Macrame Technique PDF

DEVELOPMENT OF CURTAINS USING
MACRAME TECHNIQUE
BY
BHARTI RANI
2014HS24M
Thesis submitted to Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana

Agricultural University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
TEXTILE AND APPAREL DESIGNING
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND APPAREL DESIGNING

I.C. COLLEGE OF HOME SCIENCE
CCS HARYANA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
HISAR - 125004 (HARYANA)
2017
CERTIFICATE – I
This is to certify that this thesis entitled, ‘Development of Curtains using Macramé
Technique’ submitted for the degree of Master of Science, in the subject of ‘Textile and
Apparel Designing’ to the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, is a bonafide research work
carried out by Ms. Bharti Rani, Admn. No. 2014HS24M, under my guidance and
supervision and that no part of this dissertation has been submitted for any other degree.
The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully
acknowledged.
Dr. Saroj Yadav

Major Advisor
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Textile and Apparel Designing
CCS HAU, Hisar-125004
CERTIFICATE–II
This is to certify that this thesis entitled, ‘Development of Curtains using

Macramé Technique’ submitted by Ms. Bharti Rani, Admn. No. 2014HS24M, to the CCS
Haryana Agricultural University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science, in the subject of ‘Textile and Apparel Designing’ has been approved by
the Student’s Advisory Committee after an oral examination on the same in collaboration
with External Examiner.
.
MAJOR ADVISOR EXTERNAL EXAMINER
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
DEAN, POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

CERTIFICATE –III
FORMAT FOR P. G. THESIS
It is certified that the thesis submitted by Ms. Bharti Rani, Admn. No. 2014HS24M,
M.Sc. student of this department has been checked and found as per specification of the
format circulated by the Dean, PGS vide his Memo No. PGS/A-1/09/6926-90 Dated
26.08.2009.
MAJOR ADVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

UNDERTAKING OF THE COPY RIGHT
I, Bharti Rani, Admn. No. 2014HS24M undertake that I give copy right to the
CCSHAU, Hisar of my thesis entitled, ‘Development of Curtains using Macramé
Technique’. I also undertake that, patent, if any, arising out of the research work conducted
during the programme shall be filed by me only with due permission of the competent
authority of CCSHAU, Hisar.
(Bharti Rani)
Signature of Student
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I bow my head before Him, the Almighty God, for showering His grace and
blessings upon me during the entire period of my research work and study in this University. I would
like to express my gratitude from the core of my heart towards every single person who has been a
source of support for me.
I express my deep sense of indebtedness and profound gratitude to my speculative prudent,
esteemed, diligent and dignified revered guide Dr. Saroj Yadav, Assistant Professor, Department of
Textile and Apparel Designing, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar for
her valuable and gifted guidance, continuous encouragement and constant support in completing this
research work. For all this kind consideration, I am beholder to her in a special manner and no words
can fully convey my feelings of respect and regards for her.
I wish to convey my heartiest appreciations for her patience, relentless zeal, inspiring attitude,
critical supervision, understanding and continuous encouragement extended to me by my Co- Advisor,
Prof. Krishna Khambra, Department of Textile and Apparel Designing. I also honour and thank this
same spark to the members of my advisory committee, Dr. Seema Rani, Professor (EECM), Dr. Rajvir
Singh, Professor (Chem. and Biochem.) and Dr. Shanti Balda, Professor (Human Development and
Family Studies).
I much obliged to thank Dr. Parveen Punia, Dean, I. C. College of Home Science, CCSHAU,
Hisar for providing all the necessary facilities required for completing the research work. I sincerely
feel obliged and grateful to Dr. Nirmal Yadav, Professor and Head, Department of Textile and Apparel
Designing, Dr. Saroj S. Jeet Singh, Dr. Neelam M. Rose, Dr. Vivek Singh, Dr. Nisha Arya, Mrs. Rakhi
Dalal and Dr. Geeta Gaba for their benevolent guidance and help.
It is my pleasure to express my thanks to all non-teaching staff members and my fellow
students from the department for their constant encouragement and support.
The words can hardly express my feeling of indebtedness to my parents, Mr. Ved Parkash
Swami and Mrs. Sushila Devi, my brothers and sisters Dheeraj, Karuna, Pooja, Sonu, Priya, Rachna,
Arvind and Mamta whose affectionate blessings, encouragement and support have always given me
confidence to complete my work. Special thanks to my friends and seniors Diksha Mehta, Neelam
Saini, Suman Sodhi, Reena Rawal, Mona Verma, Suman, Zeba, Sushma, Nisha, Manesh, Kavita, Jyoti
and Priyanka Beniwal as they have been a great support in completion of my academic journey.
I am thankful to my institute, CCS HAU, Hisar for providing the facilities for research and
financial help in the shape of merit scholarship for acquiring this degree.
At last, but not the least, I record my sincere thanks to all those who have helped me directly
or indirectly to achieve my goal.
Place: Hisar Bharti Rani
Date:
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
I INTRODUCTION 1-3
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-13
III MATERIAL AND METHODS 14-19
IV RESULTS 20-51
V DISCUSSION 52-57
VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 58-62
BIBLIOGRAPHY i-iii
ANNEXURES I-X
DESIGN CATALOGUE 1-22

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO. NO.
1. Existing practices for partition curtains available in showrooms 21
2. Availability of raw material for partition curtains in the showrooms 22
3. Style of display of partition curtains used in showrooms 22
4. Sources of information used by showroom owners for buying 22
partition curtains
5. Type of sale outlets patronised for purchasing partition curtains 23
6. Factors considered by showroom owners for selection of partition 24
curtains
7. Socio-personal profile of the consumers 25
8. Purpose of utility given by consumers for partition curtains 26
9. Places of purchase preferred by consumers for partition curtains 26
10. Existing usage and purchase practices of consumers for partition 28
curtains
11. Sources of information used by consumers for selection of partition 29
curtains
12. Factors affecting selection of partition curtains 30
13. Frequency of change of partition curtains 30
14. Consumers’ satisfaction for partition curtains available in the market 31
15. Consumers’ preferences for different types of partition curtains 32
16. Preferential choices of experts for Macramé cords 35
17. Experts’ preferences for colour of cord for partition curtains 36
18. Experts’ preferences for accessories for partition curtains 37
19. Experts’ preferences for Macramé knots for partition curtains 39
20. Experts’ preferences for developed Macramé knot combination 40
designs
21. Preferences for developed Macramé partition curtain designs 45
22. Cost of developed Macramé partition curtains 47
23. Opinion of consumers regarding developed curtains on various 48
parameters
24. Opinion of the consumers regarding developed curtains 49
25. Opinion of consumers regarding cost of developed Macramé partition 50
curtains
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO. NO.
1. Sources of information used by showroom owners for buying 23

partition curtains
2. Type of sale outlets patronised for purchasing partition curtains 23
3. Factors considered by showroom owners for selection of partition 24

curtains
4. Purpose of utility given by consumers for partition curtains 26
5. Places of purchase preferred by consumers for partition curtains 27
6. Sources of information used by consumers for selection of partition 29

curtains
7. Frequency of change of partition curtains 31
8. Experts’ preferences for accessories for partition curtains 37
9. Experts’ preferences for Macramé knots for partition curtains 39
10. Experts’ preferences for developed Macramé knot combination 43

designs
11. Preferences for developed Macramé partition curtain designs 46
12. Opinion of consumers regarding developed curtains on various 48

parameters
13. Opinion of consumers regarding developed curtains 50

LIST OF PLATES
PLATE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
1. Samples of cords for Macramé 33-34
2. Macramé knots 38
3. Macramé knot combination designs 41
4. Selected Macramé knot combination designs 42
5. Created designs for Macramé partition curtains 44
6. Curtain I After page 46
7. Curtain II After page 46
8. Curtain III After page 46
9. Curtain IV After page 46
10. Curtain V After page 46

