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Man
(Redirected from Men)

A man is an adult male human.[1][2] Prior to adulthood, a male

human is referred to as a boy (a male child or adolescent). Like
most other male mammals, a man's genome usually inherits an
X  chromosome from the mother and a Y  chromosome from the
father. Sex differentiation of the male fetus is governed by the SRY
gene on the Y chromosome. During puberty, hormones which
stimulate androgen production result in the development of
secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater
differences between the sexes. These include greater muscle mass,
the growth of facial hair and a lower body fat composition.

Male anatomy is distinguished from female anatomy by the male

reproductive system, which includes the penis, testicles, sperm
duct, prostate gland and the epididymis, and by secondary sex
characteristics, including a narrower pelvis, narrower hips, and
smaller breasts without mammary glands. A man

Throughout human history, traditional gender roles have often

defined and limited men's activities and opportunities. Men often face conscription into military
service or are directed into professions with high mortality rates, resulting in a shorter life expectancy
than women. Many religious doctrines stipulate certain rules for men, such as forced circumcision.
Men are over-represented as both perpetrators and victims of violence.

Trans men have a gender identity that does not align with their female sex assignment at birth, while
intersex men may have sex characteristics that do not fit typical notions of male biology.

Etymology
The English term "man" is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *man- (see Sanskrit/Avestan
manu-, Slavic mǫž "man, male").[3] More directly, the word derives from Old English mann. The Old
English form primarily meant "person" or "human being" and referred to men, women, and children
alike. The Old English word for "man" as distinct from "woman" or "child" was wer. Mann only came
to mean "man" in Middle English, replacing wer, which survives today only in the compounds
"werewolf" (from Old English werwulf, literally "man-wolf"), and "wergild", literally "man-
payment".[4][5][6]

Biology
In humans, sperm cells carry either an X or a Y sex chromosome. If a sperm cell carrying a Y
chromosome fertilizes the female ovum, the offspring will have a male karyotype (XY). The SRY gene
is typically found on the Y chromosome and causes the development of the testes, which in turn

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govern other aspects of male sex differentiation. Sex

differentiation in males proceeds in a testes-dependent way while
female differentiation is not gonad dependent.[7]

Primary sex characteristics (or sex organs) are characteristics that

are present at birth and are integral to the reproductive process.
For men, primary sex characteristics include the penis and
testicles.

Adult humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many other

characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive Karyogram of a human male using
ability. Humans are sexually dimorphic in body size, body Giemsa staining. Human males
structure, and body composition. Men tend to be taller and heavier typically possess an XY
than women, and adjusted for height, men tend to have greater combination.
lean and bone mass than women, and lower fat mass.[8]

Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear during

puberty in humans.[9][10] Such features are especially evident in
the sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits that distinguish between
the sexes, but—unlike the primary sex characteristics—are not
directly part of the reproductive system.[11][12][13] Secondary
sexual characteristics that are specific to men include:

Broadened shoulders;[14]
Increased body hair;
An enlarged larynx (also known as an Adam's apple);[14] and
A voice that is significantly deeper than the voice of a child or a
woman.[12]
Photograph of an adult male human
Men weigh more than women.[15]
On average, men are taller than (right side of image), with an adult
women by about 10%. [15] On average, men have a larger waist in female for comparison.(left side of
comparison to their hips (see waist–hip ratio) than women. In image) Note that the pubic hair of
women, the index and ring fingers tend to be either more similar both models is removed.
in size or their index finger is slightly longer than their ring finger,
whereas men's ring finger tends to be longer.[16]

Reproductive system

The male reproductive system includes external and internal genitalia. The male external genitalia
consist of the penis, the male urethra, and the scrotum, while the male internal genitalia consist of the
testes, the prostate, the epididymis, the seminal vesicle, the vas deferens, the ejaculatory duct, and the
bulbourethral gland.[17]

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The male reproductive system's function is to produce semen, which

carries sperm and thus genetic information that can unite with an egg
within a woman. Since sperm that enters a woman's uterus and then
fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus
or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during
the gestation. The study of male reproduction and associated organs
is called andrology.[18]

