

We observe that ethical dilemmas can be used by the following three elements:

1. The agent must be faced with a choice or the need to make a decision.
2. The agent must have more than one course of action available.

3. The agent recognizes that all available courses of action require them to compromise on some
personally held ethical standard or value.

**Types of Ethical Dilemma: there are several different types of ethical dilemmas that agents may
encounter in the course of performing their roles and responsibilities:

1. Epistemic dilemmas take place in a decision-making context where moral conflict standards and the
agent cannot readily determine which ethical principle should take precedence over the other.

2. A self-imposed dilemma is one created by the agent's own errors in judgment, such as making
competing promises to multiple organizations that cannot be fulfilled simultaneously. In contrast, a
world-imposed dilemma is caused by circumstances outside the agent's control.

3. An obligation dilemma is one where an agent has multiple options and more than one of them is
obligatory, while a prohibition dilemma occurs when all available options are prohibited.

**Example:

Ethical dilemmas occur regularly in the business environment where employees make decisions that
impact the success and profitability of organizations. Employees may experience an ethical dilemma
when deciding whether to report an incident of workplace harassment or declare a conflict of interest.
In the first case, the employee might understand that the harassment is wrong, but feel guilty about
getting their colleague in trouble. In the latter case, the employee might recognize their fiduciary duty to
the organization, but feel a sense of loyalty to their family and friends that makes it difficult to do the
right thing

How Do You Identify an Ethical Dilemma?

Experts agree that identifying an ethical dilemma starts with recognizing your gut reaction to a
problematic situation. If a decision seems to challenge your moral compass, it’s time to take a step back
and investigate further.

You might proceed by writing down:

1. The decision you need to make.

2. The various options or courses of action available.

3. The ethical pros and cons of each available action.

Câu 3: Why is corporate culture considered as the soul of an enterprise?

A company’s culture is the only truly unique identifier. Everything else (products, strategies, marketing,
even innovations) can be replicated, but the only truly unique identifiers are the values and norms of the
organization – its culture, or personality. A strong organizational culture can clearly differentiate a
business from its competitors in the mind of its stakeholders.

Organizational culture consists of shared beliefs and values established by the organization’s leaders and
then communicated and reinforced through various methods, ultimately shaping employee perceptions,
behaviors and understanding. Your culture can be a reflection (or a betrayal) of your company’s core
values. The ways in which you conduct business, manage workflow, interact as a team, and treat your
customers all add up to an experience that should represent who you are as an organization and how
you believe a company should be run. In short, your culture is the sum of your company’s beliefs in
action. Simply speaking, a company’s structure and design can be viewed as its body, and its culture as
its soul.

A strong culture, in which members agree upon and care intensely about organizational values, can
improve business performance by motivating employees and coordinating their behavior towards a
vision and specific performance goals that benefit the company. A "strong" company culture is often
characterized by a unique style with elements that are very different from other organizations, although
invisible but easily recognizable such as the atmosphere inside the organization, the enthusiasm in the
organization. labor and the subtleties of human relations. In such organizations, core values are shared
and firmly upheld by all members of the organization. “Strong” company cultures have a greater
influence on members than “weak” corporate cultures, due to a higher degree of acceptance of key
values and commitment by organizational members. , they are more committed and adherent to these
values.