CHAPTER–I
INTRODUCTION
Home textiles which form part of our life and leisure activities have emerged as one
of the most dynamic product segment in Indian textile export industry are next to apparel in
importance. These are used to cover the walls and surface of the furniture of the living room
and bedrooms which result in a high quality of individuality. The basic and essential elements
for home textiles are to decorate, to insulate, to disguise, to enhance and so on. Textiles used
in the home are very important in the sense that they somewhat reflect the personality of a
person, control mood, set style and indicate taste. The Indian customer is also becoming more
aware about the new designer products and is always looking ahead for something new and
innovative. The Indian home furnishing market is growing day by day and many new brands
are being launched every year (Sharma, 2010).
Home furnishings give a personalized touch to the home that encourage individual
and family interests which stimulate personal growth and create a sense of security and
continuity in our life. Home furnishing products add colour to home, create an ambience of
freshness and can change the feel of room. Home textiles are the accessories which decorate
our home and therefore are called as ‘fabric for home’. These are commonly used in indoor
furnishings and layout, include items such as bed covers, blankets, quilt covers, mattresses,
pillow covers, cushion covers, carpets, table linens, bath mats, sofa covers, curtains and so on
(Anonymous, 2015c).
Curtains add to the beauty of the room and are as important to the finished design as
art and wall colour. Curtains can beautify a space in no time, they are easily affordable and
instantly applicable furnishings. These give flexible control over privacy, heat, light and to
some extent noise. Curtains allow a perfect separation in mid of the hall instead of walls and
also give a very attractive appearance. Problem windows can have their problems solved or a
room can be given a special character, with imaginative use of curtains and window fitting
(Goel and Tyagi, 2009).
For many years, curtains of one type or another have been used to define spaces and
create a sense of privacy. The first curtains made were from animal hides. These hides were
placed over doorways and fastened with hooks. Hides were rather stiff and did not drape in a
flattering way. Slowly, with the advancement of textile production, these household textiles
evolved to something more similar to the curtains we are now familiar with (Anonymous,
2015a).
An ideal curtain is one which can add to aesthetic value of a room while regulating
some physical factors as well. Curtains commonly serve the purpose of blocking the light
partially or wholly, help in creating privacy by obstructing the view for outsiders into the
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room and also serve as decorative accessory for any interior. A transparent curtain could just
serve as a piece of decoration while slightly controlling the temperature and light. A lot of
diversity of shapes, materials, sizes, colours and patterns are found for curtains. A variety of
styles were developed by the creative people as per the need and requirements from time to
time. A wide range of fabrics viz. silk, cotton, linen, wool and synthetic blends can give an
endless number of effects to fit in with every type of décor and lifestyle. A variety in styles
and types of curtains like decorative, casement, rod pocket, partition, french pleat, tab top,
café and decorative are available to the consumers for selection. Amongst these, room divider
or partition curtains are creative ways to add functionality and style to modern interior design.
Contemporary open living spaces and small studio apartments benefit from room dividers or
partition curtains which offer creative and practical ideas for modern interior design and décor
(Anonymous, 2015d).
In earlier times, the primary use of curtains was restricted to either shielding the room
from sunlight or to provide some privacy from neighbours. But the situation has changed and
so has complete definition of home décor. Now a days, fashion plays an important role in
governing the choices of consumers in every aspect. To keep peace with changing winds of
consumers taste it is important to have innovative ideas especially in textile designing (Joseph
et al., 2011b). For creative designing innovation in fabric construction techniques, designs,
materials, processing with colours for shades and prints, finishing for aesthetics and
functional effects are the key features (Patel, 2007). In this era of ever changing demand for
newer fashion, there is a need to revive and modify the old craft in contemporary form.
India is a manufacturing hub of various handicrafts, which are popular even in
international markets. The most known form of handicrafts in India are bamboo, cane, metal,
bone and horn, brass, wood, clay, jute, paper, rock, shell, weaving, embroidery and Macramé
(Joseph et al., 2011b).
Macramé is a form of textile-making by series of knots rather than the typical way of
weaving or knitting. Macramé is an Arabic word, signifying an ornamental fringe or
trimming, which has been adopted as the term for a certain kind of hand-work that also
known as knotted fringe or Mexican lace (Dillmont, 2007). Macramé craft is believed to have
started as early as the 13th century in the Western Hemisphere by the Arab weavers. They
knotted the excess yarns and threads on the ends of hand loomed fabrics for towels, veils and
shawls into decorative fringes. Around the 19th century sailors even made belts and
hammocks with a process called ‘square knotting’. Macramé craft keeps the knots in place by
a special technique while the work is being done. Creation of a decorative piece using the
Macramé craft requires artistic skill coupled with patience. Sometimes it can pose a challenge
and make it a most demanding craft for many senior artisans and craftsman. It may even take
2
months to finish a complex piece using high quality work with intricate designs (Anuar and
Daud, 2011).
Macramé knots are widely used in designing items ranging from utility to decoration,
furnishing or accessories and their different knot combinations are used to prepare attractive
and beautiful products (Jonathan et al., 2015). The best way to revive an art form is to make it
contemporary and competitive with the existing styles or techniques of manufacturing.
Materials commonly used for Macramé are cotton twine, hemp, yarn and leather. The value
addition of Macramé through creative use of coloured cords, addition of contemporary beads,
rings and attachments can be an innovative mode of showcasing the uniqueness of Macramé
art (Anderson et al., 2003). This knotting technique can be used for producing many
diversified products like decorative items, jewellery, fashion accessories such as belt, bangle
hanger, hand bag, shoe bag, shrugs, foot wears, candle holder, bottle holder, vertical garden
plant hanger, wall hanging, cushion covers, curtains etc. (Anonymous, 2015b). Macramé can
be created by a person who has a little or no experience. The women both from rural or urban
backgrounds have leisure time, which can be productively and creatively utilized if indulge in
learning and making of Macramé articles. The college going girls may also become the
beneficiaries as this art form can help them in using their leisure time and even generating
income.
Partition curtains are available in the market with variation in fabrics as well as style
but concept of individualism executes a great pressure to a designer to fulfill innovatively the
desire of the fashion conscious people. Partition curtains can be designed to match individual
choices pertaining to designs and styles. Macramé is a wonderful way of expressing
creativity, personal style and individuality by creating designs through combinations of knots.
The curtains of this technique can be used to beautify the partition areas of home such as
drawing and dining room, kitchen and dining room, bed room and dressing room to give
home a new look. Thus, the present study was undertaken to create innovative designs of
partition curtains using Macramé technique with the following objectives:
1. To explore the existing trend for partition curtains
2. To design and develop partition curtains using Macramé technique
3. To assess the consumer acceptability of developed curtains
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CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The planning and proper execution of any research should be preceded in the right
direction to reach right destination. The main function of citing review of literature is to
provide base for developing a frame work, provide insight into the methodology and to work
out a basis for interpretation of findings. A brief resume of past researches relevant to the
present study has been incorporated in this chapter. The pertinent literature has been reviewed
under the following sub-heads:
2.1 History and origin of Macramé
2.2 Types of Macramé knots
2.3 Related research studies
2.1 History and origin of Macramé
Macramé is a technique of decorative knotting which employs simple basic knots to
create a multitude of patterns. Macramé is an Arabic word, signifying an ornamental fringe or
trimming which has been adopted as the term for a certain kind of hand-work. It is also
known as ‘Knotted fringe’ or ‘Mexican lace’ and produced by the knotting, interweaving and
tying together of threads (Heller, 2013).
One of the very earliest uses of decorative knotting in clothing can be seen in the
heavily fringed cloaks and tunics depicted in Byzantine mosaics and Assyrian sculptures
(Fisher, 1972). According to Andes, 1971 first known use of Macramé was recorded by Arabs
in the 13th century. Historic documents claim that Macramé was also done in France and Italy
in 14th and 15th centuries. France has a history of producing large amount of Macramé.
The art of Macramé was taken to Spain after the Moorish conquest and got spread all
over Europe. In the late 17th century it was introduced to England for the first time in the court
of Queen Mary II, having learned it in Holland. During 1780s, Queen Charlotte, wife of
George III, is also said to be busy knotting Macramé fringes for adorning her court. This was
the first step towards the popularity of the art, after which Macramé started being introduced
to different parts of the world. It was easy for many cultures to adopt the art form as their
cultures offered something similar to the knotting done in Macramé (Willsmore, 1979).
In the 19th century Macramé craft became immensely popular among the British and
North American sailors, who spent long hours to tie knots while sailing. They used to make
fringes for wheel and bell covers, as well as netting and screens during their long voyages.
The products and articles created were then used by these sailors for barter with China and
India, as a result popularizing the art in the Asian part of the world. Some of the fine
examples of Macramé knotting by these sailors can be found in the Seamen’s Church Institute
in New York City (Phillps, 1972).
4
Macramé jewellery also became popular among the American neo-hippie and grunge
crowd in the beginning of 1970s. The jewellery makers mainly used square knot and false
knot along with handmade glass beads to make the jewellery. They also used natural elements
such as bone and shell to give a decorative finish to the ornaments. Necklace, anklets and
bracelets were among popular Macramé jewellery.
In the early 20th century, Macramé art focused on a variety of functional objects.
These objects included purses, belts, leashes, lanyards, light and shape pulls and bell pulls.
During the same time in Portugal, Ecuador and Mexico, artists continued to produce shawls
and purses as their native craft. However, in this new millennium, the art of knot tying is
returning, but in newer and more revolutionary forms, and concentrated on a series of objects
like fashionable dresses, accessories, jewellery, hats, bags and belts (Anonymous, 2017a).
2.2 Types of Macramé knots
Macramé is a yarn craft that uses a variety of knots to create functional and
decorative items. All knots serve a useful purpose, but many of the more complicated ones
also create appealing shapes in interwoven textures (Budworth, 1998).
The base forming knots are used to start any kind of article to be prepared by this
technique which can also be called as beginning knots.
i) Lark’s Head knot: To tie a lark’s head knot fold a cord in half,
forming a loop. Bring the looped end of the cord under the
anchoring cord like ring of buckle from the top. The free ends are
placed through the loop and the loop is pulled tight.
ii) Reverse Lark’s Head knot: To tie a reverse lark’s head knot
place a loop behind anchoring cord. Bring loop down in front of
anchoring cord. Pull ends through loop and tighten the knot
(Shivani, 2013).
The various types of Macramé knots used to prepare articles are:
1. Overhand knot
2. Half hitch knot
3. Double half hitch knot
4. Alternative half hitch knot
5. Half knot
6. Flat knot
7. Popcorn knot
8. Reverse cording
9. Double chain knot with four ends
10. Josephine knot
11. Coil knot
5
1. Overhand Knot: This is a basic knot used almost daily in tying shoe
laces. Overhand knot may be tied with one or many ends. It is a useful
knot to anchor cords at beginning of objects and finishing a piece, as it can
be tied with many ends to produce a fringe, or it may be tied on single cord
ends as a finishing touch (Dodge, 1979).
2. Half Hitch Knot: The half hitch knot is the most practical knot in
Macramé since a number of variations may be obtained from it. This knot
is made up of a single loop over one or more knot- bearing threads and
creates a raised rib-like design. Loop a knotting strand around the knot-
bearing strands, and then pull it into place. It can be tied either from right
or the left to achieve the desired effect and it can be made up of two cords
(Phillips, 1972 and Shivani, 2013).
3. Double Half Hitch Knot/Cording: This is most commonly used
in Macramé and it may be tied on more than four cords. When a
series of knotting strands are used to tie double half hitches on the
same knot-bearing strand, a ridged row or line results. This can be
worked as:
a) Vertical double half hitch: Tie a half hitch knot using the
vertical cords to tie the half hitch knots.
b) Horizontal double half hitch: Tie a half hitch around a taut

knot-bearing cord. Tie another half hitch with the same knotting
strand around the cord. Pick up the next free knotting strand and
repeat.
c) Diagonal double half hitch: To make a diagonal line from upper
right to lower side, place the last cord on the right diagonally across
the cords and knot from right to left. Diagonal lines do not have to
start at the edges; middle cords can also be used as holding cord
(Shivani, 2013).
4. Alternative Half Hitch Knot: This knot is made by alternating