Sex hormones

Testosterone stimulates the development of the Wolffian ducts, the A lateral cutaway of the human
penis, and closure of the labioscrotal folds into the scrotum. Another male lower abdomen, showing
the human male reproductive
significant hormone in sexual differentiation is the anti-Müllerian
system anatomy
hormone, which inhibits the development of the Müllerian ducts. For
males during puberty, testosterone, along with gonadotropins
released by the pituitary gland, stimulates spermatogenesis.[19]

Health

While a majority of the global health gender disparities is weighted against women, there are
situations in which men tend to fare poorer. One such instance is armed conflicts, where men are
often the immediate victims. A study of conflicts in 13 countries from 1955 to 2002 found that 81% of
all violent war deaths were male.[20] Apart from armed conflicts, areas with high incidence of violence,
such as regions controlled by drug cartels, also see men experiencing higher mortality rates.[21] This
stems from social beliefs that associate ideals of masculinity with aggressive, confrontational
behavior.[22] Lastly, sudden and drastic changes in economic environments and the loss of social
safety nets, in particular social subsidies and food stamps, have also been linked to higher levels of
alcohol consumption and psychological stress among men, leading to a spike in male mortality rates.
This is because such situations often makes it harder for men to provide for their family, a task that
has been long regarded as the "essence of masculinity."[23] A retrospective analyses of people infected
with the common cold found that doctors underrate the symptoms of men, and are more willing to
attribute symptoms and illness to women than men.[24] Women live longer than men in all countries,
and across all age groups, for which reliable records exist.[25] In the United States, men are less
healthy than women across all social classes. Non-white men are especially unhealthy. Men are over-
represented in dangerous occupations and represent a majority of on the job deaths. Further, medical
doctors provide men with less service, less advice, and spend less time with men than they do with
women per medical encounter.[26]

Sexuality and gender

Male sexuality and attraction vary from person to person, and a man's sexual behavior can be affected
by many factors, including evolved predispositions, personality, upbringing, and culture. While the
majority of men are heterosexual, significant minorities are homosexual or bisexual.[27]

Trans men have a male gender identity that does not align with their female sex assignment at birth
and may undergo masculinizing hormone replacement therapy and/or sex reassignment surgery,[28]
while intersex men may have sex characteristics that do not fit typical notions of male biology.[29] A

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2016 systemic review estimated that 0.256% of people self-identify as female-to-male transgender.[30]
A 2017 survey of 80,929 Minnesota students found that roughly twice as many female-assigned
adolescents self-identified as transgender, compared to adolescents with a male sex assignment.[31]

Social role

Masculinity

Masculinity (also sometimes called manhood or manliness) is the set of

personality traits and attributes associated with boys and men. Although
masculinity is socially constructed,[32] some research indicates that
some behaviors considered masculine are biologically influenced.[33] To
what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to
debate.[33] It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as
both males and females can exhibit masculine traits.[34] Men generally
face social stigma for embodying feminine traits, more so than women
do for embodying masculine traits.[35] This can also manifest as
homophobia.[36]

Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures and

historical periods.[37] While the outward signs of masculinity look
different in different cultures, there are some common aspects to its
Michelangelo's David is the
definition across cultures. In all cultures in the past, and still among
classical image of youthful
traditional and non-Western cultures, getting married is the most
male beauty in Western art.
common and definitive distinction between boyhood and manhood.[38]
In the late 20th century, some qualities traditionally associated with
marriage (such as the "triple Ps" of protecting, providing, and procreating) were still considered
signs of having achieved manhood.[38][39]

Relationships

Platonic relationships are not significantly different between men and women, though some
differences do exist. Friendships involving men tend to be based more on shared activities than self-
disclosure and personal connection. Perceptions of friendship involving men varies among cultures
and time periods.[40] In heterosexual romantic relationships, men are typically expected to take a
proactive role, initiate the relationship, plan dates, and propose marriage.[41]