the threads used as the knot-bearing strand. When two strands of
different colors are used, a predictable and decorative pattern results
(Shivani, 2013).
6
5. Half Knot: This is simply one half of the square knot. When tied
repeatedly, it results in a spiral sinnet of half knots. The spiral may
twist clockwise or anti-clockwise depending on which cord- the left or
right- is placed over the core threads (Shivani, 2013).
6. Flat Knot: Flat knot is also known as square knot. The knot tied
with four cords; the two inside cords are anchor cords, the two outside
cords are knotting cords. Working with four cords, pass the right-hand
cord over the core cords and under the left-hand, leaving a little loop on
the right. Then pass the left hand cords under the core cords and up
through the loop. Pull the cords to tighten the first half of the knot. Then pass the left-hand
cord over the core cords and under the right-hand cord, leaving a little loop on the left. Now,
pass the right-hand cord under the core cords and up through the loop. Pull the cords to
tighten the finished knot (Shivani, 2013).
7. Popcorn Knot: The flat knot may be used to begin a piece, as part of the design, or to tie
the popcorn knot. To make a popcorn knot, tie three flat knots close together. Bring center
ends up above first square knot and pull through and down to form the popcorn knot. Secure
popcorn knot in place with a square knot (Dodge, 1979).
(i) (ii) (iii)
8. Reverse Cording Knot: The knot starts with the half hitch knot, gets to an
end by making a Lark’s head knot used as the knot- bearing strands and
continue this process in alternating.
9. Double Chain Knot with Four Ends: The double chain knot can be made
with two ends or multi-ends. Using it in two colours with a heavy yarn makes
an interesting sash (Phillips, 1972).
7
10. Josephine Knot: This is also known as
Carrick bend. It can be made small or large
depending on the number of cords used. It is
often tied with two strands. To tie this knot,
mount two cords at their midpoint so that
there are four working cords. Make a loop
with the left cords placing the working end under the beginning end. Then place the right
cords on the loop that was formed with the left cords. Bring the end of right cords under the
ends of the left cords. The right cords are woven over and under the other cords, going from
upper left to lower right. To do this bring the right cords around and over the first pair of
cords, under the second pair, over the third and under the last pair tighten the knot as much as
one wish.
11. Coil Knot: This is similar to overhand knot. It adds
decorative accent to the loose ends of strands and it keeps strand
from unraveling. To tie, coil knot make a large overhand knot.
Before closing that, take one cord end and wrap it four times
around the looped strand, then pull the knot firmly into place
(Shivani, 2013).
2.3 Related research studies
2.3.1 Macramé
Sharan and Raj (2009) made an attempt to explore the use of Macramé for making
apparels. Thirty designs of tops were developed under three categories. One design from
each category was selected for construction of tops. Three different fancy yarns were used
keeping the knot constant. Nine tops were developed and got analyzed. The constructed tops
were found unique and innovative. The consumers were ready to buy the products as the
quoted prices were reasonable.
Agarwal et al. (2010) conducted a study on “Magnificence of tie and dye revitalized
with antiquated art of Macramé – an archetypal coalescence” to create a new range of
products prepared with combination of tie and dye and Macramé. Catalogue of 12 designs of
double bed sheet, pillow covers and curtains with tie and dye and different combinations of
Macramé knots were prepared, out of which most preferred designs were used for
construction of articles. The prepared products were evaluated by 30 experts and the products
were found novel, unique and acceptable for different end uses, which could be transformed
into a large scale commercial production.They also found the idea quite innovative.
Anuar and Daud (2011) explored the use of coloured wire as an alternative material
for Macramé jewellery. The research was conducted to explore the suitability of wire
materials to replace threads for Macramé technique. Different materials used for jewellery
making were silver wire, coated cable and beading wire using half hitch knot, flat knot,
8
overhand knot and josephine knot. Overall the use of wire material as an alternative to replace
thread was very effective. Macramé jewellery prepared by alternative material was found
wearable by consumers.
Joseph et al. (2011b) explored different Macramé knots to create fashionable shrug
designs that can be used by the teenagers. Observation as well as survey method was used to
collect samples of materials, experimentation method was used to develop different Macramé
knot combinations and interview schedule was used to evaluate the designs. Thirty designs of
shrug were sketched and evaluated by a panel of judges. Most preferred two designs were
selected for construction of shrugs. Red Rose Knitting cotton yarn in black and beige colours
was selected for making shrugs with Macramé. The market survey showed positive results
regarding the acceptability and marketability of the developed shrugs.
Asmah et al. (2013) identified the role of Indigenous Ghanaian pottery in average
homes as utilitarian vessels and indirectly as an effective means of employment in its
production. They explored the use of non-conventional materials (leather, wood, metal and
beads) integrated with traditional pottery and completed with josephine knot and overhand
knot of Macramé as a finishing technique. The results of the study indicated that the new
materials added value and enhanced the texture and aesthetic qualities of the developed
products. The developed pieces showed originality, contrast, harmony, multiplicity and
stability, and as well, captured the aesthetic energy inherent in ordinary materials. The
research proved that the integration of traditional pottery with other materials can add value
and improve the marketability of indigenous pottery wares.
Shivani (2013) designed foot wears under four categories i.e. thongs/slippers, ankle
strap sandals, slides/slip-ons and bellies using Macramé knot craft. Forty eight designs were
developed and evaluated by judges. For the development of foot wears two designs were
selected from each category. The designed foot wears were found reasonably priced.
Consumers’ acceptance for the developed foot wears was also found good as majority of
consumers were ready to buy the foot wears. All the developed designs were found innovative
and creative.
Singh et al. (2014) reported that Macramé is delightful hand knotted craft employed
to make several useful and decorative products. The role of textile handicraft industry in rural
economy of India is increasing steadily. A study was conducted to explore the potential of
this traditional beautiful craft in developing training package on Macramé products to
encourage women for skill development. Training package was developed by researchers
which included Macramé booklet and audio-video CD. Selected Macramé knots viz., lark
head knot, reverse lark head knot, half hitch knot, overhand knot and coil knot were explained
to the respondents for first five days. On the 6th day skill of respondents in preparation of
Macramé knots was evaluated. After the training different Macramé products including
9
mirror holder, pot holder, lamp shade etc. and Macramé jewellery like ear rings, bracelets and
necklace were prepared by the respondents. On the assessment of training programme and its
benefits, it was found that respondents were satisfied with training and its benefits.
Jonathan et al. (2015) conducted a study on use of synthetic twine for preparation of
fashionable female accessories using Macramé technique to curtail the effects of
unemployment in the country by introducing industrial policies aimed at promoting small-
scale industries. Square knot, josephine knot and over hand knots were used for development
of products. Synthetic twine in bright colours was discovered to be an affordable, durable and
strong material for the production of fashionable female accessories that could be admired
and used by lovers of hand crafted bag and footwear accessories. It was concluded that the art
of Macramé using synthetic twine could be a strong entrepreneur skill that can lead to better
growth in the socio-cultural and economic empowerment of individuals and communities by
creating job opportunities and self-reliance.
2.3.2 Curtains
Wond (2005) reported that during the past days curtains were used as a tool to protect
the privacy of homes. But now they are as big style statement as choice of convertible.
Besides, of course, protecting the privacy from outsiders as well as the vagrant weather,
curtains are reflective of overall social standing. With the passage of time, even the
particulars, especially the hanging techniques, have assumed immense importance. The
traditional gathered-heading is slowly becoming a passé and giving way to modern hanging
styles like eyelet curtains.
Ruhil (2009) explored consumer preferences and reported that curtains are being
used by majority of the respondents for blocking sunlight, to impart designer look and to
show the impression of high economic status. People kept design at first preference then
colour at the second and cost at the last preference in mind while purchasing curtains. For
designing curtains pleats and trimmings were preferred most whereas laces and braids were
least preferred by the ultimate users. The sources of information for selection of curtain
designs were neighbours/relative however the designer book and internet got the last
preference because these are not easily available. Tailor made curtains were most preferred by
the respondents followed by readymade curtains and homemade curtains were least preferred.
Khippal and Sharma (2010) conducted a study to analyze the problems of
consumers associated with purchase of curtains and upholstery. A total of 400 respondents
representing the multicultural groups from different cites i.e. Faridabad, Panchkula, Panipat,
Hisar and Karnal district of Haryana state were selected purposively. They reached to a
conclusion that main problems faced by consumers were loss of luster and colour fading after
washing, fading of printing/ painting and coming out the embroidery threads/ mirrors. Pilling
after few washing and holes/ cuts after washing were the least faced problems. One- fourth
respondents always faced the problem when they approached the shopkeeper about the defect.
10
Main problem faced by the consumers was that the shopkeepers refused to accept the defected
piece back and refund money when contacted regarding defects in curtains and upholstery.
Joseph et al. (2011a) reported that lattice smocking is a technique of fabric
manipulation involving stitching from the back side of the fabric offering a unique and
personal aesthetic charm of hand work. A product line including cushion covers, bolster
covers, lampshades, glass curtains and draperies was developed using lattice smocking
technique by taking inspiration from Buddhist art and architecture. Out of ten fabric samples
four fabrics i.e. satin, chenille, velvet and tissue were selected for the development of
products through lattice smocking technique. Fifty designs of furnishing articles were created
and evaluated by a panel of judges. Satin and velvet fabrics were selected for preparation of
cushion covers, bolster covers and glass curtains and tissue fabric was selected for lamp shade
and drapery. Designs of the furnishing articles were greatly appreciated by shopkeepers and
consumers. Market survey showed positive results regarding the acceptability and
marketability of the developed articles.
Khippal and Singh (2011) analyzed the purchase pattern, place and purpose of
using curtains, preferences of design features and fabric used for curtains and upholstery from
400 respondents of Karnal, Panipat, Hisar, Faridabad and Panchkula districts of Haryana
state. In all the cities majority of the respondents preferred to purchase fabric of their own
choice and got them stitched from the tailor as per their needs and choices. Doors and
windows were the most important place for using curtains. Most important purpose of using
curtains was the home beautification. Self-design/ woven curtains and upholstery were most
preferred for living and bedroom. Floral and geometrical prints were preferred for kitchen and
bathroom curtains.
Anila and Savita (2013) undertook a study on ‘Designing and Creation of Household
linens inspired from Turkish motifs using screen printing’. Thirty designs were created by
CAD technology and most preferred two designs were converted into bed room assemblage
(bed cover, cushion cover, curtain, lamp shade cover) through screen printing technique. A
panel of judges comprising of ten faculty members selected the fabric, printing colours and
colour schemes. The cost of the final product was calculated by adding the cost of fabric,
colour, screens and labour charges. Designed household linens were greatly appreciated by
the shopkeepers. According to majority of the shopkeepers, quoted price were reasonable and
they found it perfect for selling the articles. Thirty percent of the shopkeepers suggested
making these household linens in dark coloured material and 60 percent of the shopkeepers
were ready to sell the products.
Kaur and Kaur (2014) conducted a study on ‘Designing of sheer curtains with
contemporary use of Chikankari’. Thirty curtain designs were created by taking inspiration
from Chikankari embroidery. Designing of curtains was done in Adobe Photoshop software.
Designs were evaluated by 30 judges and best three designs were embroidered for
development of curtains. They reached to a conclusion that the developed curtains were found
11
interesting by consumers and have helped a great deal to achieve an attractive environment in
which a person felt cheerful and bright. The embroidered curtains showed clearly noticeable
marketability.
2.3.3 Role of CAD in Textile Designing
Mitra (2007) in a study on CAD/CAM: Ultimate solution for textile excellence’
stated that implementation of CAD/CAM technology through adoption of modern designs and
colour combinations and also through its ease, efficiency and economy of reproduction has
revolutionized the textile industry. CAD/CAM is virtually a “No Limit” solution for textile
designing and manufacturing with a vast application area in dobby, jacquard, screen printing
industries as well as blanket, carpet and knitting industries.
Naik and Byadgi (2010) reported that in the present scenario of fast life style, CAD
has not only expended horizon of designing but also can create any number of designs that
could be saved in the library to apply as and when required. CAD systems are more
advantageous with respect to the speed, pattern creation, editing, repeating, flexibility,
variety, colourways, and cost effective.
Panneerselva (2010) stated that Computer Aided Textile Designing (CATD) became
versatile for the designing in textile industry. It is directly useful for electronic jacquard, fully
automatic and semi-automatic electronic punching machines to punch the cards for the
mechanical jacquard industry. CATD is also useful for taking graph print out which can be
used to punch cards using manual punching machines.
Sethi and Sharma (2011) highlighted that computer in the hands of a designer can
prove to be a tool of unlimited creativity with the system working as simple as an artist sketch
book. Modifying sketches or images of design concept is simplified with changes in
silhouette, style line and colour all with the pressing of keynotes or at the click of mouse. In
fraction of a minute, more than a million ideas can be visualized on the monitor screen. The
demonstrated benefits of CAD include increased productivity, reduced product development
time, increased creativity to improve conceptual design, high product design capacity, and
reduced cost of the sample.
Weng et al. (2012) discussed that in recent years, the computer aided designing
(CAD) technology is being utilized in the textile and clothing industry, thus simplifying the
overall process and shortening the cycle from designing to manufacturing. This greatly
improved the manufacturing efficiency and also the product quality. This paper presented the
trend of 3D garment CAD technology, analyzed the intelligent apparels CAD systems,
including parametric design, combination of artificial intelligent and CAD and the close
relationship between CAD and the internet.
Dave and Babel (2013) created fifteen designs on computer using CAD to stimulate
textile designs from Mewar paintings for saris. The created designs were evaluated by a panel
of sixty judges for selection of best five placements, prior to actual embroidery on sari. The
findings of study highlighted that the designs were very innovative, creative, as per the
12
current market need and were highly appreciated by the judges. The cost of sari was found
very adequate and had enough market potential.
Oates (2013) remarked that CAD has become indispensable for textile designers
leading to endless possibilities. The entire process of designing is revolutionized where
previously designers used to labour over graph paper and stencils, now they simply have to
play with a mouse or stylus pen to come out with innovative designs and the result is not only
an increase in speed but greater accuracy than the manual process. It is no wonder that even
small-scale textile designer and manufacturing companies are using CAD systems.
Bhargava and Goel (2014) in a study on Computer Aided Designing of carpets for
the weavers of Uttarakhand developed thirty five designs for carpet using Corel-Draw 12
software. The developed designs were evaluated by thirty respondents. Samples of three best
selected designs were got prepared from weavers. It was observed that due to simplicity to
weave and uniqueness of design, weavers were ready to adapt the new designs for carpets in
future.
Vishnoi and Singh (2014) conducted a study on assessing the acceptability of
designer household textiles and apparels inspired from foreign art motifs. Different types of
motifs were selected from African, Chinese and Japanese arts to design household textiles and
apparels and analyzed aesthetic appeal of designed household textiles and apparels. Designs
were prepared with the help of Adobe Photoshop software and subjected to visual evaluation.
Total twenty designs were used for application on selected items and evaluated through
exhibition by a panel of 100 judges. It was concluded that the articles prepared using foreign
art motifs were highly accepted by all the respondents and these arts are a successful
innovation with reference to motifs, placement of motifs and colour combination.
Woes et al. (2014) explained that in CAD numerous drawing functions are available
in modules like cut and paste, pixel editing, full and part colour changing etc. full or part of
images can be saved. Special colour effects of the finished layout can also be visualized.
Gupta and Joseph (2015) developed designs for table covers using Auto CAD
software. Forty Greek motifs in eight different categories i.e. animal, human figure, pottery,
foliage, stylized, architectural, geometrical and stylized floral fauna were used to develop
twenty designs in Auto CAD software. Developed designs were shown to the respondents for
their preferences with reference to different parameters i.e. innovation, placement of motifs
and overall appearance and preferences regarding 10 most preferred designs were taken.
Rani et al. (2015) collected henna motifs to adopt and apply on sari using fabric
painting technique. The collected motifs were sketched manually and scanned from books,
magazines etc. and again created and refined in Corel DRAW- 12 software to get the required
intricacy and fineness. The created motifs were categorized in four categories viz. floral, kunj,
bird/animal/insect and human figure motifs and got evaluated from thirty experts to develop
designs for fabric painting. Top ranked five motifs from each category were used for
development of designs for sari.
13
CHAPTER–III
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Methodology outlines the systematic way of conducting any investigation so that the
study leads to both reliable and accurate data. It describes the procedures which have been
adopted for the research work. The present study entitled, ‘Development of Curtains using
Macramé Technique’ was carried out at Department of Textile and Apparel Designing with
the aim to explore possible Macramé knot combinations and develop distinct designs for
partition curtains using selected Macramé knot combination designs that could be converted
into something unique. The methods, techniques, tools and procedures adopted for conducting
investigation are described under the following sub-heads:
3.1 Locale of study
3.2 Selection of respondents
3.3 Existing market practices for partition curtains
3.4 Usage and purchase practices of consumers for partition curtains
3.5 Selection of raw materials
3.6 Preparation and selection of Macramé knots and knot combination designs
3.7 Creation and selection of designs for partition curtains
3.8 Development of Macramé partition curtains and their cost determination
3.9 Assessment of developed curtains for consumer acceptability
3.10 Preparation of design catalogue
3.11 Analysis of data and application of statistical tools
3.1 Locale of Study
The present study was conducted in the Department of Textile and Apparel
Designing, I.C. College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to
develop partition curtains using Macramé technique.
3.2 Selection of Respondents
To meet the objectives of the study selection of respondents was done at different
stages as per requirement of the research work:
i) For existing market practices: Fifteen showrooms in the main markets of Hisar city
dealing in home furnishings were selected randomly to gather information from their owners
about partition curtains.
ii) For existing usage and purchase practices of curtains: Thirty consumers of Hisar
city were purposely selected to gather information about existing usage and purchase
practices of partition curtains.
iii) For selection of curtains and designing attributes: For selection of curtains and
designing attributes thirty experts comprising of faculty members and PG students from I.C.
College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar were selected
purposively.
14
RESEARCH DESIGN
Existing Market Practices for Partition Curtains
Usage and Purchase Practices of Consumers for Partition Curtains
Collection of Cords for

Macramé (Fifty)
Selection of Cord (One)
Selection of Color of Cord and Ornamentation Material
Selection of Macramé Knots (Five)

vv
Selection of Knot Combination

Designs (Five)
Creation of Designs for Partition Curtains (Thirty)
Selection of Designs (Five)
Product Development and their Cost

Determination
Assessment of Developed Macramé

Curtains for consumer acceptability
Preparation of Design Catalogue
15
iv) For assessment of consumer acceptability for developed curtains: For assessment
of market and consumers’ acceptability of developed Macramé curtains, thirty consumers
comprising of showroom owners, home makers from CCS HAU campus, faculty members
and PG students from I.C College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,
Hisar were selected purposively.
3.3 Existing Market Practices for Partition Curtains
An exploratory survey of fifteen showrooms in the main markets of Hisar city dealing
in home furnishings was conducted. Information about existing market practices for partition
curtains in respect of fiber content, fabric construction technique and accessories used,
availability of raw material, sources of information for selection of partition curtains, styles of
display used by showroom owners and factors affecting selection of partition curtains etc. was
collected using self structured interview schedule (Annexure- I).
3.4 Usage and Purchase Practices of Consumers for Partition Curtains: To gather
information from the consumers about existing usage and purchase practices of partition
curtains, a self-structured interview schedule was prepared (Annexure- II). Thirty consumers
from Hisar city were purposely selected who were already using partition curtains.
3.5 Selection of Raw Materials
3.5.1 Selection of cord: Markets of Hisar and Panipat city of Haryana state and different
markets of Delhi were explored for collection of Macramé cords. A total eighty seven cords
were collected and fifty cords were screened by researcher, major advisor and member from
major subject on the basis of their suitability for making partition curtains through Macramé
technique.
In order to know preferences regarding screened fifty cords, preferential choice index
was developed (Annexure-III). A sample chart of all the fifty cords knotted with flat knot was
prepared and displayed in sufficient day light. Evaluation of cords was done by a panel of
thirty experts comprising of faculty members and P.G students from I.C. College of Home
Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Opinion of experts for selection of cord
were sought on three point rating scale as highly preferred, preferred and least preferred.
Weighted mean scores were calculated, ranks were assigned on the basis of weighted mean
score and most preferred cord was selected.
3.5.2 Selection of colour of cord: A colour palate (Anonymous, 2015e) was used for
selection of colour of cord for making Macramé partition curtains (Annexure- IV).
Preferences of experts were sought on three point rating scale as highly preferred, preferred
and least preferred. Weighted mean scores were calculated and ranks were assigned on the
basis of weighted mean scores. As per assigned ranks the most preferred colour of cord was
selected for development of partition curtains.
16
3.5.3 Selection of accessories: The samples of accessories suitable for making Macramé
partition curtains were shown to the experts and preferences were sought as highly preferred,
preferred and least preferred (Annexure- IV). The accessories were:
 Wooden beads
 Metal beads
 Plastic beads
 Crystals
 Rings
 Pipes
 Bells
 Stars
 Flowers
 Mirrors
 Sequins
On the basis of preferences obtained weighted mean scores were calculated and ranks
were assigned. As per assigned ranks the most preferred accessory was selected and used as
per design requirement.
3.6 Preparation and Selection of Macramé Knots and Knot Combination Designs
3.6.1 Preparation and selection of Macramé knots: Ten samples of 5” length were
prepared using selected cord and ten different Macramé knots i.e. overhand knot, half hitch
knot, double half hitch knot/cording, alternative half hitch knot, half knot, flat knot, popcorn
knot, reverse cording, double chain knot with four ends and josephine knot were used.
Prepared samples of Macramé knots were subjected to final selection by the experts.
Preferences of respondents were sought on three point rating scale (Annexure- V). On the
basis of weighted mean scores, ranks were assigned and five top preferred knots were selected
for development of knot combination designs.
3.6.2 Preparation and selection of knot combination designs: The selected Macramé
knots were used for design development with all possible combinations, hence twenty
samples of knot combination designs of size 3”X4” were prepared for selection of knot
combination designs to create designs for partition curtains.
To know the preferences of experts regarding developed knot combination designs
preferential choice index was developed (Annexure- VI). Top ranked five knot combination
designs were selected for further work.
3.7 Creation and Selection of Designs for Partition Curtains
3.7.1 Creation of designs: The selected five knot combination designs were used for
creation of innovative designs for partition curtains. Six designs of each selected knot
combination were created in CorelDRAW-12 software to get the required intricacy and
fineness. Hence, a total of thirty designs were created.
17
3.7.2 Selection of designs: To know the preferences of experts regarding created designs
for development of Macramé partition curtains, preferential choice index was developed
(Annexure-VII). The created designs were shown to experts and their preferences were sought
on three point rating scale for selection of designs for partition curtains. Out of thirty
developed designs, top ranked five designs were selected for product development.
3.8 Development of Macramé Partition Curtains and their Cost Determination
Five selected designs were used for development of Macramé partition curtains. Five
curtains of size 7’X 3½’ were developed using the most preferred design of each selected
knot combination. After development of twelve inch design at the top of each curtain rest of
the cords were left loose for adding the selected accessories as per design.
The cost of each Macramé partition curtain was estimated separately on the basis of
cost of raw materials and labour charges involved in preparation of partition curtains. The
cost of designing done through computer was not included in the actual cost (Annexure-
VIII).
3.9 Assessment of Developed Curtains for consumer acceptability
The developed Macramé curtains were exhibited in the well lightened lab of
Department of Family Resource Management, I.C. College of Home Science, CCS HAU,
Hisar and got assessed for their acceptability from thirty consumers. The opinion of
respondents regarding developed partition curtains was sought using self-developed opinion
scale (Annexure- VIII) in relation to developed designs, knot combination and overall
appearance of the developed products. All attributes were assessed using three point rating
scale:
Rating Weightage
Highly Appealing/Highly Acceptable/Strongly Agree 3
Appealing/ Acceptable/ Agree 2
Least Appealing/ Least Acceptable/ Somewhat Agree 1
For each attribute, the frequency of each rating was multiplied by the respective
weight to calculate the weighted mean score. The curtains were finally rated on the basis of
weighted mean score (WMS) as per following scale:
WMS Rating
2.33-3.00 Highly Appealing/Highly Acceptable/Strongly Agree
1.66-2.33 Appealing/ Acceptable/ Agree
1.00-1.66 Least Appealing/ Least Acceptable/ Somewhat Agree
Assessment index was developed (Annexure- VIII) to know the opinion of
respondents regarding actual cost. Opinion was obtained and analyzed using frequency and
percentages.
18
3.10 Preparation of Design Catalogue
A design catalogue comprising of prepared samples of Macramé knots, created
Macramé knot combination designs and developed designs of Macramé partition curtains was
prepared using computer technology for documentation.
3.11 Analysis of Data and Application of Statistical Tools
The collected data were coded, tabulated and analyzed using suitable statistical tools
to draw the meaningful inferences.
Frequency: Frequency was calculated and used to calculate percentages and weighted mean
scores.
Percentage: Simple percentages were calculated for analyzing the data regarding prevailing
trends, usage/purchase practices and opinion of consumers regarding cost of Macramé
partition curtains.
Weighted Mean Score: To quantify the data regarding preferential choices of experts for
type of Macramé cords, colour of cord and accessories, Macramé knots, knot combination
designs, developed designs and assessment of developed curtains, the weighted mean scores
were calculated and ranks were allotted. Mean score of each category was worked out
separately and was calculated using following formula:
W1X1+W2X2+…………+WnXn
Weighted Mean Score =
No. of Respondents
Where,
W1W2……….......Wn are Weights
X1X2…………..Xn are Frequencies
19
CHAPTER–IV
RESULTS
The present study was conducted to develop curtains using Macramé technique.
Keeping the stated objectives of present study in mind, suitable Macramé knots were selected
to develop knot combination designs and create designs for partition curtains as per
preferences of experts. Macramé partition curtains were developed using preferred Macramé
knot combination designs and got evaluated to assess their acceptability among consumers.
The results have been interpreted and presented under the following sub-heads for meaningful
conclusions:
4.3 Selection of raw materials for partition curtains
4.4 Selection of Macramé knots and knot combination designs
4.7 Assessment of developed curtains
This section deals with the market survey which was conducted to know the existing
practices of partition curtains in showrooms. The information regarding existing market
practices/trends for partition curtains was collected through market survey using self-
structured interview schedule and supplemented by observations. The data pertaining to
existing market trends used by showroom owners for partition curtains are presented in Table
1-6. The data indicated that all the selected fifteen showrooms were found to be selling
partition curtains.
A) Type of curtains: The data related to existing practices for partition curtains available in
the market reveal that all the showrooms possessed conventional partition curtains (100%).
The contemporary partition curtains included transparent sheets, net/lace, semi- transparent
and opaque curtains. Partition curtains in net/lace fabric were available on 80.00 percent
showrooms followed by semi- transparent fabrics (73.33%), transparent sheets (60%) and
opaque fabrics (40%), respectively.
B) Fibre content used in partition curtains: It is quite apparent from the data that partition
curtains of polyester and cotton fabrics were available at all the showrooms (100%). Whereas
partition curtains of cotton/polyester blend were available at 80.00 percent showrooms
followed by polyester/rayon blend at 66.67 percent showrooms and partition curtains in
cotton/silk blend were available at 53.33 percent showrooms, respectively.
20
Table 1: Existing practices for partition curtains available in showrooms
n=15
Parameters Showrooms
Frequency Percentage
A) Type of curtains
Conventional 15 100.00
Contemporary-
a) Transparent sheet 09 60.00
b) Net/Lace 12 80.00
c) Semi transparent 11 73.33
d) Opaque 06 40.00
B) Fibre content
Cotton 15 100.00
Nylon 06 40.00
Polyester 15 100.00
Cotton /Polyester blend 12 80.00
Polyester/Rayon blend 10 66.67
Cotton/Silk blend 08 53.33
C) Fabric construction techniques
Weaving 15 100.00
Lace making 05 33.33
Combination of weaving and cording 14 93.33
D) Accessories
Beads 14 93.33
Rings 09 60.00
Flowers 05 33.33
Mirrors 10 66.67
Embroidery 03 20.00
Ribbons 03 20.00
Multiple responses
C) Fabric construction techniques used for partition curtains: The data pertaining to
fabric construction techniques used for partition curtains indicate that partition curtains made
by weaving technique were available at all the showrooms (100.00%). Whereas partition
curtains made with combination of weaving and cording technique were available at 93.33
percent showrooms and partition curtains made by lace making technique were available at
33.33 percent showrooms.
D) Accessories used in partition curtains: The data inherent in Table 1 pertaining to type of
accessories used in partition curtains depict that in majority (93.33%) of the partition curtains,
beads were used followed by mirrors (66.67%) and rings (60.00%). Other accessories used in
descending order were flowers (33.33%), embroidery and ribbons (20.00% each).
21
Table 2: Availability of raw material for partition curtains in the showrooms
n=15
Raw material Showrooms
Fabric 15 100.00
Lace 8 53.33
Multiple responses
The data pertaining to availability of raw material for partition curtains at the
showrooms reveal that different types of fabrics for partition curtains were available at all the
showrooms (100.00%) whereas laces were available at 53.33 percent showrooms. It was
found that cords for preparation of partition curtains were not available at any of the
showroom (Table 2).
Table 3: Style of display of partition curtains used in showrooms
n=15
Style of display Showrooms
Hanging on pipe fixed on walls 15 100.00
Kept folded in racks 15 100.00
Tumble display 10 66.67
Multiple responses
It is quite evident from the data presented in Table 3 that all the showroom owners
display new style of partition curtains by hanging on pipes fixed on the walls as well as by
keeping folded in the racks (100.00%) followed by tumble display i.e. 66.67 percent.
Table 4: Sources of information used by showroom owners for buying partition curtains
n=15
Sources of information Showrooms
Exhibitions 09 60.00
Window displays 10 66.67
Books/Magazines 04 26.67
As per consumers’ demand 07 46.67
Design catalogues 15 100.00
Internet 11 73.33
Multiple responses
It is apparent from the data in Table 4 and Figure 1 that all the showroom owners
(100.00%) referred design catalogues supplied by different companies for buying new styles
of partition curtains followed by internet (73.33%) and window displays of different
companies (66.67%). Other sources of information used by showroom owners for purchasing
partition curtains were exhibitions (60.00%), as per their consumers’ demand (46.67%) and
books/magazines (26.67%).
22
Fig. 1: Sources of information used by showroom owners for buying partition curtains
Table 5: Type of sale outlets patronised for purchasing partition curtains

n=15
Places/Sale outlets Showrooms
Wholesale stores/Showrooms 05 33.33
Shopping sites (Internet) 06 40.00
Industries/Companies 15 100.00
Sales persons 05 33.33
Multiple responses
The data presented in Table 5 and Figure 2 give an insight into the type of sale outlets
patronised by showroom owners for purchasing partition curtains. It is evident that all the
showroom owners preferred to purchase partition curtains directly from industries followed
by purchasing through shopping sites (40.00%), sales persons and wholesale
stores/showrooms (33.33% each). Only 20.00 percent respondents purchased partition
curtains from exhibitions.
Fig. 2: Type of sale outlets patronised for purchasing partition curtains
23
Table 6: Factors considered by showroom owners for selection of partition curtains
n=15
Factors considered Showrooms
Colour/Colour combinations 12 80.00
Quality 10 66.67
Price 10 66.67
Overall appearance 15 100.00
Fashion trends 09 60.00
Brands 09 60.00
Multiple responses
The data related to factors considered by showroom owners while selecting partition
curtains presented in Table 6 and Figure 3 clearly indicate that all the showroom owners
(100.00%) gave preference to overall appearance of curtains followed by colour combinations
(80.00%), quality and price (66.67% each). Fashion trends and brands were considered by
60.00 percent respondents for selection of partition curtains.
Fig. 3: Factors considered by showroom owners for selection of partition curtains
It is concluded that conventional curtains of woven cotton fabric were available at all
the showrooms. Showroom owners preferred to buy partition curtains directly from
industries/companies. Design catalogues supplied by companies were most preferred source
of information and overall appearance of the curtains was most considered factor for selection
of curtains. Different types of fabrics were available at all the showroom and were displayed
by hanging on pipes fixed on walls or kept folded in racks.
4.2 Usage and Purchase Practices of Consumers for Partition Curtains