Status

Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class.
In Western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status. Many
English words such as virtue and virile (from the Indo-European root vir meaning man) reflect
this.[42][43] In most cultures, male privilege allows men more rights and privileges than women. In

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societies where men are not given special legal privileges, they typically hold more positions of power,
and men are seen as being taken more seriously in society.[44] This is associated with a "gender-role
strain" in which men face increased societal pressure to conform to gender roles.[45]

Entertainment and media

Media portrayals of men often replicate traditional understanding of masculinity. Men are portrayed
more frequently in television than women and most commonly appear as leads in action and drama
programming. Men are typically more active in television programming than women and typically
hold more power and status. Due to their prominence, men are more likely to be both the objects and
instigators of humorous or disparaging content. Fathers are often portrayed in television as either
idealized and caring or clumsy and inept. In advertising, men are disproportionately featured in
advertisements for alcohol, vehicles, and business products.[46]

Rights
In most societies, men have more legal and cultural rights than women,[44] and misogyny is far more
prevalent than misandry in society.[47][48] Men typically receive less support after being victims of
sexual assault, and rape of males is stigmatized.[49] Domestic violence against men is similarly
stigmatized.[50] Opponents of circumcision describe it as a human rights violation.[51] The fathers'
rights movement seeks to support separated fathers that do not receive equal rights to care for their
children.[52] The men's movement is the response to issues faced by men in Western countries. It
includes pro-feminist groups such as the men's liberation movement and anti-feminist groups such as
the manosphere and the men's rights movement.

Sex symbol
The Mars symbol (♂) is a common symbol that represents the male sex.[53] The symbol is identical to
the planetary symbol of Mars.[54] It was first used to denote sex by Carl Linnaeus in 1751.[55] The
symbol is sometimes seen as a stylized representation of the shield and spear of the Roman god Mars.
According to Stearn, however, this derivation is "fanciful" and all the historical evidence favours "the
conclusion of the French classical scholar Claude de Saumaise" that it is derived from θρ, the
contraction of a Greek name for the planet Mars, which is Thouros.[56]

See also
Woman
Lists of men
Men's studies
Patriarchy
Sex differences in humans
Sexism

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2/4/23, 7:54 PM Man - Wikipedia

55. Stearn, William T. (May 1962). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology" (https://ia
pt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf) (PDF). Taxon. 11 (4): 109–113.
doi:10.2307/1217734 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1217734). ISSN 0040-0262 (https://www.worldc
at.org/issn/0040-0262). JSTOR 1217734 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734). "Their first
biological use is in the Linnaean dissertation Plantae hybridae xxx sistit J. J. Haartman (1751)
where in discussing hybrid plants Linnaeus denoted the supposed female parent species by the
sign ♀, the male parent by the sign ♂, the hybrid by ☿: 'matrem signo ♀, patrem ♂ & plantam
hybridam ☿ designavero'. In subsequent publications he retained the signs ♀ and ♂ for male and
female individuals but discarded ☿ for hybrids."
56. Stearn, William T. (1962). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology" (https://www.jst
or.org/stable/1217734). Taxon. 11 (4): 109–113. doi:10.2307/1217734 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F
1217734). ISSN 0040-0262 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262). JSTOR 1217734 (https://w
ww.jstor.org/stable/1217734).

Bibliography
Helgeson, Vicki S. (2017). Psychology of Gender (5th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781138186873.

Further reading
Andrew Perchuk, Simon Watney, bell hooks, The Masculine Masquerade: Masculinity and
Representation, MIT Press 1995
Pierre Bourdieu, Masculine Domination, Paperback Edition, Stanford University Press 2001
Robert W. Connell, Masculinities, Cambridge : Polity Press, 1995
Warren Farrell, The Myth of Male Power Berkley Trade, 1993 ISBN 0-425-18144-8
Michael Kimmel (ed.), Robert W. Connell (ed.), Jeff Hearn (ed.), Handbook of Studies on Men and
Masculinities, Sage Publications 2004

External links
The dictionary definition of man at Wiktionary
Quotations related to Man at Wikiquote
Media related to Men at Wikimedia Commons

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