The information presented in this section relates to existing usage and purchase
practices of consumers for partition curtains. The information about socio-personal traits of
consumers, utility of partition curtains, type of material, sources of information for selection
of partition curtains and factors affecting selection of partition curtains was gathered from
thirty consumers of Hisar city and presented in Table 7-14.
24
Table 7 depict the information regarding different socio-personal variables namely
age, sex, marital status, educational qualifications and annual income of the consumers.
Age: Data indicate that 30.00 percent consumers were between the age group of 51-60 years
whereas equal number of consumers i.e. 23.33 percent belonged to the age group of 21-30
years, 31-40 years and 41-50 years, respectively.
Table 7: Socio-personal profile of the consumers
n=30
Socio-personal traits Consumers
Age (years)
20-30 7 23.33
31-40 7 23.33
41-50 7 23.33
51-60 9 30.00
Sex
Male - -
Female 30 100
Marital Status
Married 30 100
Unmarried - -
Educational qualifications
Matric 4 13.33
Graduate 12 40.00
Post graduate 14 46.67
Occupation
Housewife 12 40.00
Service 15 50.00
Business 3 10.00
Annual income (₹)
1-3 lacs 7 23.33
4-5 lacs 11 36.67
Above 5 lacs 12 40.00
Sex: The data depict that all the consumers were female.
Marital Status: The data regarding the marital status indicate that all the consumers who
contributed the information pertaining to partition curtains were married.
Occupation: The data in Table 7 reveal that 50.00 percent consumers belonged to service
class followed by housewives (40.00%) and business women (10.00%).
Educational qualifications: The results regarding educational qualifications of the
consumers revealed that 46.67 percent consumers were post-graduate followed by graduates
25
(40.00%) and 13.33 percent consumers were educated up to matriculation. None of the
consumer was uneducated or have done any diploma or certificate course.
Annual income: The data depict that annual income of 40.00 percent consumers was above ₹
5 lacs followed by 36.67 percent respondents whose annual income was between ₹ 4-5 lacs
and 23.33 percent consumers had annual income between ₹ 1-3 lacs (Table 7).
Table 8: Purpose of utility given by consumers for partition curtains

n=30
Purpose of utility Consumers
For privacy 14 46.67
For designer look 26 86.67
For blocking sunlight 08 26.67
Multiple responses
The data presented in Table 8 and Figure 4 pertaining to preferences of consumers for
utility of partition curtains reveal that 86.67 percent consumers use partition curtains to impart
designer look followed by 46.67 percent for privacy and only 26.67 percent consumers use
partition curtains to block sunlight.
Fig. 4: Purpose of utility given by consumers for partition curtains
Table 9: Places of purchase preferred by consumers for partition curtains

n=30
Places of purchase Consumers
Local market/Retail shops 21 70.00
Wholesale shops 10 33.33
Shopping sites /Internet 08 26.67
Exhibitions/Fairs 06 20.00
Multiple responses
26
The data regarding place of purchase for partition curtains presented in Table 9 and
Figure 5 depict that 70.00 percent consumers bought partition curtains from local
market/retail shops followed by wholesale shops (33.33%) and shopping sites/internet
(26.67%), respectively. Only 20.00 percent consumers purchased partition curtains through
exhibitions/fairs.
Fig. 5: Places of purchase preferred by consumers for partition curtains
The data pertaining to existing usage and purchase practices of consumers for
partition curtains is presented in Table 10.
A) Type of curtains: The data related to the preferences of consumers for the type of
partition curtain reveal that all the consumers preferred conventional curtains (100.00%). The
contemporary partition curtains included transparent sheets, net/lace, semi- transparent and
opaque curtains. Semi transparent curtains were preferred by 66.67 percent consumers
followed by net/ lace (60.00%), opaque (26.67%). Transparent sheet were least preferred by
consumers (16.67%) for partition curtains.
B) Fibre content preferred for partition curtains: It is quite apparent from the data in
Table 10 that majority of the consumers preferred partition curtains of polyester (83.33%)
fibre followed by cotton/polyester blend (46.67%) and cotton/silk blend (33.33%). Other
fibres preferred by consumers for partition curtains were cotton (26.67%), polyester/rayon
blend (23.33%) and nylon (10.00%).
C) Fabric construction techniques preferred for partition curtains: The data pertaining to
type of fabric construction techniques preferred by consumers for partition curtains indicate
that partition curtains made with combination of weaving and cording technique were
preferred by 66.67 percent consumers followed by partition curtains made by lace/net fabric
(50.00%) and 46.67 percent consumers preferred partition curtains of woven fabric.
D) Selection of themes for curtains: The data in Table 10 regarding selection of theme
based partition curtains indicate that 66.67 percent consumers preferred partition curtains
based on traditional theme followed by contemporary theme (60.00%). Floral/botanical
themes based partition curtains were preferred by 33.33 percent consumers. Ocean and
sunrise themes were least preferred by consumers (03.33% each) for partition curtains.
27
Table 10: Existing usage and purchase practices of consumers for partition curtains
n=30
Parameters Consumers
A) Type of curtains
Conventional 30 100.00
Contemporary-
a) Transparent Sheet 05 16.67
b) Net/Lace 18 60.00
c) Semi transparent 20 66.67
d) Opaque 08 26.67
B) Fiber content
Cotton 08 26.67
Polyester 25 83.33
Nylon 03 10.00
Cotton/Polyester blend 14 46.67
Polyester/Rayon blend 07 23.33
Cotton/Silk blend 10 33.33
C) Fabric construction techniques
Weaving 14 46.67
Lace making/Net 15 50.00
Combination of weaving and cording 20 66.67
D) Themes
Traditional 20 66.67
Contemporary 18 60.00
Floral/ botanical 10 33.33
Ocean 01 03.33
Sunrise 01 03.33
E) Accessories
Beads 16 53.33
Rings 10 33.33
Flowers 14 46.67
Mirrors 10 33.33
Embroidered patches 02 06.67
Ribbons 01 03.33
Multiple responses
28
E) Preferences for accessories for partition curtains: The data pertaining to preferences of
consumers for accessories for partition curtains presented in Table 10 highlight that beads
were preferred by 53.33 percent consumers followed by flowers (46.67%), rings and mirrors
(33.33%). Embroidered patches (06.67%) and ribbons (03.33%) were least preferred
accessories for partition curtains by the consumers.
Table 11: Sources of information used by consumers for selection of partition curtains
n=30
Sources of information Consumers
T.V. / Advertisement 15 50.00
Internet 10 33.33
Friends/Family 13 43.33
Books/Magazines 05 16.67
Advertisements by shopkeepers/ Company 06 20.00
Window shopping 09 30.00
Multiple responses
The data presented in Table 11 and Figure 6 related to the sources of information
used by consumers for selection of partition curtains depict that half of the respondents
(50.00%) got information from T.V./ advertisements followed by family/friends (43.33%),
internet (33.33%) and window shopping (30.00%). Only 16.67 percent consumers referred
books/magazines for selection of partition curtains.
Fig. 6: Sources of information used by consumers for selection of partition curtains
29
Table 12: Factors affecting selection of partition curtains
n=30
Sr. Factors for selection Consumers
No. Frequency Percentage
1. Colour Warm colour 10 33.33
Cool colour 20 66.67
2. Cost( per curtain) Up to ₹100-300 09 30.00
₹301-600 12 40.00
₹601-900 07 23.33
Above ₹ 900 02 06.67
3. Type of fabric Light weight 22 73.33
Medium weight 04 13.33
Heavy weight 04 13.33
4. Locations Drawing room and Dining room 15 50.00
Dining room and Living room 12 40.00
Bed room and Dressing room 03 10.00
Data presented in Table 12 pertaining to factors considered by consumers for
selection of partition curtains depict that for colour 66.67 percent consumers preferred cool
colours and 33.33 percent consumers preferred warm colours for partition curtains. For cost
of the partition curtains it was found that 40.00 percent consumers were ready to buy curtains
between ₹301-600/- whereas 30.00 percent consumers preferred to buy partition curtains
between ₹ 100-300/- and 23.33 percent consumers preferred to buy partition curtains between
₹ 600-900/-. Only 06.67 percent consumers preferred to buy partition curtains above ₹ 900/-.
Light weight fabric for partition curtains was preferred by 73.34 percent consumers whereas
medium weight and heavy weight fabrics were preferred by equal number of consumers
(13.33% each). As far as location for use of partition curtains was concerned preferred
location was partition of drawing room and dining room (50.00%) followed by partition of
dining room and living room (40.00%) and only 10.00 percent consumers used partition
curtains for partition of bed room and dressing room.
Table 13: Frequency of change of partition curtains
n=30
Duration Consumers
Less than 1 year 06 20.00
1-3 years 08 26.67
3-5 years 10 33.33
5-7 years 12 40.00
7-9 years 05 16.67
Multiple responses
30
The data presented in Table 13 and Figure 7 pertaining to the frequency of change of
partition curtains by consumers highlight that 40.00 percent consumers change partition
curtains during 5-7 years period followed by 3-5 years period (33.33%), 1-3 years period
(26.67%) and 20.00 percent consumers change partition curtains in less than a year period.
Only 16.67 percent consumers change the partition curtains in 7-9 years duration.
Fig. 7: Frequency of change of partition curtains
Table 14: Consumers’ satisfaction for partition curtains available in the market
n=30
Statements Consumers
Yes No
Preferential colours are available 05 (16.67) 25 (83.33)
Preferred designs are available 04 (13.33) 26 (86.67)
Trendy designs are available 05 (16.67) 25 (83.33)
Material for partition curtain is available as per 03 (10.00) 27 (90.00)
requirement
Cost of curtains is appropriate 10 (33.33) 20 (66.67)
(Figures in parenthesis indicate percentages)
The data pertaining to consumers’ satisfaction for partition curtains available in the
market presented in Table 14 highlight that material for partition curtains is not available as
per their requirement (90.00%) followed by 86.67 percent respondents who reported that
preferred designs are not available, 83.33 percent consumers reported that trendy designs and
colours are not available and 66.67 percent consumers reported that cost of curtains was too
high. Only 33.33 percent consumers were satisfied with the cost of available curtains and
10.00 percent consumers were satisfied with the availability of material for partition curtains
as per their requirement. Hence, it is concluded that majority of the consumers were not
satisfied with the available materials of curtains, designs, colour and cost.
31
Table 15: Consumers’ preferences for different types of partition curtains
n=30
Types of partition curtains Consumers
Macramé/ Knotted 15 50.00
Braided 10 33.33
Corded/Strings 15 50.00
Crocheted 03 10.00
Multiple responses
The data pertaining to consumers’ preferences for new style technique in partition
curtains reveal that equal number of consumers i.e. 50.00 percent were interested to buy
partition curtains of Macramé/knotted and corded/strings partition curtains followed by
braided (33.33%) and crocheted curtains (10.00%). None of the consumers preferred to buy
knitted partition curtains (Table 15).
The data presented in Table 8-15 lead to infer that consumers use conventional
partition curtains of semi-transparent light weight polyester fabric with floral/botanical theme
of cool colour to impart designer look to their homes. The consumers preferred to purchase
partition curtains from local market in price range of ₹ 301-600/-. T.V./advertisements was
most preferred source of information and change partition curtains by consumers in 5-7 years
duration. Consumers were not satisfied with the available materials of partition curtains and
desired to buy partition curtains of Macramé.
4.3 Selection of Raw Materials for Partition Curtains
4.3.1 Collection of cords
Samples of eighty seven cords were collected from markets of Hisar and Panipat city
of Haryana state and different markets of Delhi. Fifty cords were screened which were
considered suitable for partition curtain through Macramé technique. The collected cords are
presented in Plate-1.
32
Plate 1: Samples of Cords for Macramé
33
34
4.3.2 Selection of cord
The samples of fifty cords were shown to experts and preferences of experts were
sought for selection of best cord for Macramé partition curtains. The data pertaining to
preferential choices of experts for cords have been presented in Table 16.
Table 16: Preferential choices of experts for Macramé cords
n=30
Sample No. Weighted Mean Scores Ranks
1 0.89 XXXI
2 1.01 XVII
3 1.33 IV
4 1.33 IV
5 0.69 XLIII
6 0.97 XXVIII
7 0.78 XL
8 0.43 XLVIII
9 0.76 XLI
10 1.02 XV
11 1.02 XV
12 1.30 VI
13 1.20 X
14 1.40 III
15 1.01 XVII
16 0.86 XXXV
17 0.79 XXXVIII
18 0.99 XXIV
19 0.89 XXXI
20 1.05 XIII
21 0.99 XXIV
22 1.22 VIII
23 1.00 XX
24 0.83 XXXVII
25 1.10 XI
26 1.00 XX
27 0.79 XXXVIII
28 1.00 XX
29 0.89 XXXI
30 0.96 XXX
31 0.31 L
32 1.30 VI
33 0.65 XLV
34 1.50 II
35 1.97 I
36 0.86 XXXV
37 0.42 IL
38 0.75 XLII
39 0.99 XXIV
40 1.01 XVII
41 0.89 XXXI
42 1.09 XII
43 1.00 XX
44 0.99 XXIV
45 1.22 VIII
46 0.97 XXVIII
47 0.69 XLIII
48 1.05 XIII
49 0.53 XLVI
50 0.48 XLVII
35
The data pertaining to the selection of cord for preparation of partition curtains
presented in Table 16 reveal that sample number 35 scored highest (1.97) rank 1st and sample
number 31 (0.30) was least preferred by experts and ranked 50th for preparation of partition
curtains. Hence, cord of sample number 35 was selected for further work.
4.3.3 Selection of colour of cord
The data regarding preferential choices of experts for colour of cord for preparation
of partition curtain is presented in Table 17. The data depict that white smoke colour was
most preferred by experts and scored highest (2.40) followed by pastel orange (2.20), beige
(1.96) and chrome yellow (1.96). The least preferred colour of cord was davy’s grey (1.32). It
is thus concluded that most preferred colour of cord for development of partition curtain was
white smoke.
Table 17: Experts’ preferences for colour of cord for partition curtains
n=30
Colour WMS Colour Colours WMS Colour Colours WMS
Colours
Names Names Names
Red 1.89 Dark Pastel 1.78 Dark Olive 1.42
Purple Green
Cadmium 1.78 Lavender 1.60 Bright Green 1.71
Red
Candy Apple 1.85 Yellow 1.42 Lawn Green 1.75
Red
Ferrari Red 1.78 Chrome 1.96 Apple Green 1.92
Yellow
Dark Pastel 1.75 Titanium 1.60 Android 1.75
Red Yellow Green
Dark Pink 1.71 Golden 1.75 Black 1.32
Yellow
Flamingo 1.85 Canary 1.60 White 1.89
Pink Yellow
Pastel 1.94 Lemon 1.57 White Smoke 2.40
Magenta
Cherry 1.71 Pastel Yellow 1.71 Seal Brown 1.46
Blossom Pink
Baby Pink 1.57 Pastel Orange 2.20 Dark Brown 1.35
Pastel Pink 1.35 Dark Orange 1.85 Brown 1.60
Blue 1.82 Portland 1.89 Golden 1.78

Orange Brown
Duke Blue 1.60 Cadmium 1.85 Pastel Brown 1.39
Orange
Navy Blue 1.75 Green 1.71 Davy'S Grey 1.32
Oxford Blue 1.38 Dark Green 1.35 Battleship 1.73

Grey
Midnight 1.57 British 1.50 Dim Gray 1.78
Blue Racing Green
Royal Blue 1.46 Cadmium 1.57 Cool Grey 1.38
Green
Sky Blue 1.89 Forest Green 1.46 Ash Grey 1.82
Dark 1.75 India Green 1.64 Beige 1.96
Magenta
Purple Heart 1.89 Dark Pastel 1.60 Pastel Gray 1.60
Green
Dark 1.89 Dark Spring 1.60 Lavender 1.79
Lavender Green Gray
WMS= Weighted Mean Score
36
4.3.4 Selection of accessories
The table presented below depicts the data regarding preferential choices of experts
for accessories to be used for preparation of partition curtains.
Table 18: Experts’ preferences for accessories for partition curtains
n=30
Sr. No. Accessories Experts’ preferences
WMS Ranks
1. Wooden beads 2.60 I
2. Metal beads 2.10 VI
3. Plastic beads 1.63 XII
4. Crystals 2.28 III
5. Rings 2.35 II
6. Pipes 1.96 VIII
7. Bells 2.17 IV
8. Stars 1.89 IX
9. Flowers 1.78 X
10. Mirrors 2.17 IV
11. Sequins 1.75 XI
WMS- Weighted Mean Score
Fig. 8: Experts’ preferences for accessories for partition curtains
The data in Table 18 and Figure 8 elucidates that as per the preferences of experts
wooden beads were most preferred accessory to be used for development of partition curtains
scoring 2.60 and ranked I followed by rings (2.35), crystals (2.28), bells and mirrors (2.17),
metal beads (2.10), pipes (1.96), stars (1.89), flowers (1.78) and sequins (1.75). Plastic beads
ranked XII with lowest weighted mean score value (1.63). It is thus concluded that wooden
bead were selected as accessory for partition curtains.
4.4 Selection of Macramé Knots and Knot Combination Designs
4.4.1 Preparation of Macramé knots
Ten samples of different Macramé Knots i.e. overhand knot, half hitch knot, double
half hitch knot/cording, alternative half hitch knot, half knot, flat knot, popcorn knot, reverse
cording, double chain knot with four ends and josephine knot were prepared using selected
cord and presented in Plate-2.
37
38
4.4.2 Selection of Macramé knots
This sub-section comprises of preferences of experts for Macramé knots for
development of knot combinations. The developed knot samples were got evaluated by a
panel of thirty experts and results obtained are presented in Table 19 and Figure 9.
Table 19: Experts’ preferences for Macramé knots for partition curtains
n=30
Sr.No. Macramé Knot Experts’ preferences
WMS Ranks
1. Overhand knot 2.23 VIII
2. Half hitch knot 1.83 X
3. Double Half Hitch Knot/Cording 2.83 I
4. Alternative half hitch knot 2.17 IX
5. Half knot 2.67 II
6. Flat knot 2.63 III
7. Popcorn knot 2.57 IV
8. Reverse cording 2.40 V
9. Double chain knot with four ends 2.37 VI
10. Josephine knot 2.30 VII
WMS- Weighted Mean Score
The data in table reveal that most preferred knot was double half hitch knot scoring
highest weighted mean score (2.83) and ranked I followed by half knot (2.67) ranked II, flat
knot (2.63) ranked III, popcorn knot (2.57) ranked IV and the reverse cording knot was
assigned rank V scoring (2.40). The declined trend in preferential choices of experts for rest
of the knots as double chain knot with four ends (2.37), josephine knot (2.30), overhand knot
(2.23), alternative half hitch knot (2.17) and half hitch knot scored lowest (1.83).
Hence, double half hitch knot/cording, half knot, flat knot, popcorn knot and reverse
cording knot were selected for further work.
Fig. 9: Experts’ preferences for Macramé knots for partition curtains
39
4.4.3 Development of Macramé knot combination designs
For developing innovative Macramé knot combination designs, the selected five
Macramé knots i.e. double half hitch knot/cording, half knot, flat knot, popcorn knot and
reverse cording knot were used in different combinations. Twenty designs of Macramé knot
combinations were developed. The developed knot combination designs are presented in
Plate-3.
4.4.4 Selection of macramé knot combination designs
This sub-section deals with the preferential choices of experts for selection of
Macramé knot combination designs for development of designs for partition curtains. All the
developed designs of knot combinations were assessed by a panel of thirty experts and
preferential choices for created knot combinations are presented in Table 20 and Figure 10.
Table 20: Experts’ preferences for developed Macramé knot combination designs.
n=30
Design Number Experts’ preferences
Weighted Mean Scores Ranks
1 2.10 XVIII
2 2.43 X
3 2.24 XV
4 2.53 VIII
5 2.56 VII
6 2.32 XIII
7 2.86 II
8 2.46 IX
9 2.18 XVII
10 2.73 III
11 2.60 VI
12 1.90 XX
13 2.35 XII
14 2.93 I
15 2.27 XIV
16 2.67 IV
17 2.40 XI
18 2.63 V
19 2.03 IXX
20 2.20 XVI
40
Plate 3: Macramé Knot Combination Designs
(Figures in parenthesis indicate knot numbers)
41
Plate 4: Selected Macramé Knot Combination Designs
Design Number Ranks Knot Combination Design
14 I
7 II
10 III
16 IV
18 V
42
Fig. 10: Experts’ preferences for developed Macramé knot combinations designs
The data presented in table reveal that amongst all the prepared knot combination
designs, Design No. 14 prepared by combining knot number 3 (double half hitch knot), 5
(half knot) and 6 (flat knot) was most preferred by the experts scoring highest i.e. 2.93 and
ranked I followed by Design No. 7 prepared by combining knot number 3 (double half hitch
knot), 6 (flat knot) and 7 (popcorn knot) scoring 2.86 at rank II. Knot combination Design No.
10 prepared by combining knot number 3 (double half hitch knot), 5 (half knot) and 6 (flat
knot) scored 2.73 at rank III, Design No. 16 prepared by combining knot number 3 (double
half hitch knot), 6 (flat knot) and 7 (popcorn knot) scored 2.67 at rank IV and Design No. 18
prepared by combining knot number 3 (double half hitch knot) and 6(flat knot) scored 2.63 at
rank V.
The other knot combination designs obtained descending order of preferences were
Design No. 11 (2.60), 5 (2.56), 4 (2.53), 8 (2.46), 2 (2.43), 17 (2.40), 13 (2.35), 6 (2.32), 15
(2.27), 3 (2.24), 20 (2.20), 9 (2.18), 1 (2.10), 19 (2.03) and Design No. 12 was ranked XX
scoring 1.90.
It is thus found that five top preferred Macramé knot combination designs selected for
development of designs for partition curtains were Design No. 14, 7, 10, 16 and 18 (Plate-4).
4.5 Creation and Selection of Designs for Partition Curtains
This section comprises of creation of designs for Macramé partition curtains using
selected knot combinations and selection of designs on the basis of preferential choices of
experts.
4.5.1 Creation of designs
Thirty designs of Macramé partition curtains i.e. six designs for each selected knot
combination were prepared with the help of CorelDRAW-12 software and shown in Plate-5.
43
Plate- 5: Created Designs for Macramé Partition Curtains
Design No. 7a Design No. 7b Design No. 7c Design No. 7d Design No. 7e Design No. 7f
44
4.5.2 Selection of designs
This sub-section comprise of the preferential choices of experts for developed designs
for Macramé partition curtains. All the developed designs were visually evaluated by a panel
of thirty experts and their preferential choices for created designs are depicted in Table 21.
Table 21: Preferences for developed Macramé Partition curtain designs
n=30
Design Number Experts’ preferences
(Combination of knots) Weighted Mean Scores Ranks
Design No. 7 (3,5,7)
7a 2.60 VI
7b 2.85 I
7c 2.66 III
7d 2.70 II
7e 2.63 IV
7f 2.63 IV
Design No. 10 (3,5,6)
10a 2.75 II
10b 2.75 II
10c 2.75 II
10d 2.72 V
10e 2.60 VI
10f 2.80 I
Design No. 14 (3,5,6)
14a 2.70 IV
14b 2.66 VI
14c 2.80 I
14d 2.73 III
14e 2.69 V
14f 2.75 II
Design No. 16 (3,6,7)
16a 2.77 II
16b 2.73 III
16c 2.69 IV
16d 2.65 V
16e 2.87 I
16f 2.63 VI
Design No. 18 (3,6)
18a 2.62 VI
18b 2.75 III
18c 2.79 II
18d 2.72 IV
18e 2.65 V
18f 2.83 I
45
Design No. 7: The data presented in Table 21 and Figure 12 reveal that amongst the designs
created by using Design No. 7, design number 7b scored highest (2.85) and ranked I followed
by design number 7d (2.70) ranked II, 7c (2.66) ranked III, 7e and 7f (2.63, each) ranked IV
and design number 7a was preferred by the experts at rank VI (2.60).
Design No. 10: The data elucidate that amongst the designs created by using Design No. 10,
design number 10f scored highest (2.80) and ranked I followed by design number 10a, 10b,
10c (2.75, each) ranked II, design number 10d (2.72) ranked V and design number 10e (2.60)
ranked VI.
Design No. 14: The data pertaining to the selection of developed designs for partition curtains
by experts and presented in Table 21 and Figure 11 indicate that amongst the designs created
by using Design No. 14, design number 14c scored highest (2.80) and ranked I and the lowest
scored was design number 14b (2.66) ranked VI.
Fig. 11: Preferences for developed Macramé partition curtain designs
Design No. 16: The data depicts that amongst the designs created by using Design No. 16,
design number 16e was most preferred by experts as scored highest (2.87) and ranked I,
followed by design number 16a (2.77) ranked II, 16b (2.73) ranked III, 16c (2.69) ranked IV,
16d (2.65) ranked V and design number 16f ranked VI with lowest weighted mean score
value (2.63).
Design No. 18: The data depicts that amongst the designs created by using Design No. 18,
design number 18f (2.83) was highly preferred by experts and ranked I followed by design
number 18c (2.79) ranked II, 18b (2.75) ranked III, 18d (2.72) ranked IV, 18e (2.65) ranked V
and design number 18a (2.62) ranked VI.
Hence it is concluded that design number 7e, 10f, 14c, 16e and 18f were top preferred
five designs selected for development of Macramé partition curtains.
4.6 Development of Macramé Partition Curtain and their Cost Determination
Five partition curtains were developed through Macramé technique with selected five
designs in their most preferred knot combinations. The developed Macramé partition curtains
are presented in Plate 6-10.
46
4.6.1 Determination of cost of the developed curtains
Cost of developed partition curtains was estimated on the basis of cost of raw
materials and labour charges. The cost of each curtain was calculated separately and
presented in Table 22.
Table 22: Cost of developed Macramé partition curtains

Developed Material cost Labour charges (₹) Total
Curtains (Cord + Beads) Cost (₹)
(₹)
I 405/- 1040/- 1445/-
II 467/- 1040/- 1507/-
III 429/- 832/- 1261/-
IV 371/- 832/- 1203/-
V 400/- 832/- 1232/-
It can be envisaged from the data in Table 22 that the total cost was highest for
curtain II i.e. ₹1507/- and lowest for curtain IV ₹ 1203/-. The total cost of curtain I, III and V
was ₹ 1445/-, 1261/- and 1232/-, respectively. The main factors responsible for variation in
the total cost of curtains were amount of raw material consumed in preparation of each curtain
and labour charges that varied according to the labour involved as per intricacy of curtain
designs.
4.7 Assessment of Developed Curtains
The developed Macramé partition curtains were got evaluated from the thirty
consumers on different parameters. Consumers’ opinion for each curtain was also taken
regarding suitability of Macramé technique for partition curtains, attractiveness and
uniqueness, suitability of knot combinations for curtains, developed designs maintain the
beauty of Macramé technique and marketability etc. All the parameters were assessed on
three point rating scale. The results related to assessment of developed curtains are given in
Table 23-25.
4.7.1 Assessment of developed curtains on designing parameters and overall

appearance
The developed curtains were assessed by consumers on designing parameters and

overall appearance. The results are presented in Table 23 and Figure 12.
47
Table 23: Opinion of consumers regarding developed curtains on various parameters
n=30
Sr. No. Developed Design Knot Overall
Macramé Curtains (WMS) Combination Appearance
(WMS) (WMS)
1. Curtain I 2.43 2.37 2.29
2. Curtain II 2.91 2.80 2.82
3. Curtain III 2.47 2.40 2.52
4. Curtain IV 2.70 2.72 2.70
5. Curtain V 2.16 2.20 2.25
WMS- Weighted Mean Score Highly Appealing 2.33-3.00, Appealing 1.66-2.33, Least Appealing 1.00-1.66
Design: The data elucidate that design of Macramé partition curtain II was found highly
appealing as it scored highest (2.91) and ranked I followed by curtain IV scored (2.70) ranked
II, curtain III with weighted mean score 2.47 ranked III, curtain I scored (2.43) and ranked IV
whereas curtain V with weighted mean score 2.16 was ranked V.
Fig. 12: Opinion of consumers regarding developed curtains on various parameters

Knot Combination: The data in Table 23 and Figure 12 indicate that on the basis of knot
combinations curtain II was found highly appealing by the respondents scoring highest
weighted mean score 2.80 followed by curtain IV (2.72) rank II, curtain III (2.40) rank III,
curtain I (2.37) rank IV and curtain V with lowest weighted mean score value (2.20) was at
rank V.
Overall Appearance: The data presented in Table 23 and Figure 12 reveal that on the basis
of overall appearance curtain II was found highly appealing scoring highest (2.82) and ranked
I followed by curtain IV (2.70) ranked II, curtain III (2.52) ranked III, curtain I (2.29) rank IV
and curtain V (2.25) was ranked V.
48
4.7.2 Opinion of the consumers regarding developed curtains
The data related to the opinion of the consumers regarding developed partition
curtains are presented in Table 24 and Figure 13.
Table 24: Opinion of the consumers regarding developed curtains
n=30
Sr. Opinion Statements Developed Macramé Curtains
No. I II III IV V
(WMS) (WMS) (WMS) (WMS) (WMS)
1. The developed curtain is 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
attractive and unique.
2. Macramé technique is 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
suitable for partition curtain
3. Selected knot combination is 2.86 3.00 2.86 2.95 2.90
suitable for curtain
4. Macramé technique of curtain 2.67 2.75 2.70 2.65 2.60
is time saving and cost
effective
5. Macramé curtain enhance the 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95
ambiance of interior of home
6. Size of design repeat is 2.86 2.90 2.80 2.90 2.90
appropriate for the curtain
7. Materials used are suitable for 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
curtains
8. Developed design is suitable 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
as per selected technique
9. Developed designs maintain 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
the beauty of macramé
technique
10. Quality of workmanship is 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
good
11. The developed curtain is as 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
per latest trend.
12. The developed curtains has 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
good market potential
Average Weighted Mean Scores 2.94 2.96 2.94 2.95 2.94
WMS- Weighted Mean Score Strongly Agree 2.33-3.00, Agree 1.66-2.33, Somewhat Agree 1.00-1.66
The data in table indicate that consumers had very high opinion for developed
curtains as weighted mean score values were above 2.33 indicating that consumers strongly
agreed for each statement. Further the table highlights that average weighted mean score of
49
consumers’ opinion pertaining to developed Macramé partition curtain ranged from 2.94 to
2.96. Hence, it indicates that consumers accepted the developed curtains very well.
It is thus concluded that the respondents had very high opinion about the Macramé
partition curtains in relation to ‘The developed curtain is attractive and unique’, ‘Macramé
technique is suitable for partition curtain’, ‘Selected knot combination is suitable for
curtain’, ‘Macramé technique of curtain is time saving and cost effective’, ‘Macramé curtain
enhance the ambiance of interior of home’, ‘Size of design repeat is appropriate for the
curtain’, ‘Materials used are suitable for curtains’, ‘Developed design is suitable as per
selected technique’, ‘Developed designs maintain the beauty of macramé technique’, ‘Quality
of workmanship is good’, ‘The developed curtain is as per latest trend’ and ‘The developed
curtains has good market potential’.
Fig. 13: Opinion of consumers regarding developed curtains
4.7.3 Opinion of the consumers regarding the cost of developed curtains

The developed partition curtains were got evaluated by the respondents for the cost
whether high, appropriate or low and results are presented in Table 25.
Table 25: Opinion of consumers regarding cost of developed Macramé partition
curtains
n=30
Developed Cost (₹) Opinion regarding cost
Macramé Appropriate High
Curtains Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
I 1445/- 24 80.00 06 20.00
II 1507/- 28 93.33 02 06.67
III 1261/- 25 83.33 05 16.67
IV 1203/- 27 90.00 03 10.00
V 1232/- 26 86.67 04 13.33
It is clear from the table that majority of the consumers rated the cost of developed
Macramé partition curtains as appropriate i.e. 93.33 percent for curtain II, 90.00 percent for
curtain IV, 86.67 percent for curtain V, 83.33 percent for curtain III and 80.00 percent for
curtain I.
50
However few consumers rated the cost as high i.e. curtain I (20.00%), curtain III
(16.67%), curtain V (13.33%), curtain IV (10.00%) and curtain II (06.67%).
It is thus concluded from the data that almost all the consumers rated the cost of
developed partition curtains as appropriate and none of them rated it as low.
A design catalogue on ‘Innovative Designs of Macramé Technique for Partition

Curtains’ was prepared. It comprised of ten Macramé knots, twenty designs of Macramé knot
combinations and thirty designs of partition curtains with the help of CorelDRAW 12
software to develop a repository of designs.
51
CHAPTER–V
DISCUSSION
The results of the present study have been discussed and presented under the
following sections:
5.3 Selection of raw materials for partition curtains
5.4 Selection of Macramé knots and knot combination designs
5.7 Assessment of developed curtains

Existing market practices for partition curtains were explored from fifteen
showrooms of Hisar city. The types of partition curtains available in showrooms were
conventional and contemporary. It was found that conventional curtains were available in all
the showrooms however partition curtains in net/lace fabric (contemporary) were available in
80.00 percent showrooms. All the showrooms possessed woven partition curtains of polyester
and cotton fiber (100%). The results are supported by Raghubalan and Raghubalan (2009)
who stated that various types of fabrics are used for making curtains i.e. cotton, linen, rayon,
glass fibers, acrylics and silk for luxurious settings. Beads were used as accessory in partition
curtains available at majority of the showrooms (93.33%). Regarding availability of raw
materials for partition curtains it was found that fabrics were available in all the showrooms
(100%) however cords were not available at any of the showrooms. All the showrooms
owners displayed their new style of partition curtains by hanging on pipes fixed on walls as
well as by kept folded in the racks (100%). The entire showroom owners (100%) referred
design catalogues of companies for buying new styles of partition curtains, preferred to
purchase partition curtains directly from industries or companies and overall appearance of
curtains was considered factor by them.
5.2 Usage and Purchase Practices of Consumers for Partition Curtains

The data depicted that 86.67 percent consumers used partition curtains to impart
designer look to their homes. 70.00 percent consumers preferred local market/retail shops for
buying partition curtains. It was found that conventional curtains were preferred by all the
consumers however partition curtains in net/lace fabric were preferred by 66.67 percent
consumers. Partition curtains of polyester fibre were preferred by 83.33 percent consumers.
The data indicated that partition curtains made with combination of weaving and cording
52
technique were preferred by 66.67 percent consumers. Partition curtains based on traditional
theme were preferred by 66.67 percent consumers. Beads were preferred most (53.33%) as
accessory in partition curtains. T.V./ advertisements were used as sources of information for
selection of partition curtains by half of the consumers. Data pertaining to factors affecting
selection of partition curtains by consumers depicted that for partition curtains cool colours
were preferred by most of the consumers due to their soothing effect and blend well with
colour of furniture and interiors. Price range from ₹301-600/- for partition curtains were the
most preferred range because within this price range consumers can have lots of varieties and
this range was also affordable by majority of the consumers. Light weight material for
partition curtains was preferred by 73.34 percent consumers and preferred location for using
partition curtains was drawing room and dining room and dining room and living room.
Majority of the consumers reported that material for partition curtain was not
available as per their requirement. Data regarding new style of partition curtains revealed that
half of the consumers were interested to buy partition curtains of Macramé or knotted
technique to give a designer and elegant look to their homes. Ruhil (2009) reported that
curtains are being used by majority of the respondents for blocking sunlight and to impart
designer look. People kept design at first preference and colour at the second and last
preference was given for cost while purchasing curtains. Cool colours in light weight fabric,
traditional and trendy curtains rather than stylized were most preferred by consumers. The
sources of information for selection of curtain designs were neighbours/relative however the
designer books and internet got the last preference. Agarwal et al. (2010) stated that
unconventional techniques which can be used to prepare fabrics with beautiful appearance
and unique textures include knotting, braiding, netting, plaiting, bonding etc. Ruhil (2014)
reported that majority of the respondents had no idea about theme based designing and few
respondents had an idea of commonly used themes such as floral, traditional/conventional and
colour combinations. Majority of the respondents preferred the area of home that is dining
cum lounge area because family members generally relax, socialize in this area and used for
leisure and informal entertainment.
5.3 Selection of Raw Materials for Partition Curtains

Markets of Hisar and Panipat city of Haryana state and different markets of Delhi
were explored for collection of cords for preparation of Macramé partition curtains and eighty
seven cords were collected. Fifty cords were screened on the basis of their suitability for
partition curtain through Macramé technique. A sample chart was prepared of all fifty
screened cords that knotted with flat knot and displayed in sufficient day light. Out of fifty
samples preferences of experts were sought for selection of best cord for Macramé partition
53
curtain, sample number 35 scored highest (1.97) and rank 1st, whereas sample number 31
(0.30) was least preferred by experts and ranked 50th.
White smoke colour of cord was most preferred by experts and scored highest for
development of partition curtain. Wooden beads were most preferred accessory to be used for
development of partition curtains. The reason for selection of white smoke colour by experts
may be that this colour blends well with dark as well as light coloured furniture and interiors.
Shivani (2013) reported that for collection of cords for shrugs, ten leading shops of
Chandigarh were explored. The cords were chosen on the basis of soft texture, pliability,
comfort, stability and adequate strength. The findings of Joseph et al. (2011) also remarked
that beige and black colour cords and maroon colour beads were selected as per the
preferences of experts for preparation of shrugs through Macramé technique. As the shrug is
an over garment thus black and beige colour were selected to match with garments worn
under. Maroon colour beads were selected to act as contrast colour for Macramé shrugs.
Ruhil (2009) also used cream colour fabric for preparation of curtains and contrasting maroon
colour for designing on the basis of common consent of the experts.
5.4 Selection of Macramé Knots and Knot Combination Designs

Ten samples of Macramé Knots i.e. overhand knot, half hitch knot, double half hitch
knot/cording, alternative half hitch knot, half knot, flat knot, popcorn knot, reverse cording,
double chain knot with four ends and josephine knot were prepared using selected cord and
shown to the experts for their preferences. Preferences of experts revealed that most preferred
knots were double half hitch knot (2.83), half knot (2.67), flat knot (2.63), popcorn knot
(2.57) and reverse cording knot (2.40). These knots might have been preferred due to their
simple shape, appearance and can be combined easily with each other to create designs. The
selected knots were used for preparation of Macramé knot combination designs. For
developing innovative Macramé knot combination designs, the selected five Macramé knots
i.e. double half hitch knot/cording, half knot, flat knot, popcorn knot and reverse cording knot
were used in different combinations. Anuar and Daud (2011) also selected four knots from
several Macramé knots which includes two basic knots i.e. half hitch knot and the square
knot. The other two most common and versatile knots were overhand knot and josephine
knot.
Twenty designs of Macramé knot combinations were developed. All the prepared
designs samples were assessed decisively by the experts and each of selected knot
combination designs was used for creation of innovative designs for partition curtains using
CorelDRAW 12 software. The most preferred designs of knot combination were Design No.
14 prepared by combining knot number 3,5 and 6 (double half hitch knot, half knot and flat
knot), Design No. 7 prepared by combining knot number 3,6 and 7 (double half hitch knot,
54
flat knot and popcorn knot), Design No. 10 prepared by combining knot number 3,5 and 6
(double half hitch knot, half knot and flat knot), Design No. 16 prepared by combining knot
number 3,6 and 7 (double half hitch knot, flat knot and popcorn knot) and Design No. 18
prepared by combining knot number 3 and 6 (double half hitch knot, half knot). The
preferences of experts may be due to the reasons that the preferred designs were distinct and
innovative for partition curtains. Each developed designs was creative because of judicious
use of knots for preparation of different knot combination designs. The five top preferred
Macramé knot combination designs selected for development of designs for partition curtains
were Design No. 14, 7, 10, 16 and 18. Joseph et al. (2011) prepared five Macramé knot
samples of three inches using three selected yarns and got evaluated by a panel of judges. The
sample made by yarn number 12 was highly preferred by experts as it imparted stretch which
is suitable for construction of shrugs. Agarwal et al. (2010) prepared twelve designs of tie
and dye in combination with different Macramé knots out of which, most preferred designs
were used for development of products.
5.5 Creation and Selection of Designs

Six designs for each selected knot combination were prepared with the help of
CorelDRAW-12 software. Total thirty designs of partition curtains were prepared. One design
of each knot combination was selected for partition curtains on the basis of experts’
preferences. It was inferred that design number 7e, 10f, 14c, 16e and 18f were five top
preferred designs which were selected for preparation of partition curtains. Jonathan et al.
(2015) created three designs for Macramé bags and foot wears by sketching and further
redesigned with the help of suitable CAD software. Sethi and Sharma (2011) highlighted
that computer in the hands of a designer can prove to be a tool of unlimited creativity and
more than a million ideas can be visualized on the monitor screen in fraction of a minute. The
demonstrated benefits of CAD include increased creativity to improve conceptual design,
reduced product development time, high product design capacity and reduced cost of the
sample.
5.6 Development of Macramé Partition Curtains and their Cost Determination
Five partition curtains were developed through Macramé technique using selected
five designs in their most preferred knot combinations. The cost of each curtain was
calculated by including cost of raw materials and labour involved in preparation of each
curtain. The results of the study are also supported by Shivani (2013) who prepared foot
wears using Macramé technique. The cost of footwear varied according to the design and
material used. Jonathan et al. (2015) prepared fourteen Macramé articles i.e. four foot wears
and ten bags. Singh et al. (2014) prepared different Macramé utility articles i.e. mirror holder,
pot holder, lamp shade etc. and Macramé jewellery like ear rings, bracelets, necklace etc.
55
Anuar and Daud (2011) prepared Macramé jewellery with sterling silver round wire,
beading wire and coated colour wire as alternative material to replace thread for Macramé
technique.
5.7 Assessment of Developed Curtains
The developed Macramé partition curtains were got assessed from thirty consumers.
Opinion of the consumers was taken regarding developed designs, knot combinations and
overall appearance. Macramé partition curtain II was preferred the most by respondents in
terms of designs, knot combination and overall appearance.
The respondents also had very high opinion about the Macramé partition curtains in
relation to ‘the developed curtain is attractive and unique’, ‘Macramé technique is suitable for
partition curtain’, ‘selected knot combination is suitable for curtain’, ‘Macramé technique of
curtain is time saving and cost effective’, ‘Macramé curtain enhance the ambiance of interior
of home’, ‘size of design repeat is appropriate for the curtain’, ‘materials used are suitable for
curtains’, ‘developed design is suitable as per selected technique’, ‘developed designs
maintain the beauty of macramé technique’, ‘quality of workmanship is good’, ‘the developed
curtain is as per latest trend’ and ‘the developed curtains has good market potential’. The cost
of the developed curtains was found appropriate by majority of the respondents. The results of
the study are also supported by results of study carried out by Joseph et al. (2011b). It was
reported that developed shrugs using Macramé technique were found acceptable by
shopkeepers and boutique owners. The findings of the study revealed that the developed
shrugs were innovative, creative, had enough market potential and were highly appreciated by
the respondents. Shivani (2013) stated that designs of Macramé foot wears were found
innovative and interesting by the consumers. Designing and appearance were also greatly
appreciated and majority of the consumers were interested to buy the developed Macramé
foot wears. Anila and Savita (2013) developed two set of household linens including curtain,
bed sheet, cushion cover and lamp shade. According to the majority of the shopkeepers, the
quoted price of the household linens was reasonable and the articles were appreciated by most
of the consumers. Kaur and Kaur (2014) reported that cost of developed Chikankari curtains
was found reasonable by shopkeepers and consumers. The developed products were highly
appreciated by the respondents as majority of them were interested to buy the developed
products. Sharan and Raj (2009), Anuar and Daud (2011) and Singh et al. (2014)
developed different Macramé products viz tops, bag, footwear, mirror holder, pot holder,
lamp shade, Macramé jewellery like ear rings, bracelets, necklace etc. and all the developed
products were well accepted by the consumers.
56

Curtains’ was prepared by using computer technology for documentation comprising of ten
samples of Macramé knots, twenty knot combination designs and thirty designs of partition
curtains. The catalogue will provide an idea about the Macramé knots, their application for
design development through different combinations and creation of designs for partition
curtains. It can also be referred for development of innovative designs for apparels, home
textiles and utility articles to serve the consumers and also to keep our art of handicraft alive.
Agarwal et al. (2010) developed products for living room using combination of tie and dye
and Macramé techniques. A design catalogue comprising of different techniques used in tie
and dye, shades of dyes, Macramé knots and designs of 12 living room products was
prepared. Various teaching materials in the form of design catalogue and product catalogue
were also developed using computer technology. Sharma and Paul (2015) reported that
CAD technology opens the avenues for the designers to fulfill the ever changing demands of
consumers especially for those who hunt for new designs in their attire and other textile
products and to preserve these designs by developing a repository, which could be accessed as
and when needed.
57
CHAPTER–VI
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Home textiles known as fabric for home give life to home, create an ambiance of
freshness and without completely redecorating they can change the appearance of the home.
The most effective way to completely transform our home is by the judicious use of soft
furnishings. These are generally used in indoor furnishings and arrangement, include products
like table linens, bed linens, carpets, pillow covers, cushion covers, sofa draperies, curtains
etc. Curtains known as a drape or drapery which are hung on the inside of house windows and
doors to provide the conventional ways to decorate the home. Curtains add to the beauty of
the room and are as important as wall colour and designs. It can beautify a space in no time,
they are easily affordable and instantly applicable furnishings. Handicrafts have always been
a very basic activity of human society. The most known form of handicrafts in India are
bamboo, cane, metal, bone and horn, brass, clay, jute, paper, rock, shell, weaving or
embroidery, wood and Macramé.
Macramé is a type of textile-making using knots and hitching. Macramé uses all types
of cords and threads depending on the type of object, including yarn, floss, hemp, linen, wire,
and polypropylene. Macramé is fun, creative, and perfect for keeping restless hands occupied.
It can be used to make all sorts of household items, not to mention ornaments, decorations,
and accessories. This study is an attempt to develop distinct designs of partition curtains
through Macramé knot technique and create a new line of designs for the designers’
inspiration. Thus, the present study entitled, ‘Development of Curtains using Macramé
Technique’ was planned with the following objectives:
1. To explore the existing trend for partition curtains
2. To design and develop partition curtains using Macramé technique
3. To assess the consumer acceptability of developed curtains
Methodology
A systematic method was followed to attain the stated objectives. The present study
was conducted in the Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, I.C. College of Home
Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.
Fifteen leading showrooms of Hisar city were explored to gather information about
existing market practices for partition curtains. A self-structured interview schedule was used
to collect the information from the showroom owners regarding type of curtains available in
the market, fibre content, fabric construction techniques, accessories, styles of display,
sources of information for purchase and sale outlets patronised for purchasing partition
curtains and factors considered by them for selection of partition curtains. To know the usage
and purchase practices of consumers for partition curtains regarding utility of partition
curtains, place of purchase, type of curtains, fibre content, fabric construction techniques,
58
themes, accessories, sources of information, factors affecting selection of partition curtains,
frequency of change of partition curtains, consumers’ satisfaction for available partition
curtains and consumers’ preferences for new style of partition curtains, a self-structured
interview schedule was used.
For selection of raw materials for partition curtains, eighty seven cords were collected
from markets of Hisar and Panipat city of Haryana state and different markets of Delhi. Out
of collected eighty seven cords, fifty cords were screened as per their suitability for Macramé
technique as well as for partition curtains. For selection of cord, colour of cord and
accessories for partition curtains preferences of thirty experts were sought on three point
continuum scale using preferential choice index and on the basis of weighted mean score, one
most preferred cord, colour of cord and accessory was selected. Samples of ten Macramé
knots were prepared using selected cord and preferences of experts were sought for prepared
knots using self-developed preferential choice index. On the basis of weighted mean score,
top preferred five Macramé knots were selected for development of knot combination
designs. Preferences of experts were also sought for selection of knot combination designs for
the preparation of curtain designs. Five top preferred knot combination designs were selected
on the basis of experts’ preferences.
Total thirty designs of partition curtains, six designs for each selected knot
combination were created in CorelDARW 12 software to get the required intricacy and
fineness. As per the preferences of experts five designs one of each knot combination were
selected for development of partition curtains. Five partition curtains were developed through
Macramé technique using selected designs.
The developed Macramé curtains were exhibited in the well lightened lab of
Department of Family Resource Management and got assessed from thirty consumers on
different parameters using three point rating scale. The opinion of the consumers regarding
developed Macramé partition curtains was also taken using self developed opinion scale. The
developed curtains were also assessed for appropriateness of cost.
Major findings of the study are summarized as follows:
Existing Market Practices for Partition Curtains: Results of the study pertaining to
existing market practices showed that all the selected fifteen showrooms were found to be
selling conventional partition curtains. The contemporary partition curtains included
transparent sheets, net/lace, semi- transparent and opaque curtains. Partition curtains of
net/lace fabric were available at 80.00 percent showrooms whereas semi- transparent partition
curtains were available at 73.33 percent showrooms. The data regarding the fibre content of
available partition curtains indicated that partition curtains of cotton and polyester fabrics
were available in all the showrooms (100%). All the showrooms (100%) possessed woven
partition curtains. Beads were used as accessory in majority (93.33%) of the partition curtains
59
available in the market. Regarding availability of raw materials of partition curtains in the
showrooms it was found that fabrics for partition curtains were available at all the showrooms
and cords were not available at any of the showrooms. In all the showrooms (100%) new style
of partition curtains were displayed by hanging on pipes fixed on walls as well as kept folded
in the racks. All the showroom owners (100%) purchased partition curtains directly from the
industries/companies and referred design catalogues supplied by the companies for buying
new styles of partition curtains. Overall appearance of curtains was considered as important
factor by all the showroom owners (100%) while selecting partition curtains.
Usage and Purchase Practices of Consumers for Partition Curtains: The data regarding
the existing usage and purchase practices adopted by consumers for partition curtains
revealed that conventional curtains were preferred by all the consumers (100%), while semi-
transparent curtains were preferred by 66.67 percent consumers. Regarding usage and
purchase practices of partition curtains it was found that 86.67 percent consumers used
partition curtains to impart designer look. It was indicated by data that 70.00 percent
consumers purchase partition curtains from local market/retail shops. Majority of the
consumers preferred partition curtains of polyester (83.33%) fibre whereas cotton/polyester
blend was preferred by 46.67 percent consumers. Partition curtains made with combination of
weaving and cording technique were preferred by 66.67 percent consumer. The data
pertaining to preferences of consumers regarding theme for partition curtains depicted that
66.67 percent consumers preferred traditional theme based partition curtains and
contemporary theme was preferred by 60.00 percent consumers. Beads were preferred by
53.33 percent consumers as accessory for partition curtains and ribbons were least preferred.
Half of the consumers got information from T.V/ advertisements for selection of partition
curtains while books/magazines were referred by only 16.67 percent consumers.
Preferences of consumers for colour of partition curtains showed that 66.67 percent
consumers preferred cool colours. 40.00 percent consumers were ready to buy partition
curtains in price range of ₹301-600/- and only 06.67 percent consumers were ready to buy
partition curtains above ₹900/-. Maximum number of consumers (73.33%) preferred light
weight material for partition curtains. Most preferred location for partition curtains was
drawing room and dining room. Regarding frequency of change of partition curtains it was
found that 40.00 percent of the consumers change partition curtains within a period of 5-7
years. Regarding consumers’ satisfaction about available partition curtains, majority of the
consumers reported that material, design and colour for partition curtain was not available as
per requirement. Data pertaining to preferences of consumers for new style of partition
curtains showed that 50 percent consumers were interested to buy Macramé /knotted and
corded/strings partition curtains.
60
Selection of Raw Materials for Partition Curtains: Results in respect of selection of cords
revealed that out of fifty cords sample number 35 of cord scored maximum weighted mean
score (1.97). As per the preferences of experts white smoke colour of cord and wooden beads
as accessory for partition curtains were most preferred.
Selection of Macramé Knots and Knot Combination Designs: Results of preferences of
experts for selection of knots for preparation of knot combination designs revealed that
double half hitch knot, half knot, flat knot, popcorn knot and reverse cording knot were most
preferred for development of knot combination designs. Twenty designs of Macramé knot
combinations were developed using selected five knots in all possible combinations. Results
of preferences of experts for knot combination designs inferred that most preferred knot
combination designs were Design No. 14, 7, 10, 16 and 18. Hence these knot combination
designs were selected for creation of designs for partition curtain.
Creation and Selection of Designs for Partition Curtains: Total thirty designs, six designs
for each selected knot combination were prepared with the help of CorelDRAW-12 software.
Preferences of experts for the developed designs revealed that design number 7b was most
preferred amongst the designs created using Design No. 7. Design number 10f out of the
designs created using Design No.10, design number 14c of designs of Design No.14, design
number 16e out of designs of Design No.16, and design number 18f was most preferred
amongst the designs created by Design No. 18. Thus design number 7e, 10f, 14c, 16e and 18f
were selected for development of Macramé partition curtains.
Development of Macramé Partition Curtains and their Cost Determination: Five
partition curtains were developed through Macramé technique using the most preferred
designs. The cost of developed partition curtains ranged from ₹1203 to 1507. Cost of curtain
II was highest i.e. ₹1507/- and cost of curtain IV was lowest i.e. ₹1203/-. The factors
responsible for variability in the total cost of curtains were the cost of cords, beads and labour
charges involved in preparation of curtains.
Assessment of Developed Curtains: The developed partition curtains were got assessed
from consumers on the basis of different parameters viz. designs, knot combinations and
overall appearance. The results clearly depicted that Macramé partition curtain I, II, III and IV
were found highly appealing in terms of design, knot combination and overall appearance as
indicated by weighted mean score values above (2.33). The consumers had very high opinion
about the developed Macramé partition curtains in relation to being attractive and unique,
suitability of Macramé technique, materials used and selected knot combination for
development of partition curtains. The developed designs maintained the beauty of macramé
technique, as per trend and had good market potential. Majority of the respondents reported
that cost of developed curtains was appropriate.
61
Curtains’ was prepared by using computer technology for documentation comprising of ten
samples of Macramé knots, twenty knot combination designs and thirty designs of partition
curtains.
It is thus concluded that Macramé technique played an important role in creating
unique designs for partition curtains. To satisfy the urge of high- end consumers as well as
designers’ own need of creating something new and creative, Macramé technique have
endless possibilities for combining different knots artistically to create designs for apparels,
textiles and utility articles.
The use of CAD has helped in creating new and complex designs using designs of
knot combinations and reduced the time involved in the process of designing. All the partition
curtains developed through Macramé technique are commercially viable.
The recommendations on the basis of the findings of the present study are:
• The Macramé technique is recommended for development of innovative partition
curtains.
• The use of combination of knots for development of design for partition curtains is
recommended.
• The developed designs can be given to entrepreneurs for mass production to help
them to establish micro enterprise for developing a wide range of Macramé products.
62
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iii
ANNEXURE- I
Existing Market Practices/Trends in Partition Curtains
General information
1. Name of the Respondent:
2. Address:
3. Age:
i) 20-30
ii) 31-40
iii) 41-50
iv) 50-60
v) Above 60 yrs.
4. Sex : Male / Female
5. Place of residence: Rural / Urban
6. Marital status : Married / Unmarried
7. Educational qualification:
i) Primary
ii) Matric
iii) Graduate
iv) Post graduate
v) Uneducated
vi) Any other
8. Annual income (Rs in lac):
i) 1-3
ii) 4-5
iii) Above 5 lac
9. For how long are you in this business?
i) 2-5 (ii) 5-8
iii) 8-10 (iv) Above 10 yrs
Specific information
1. Which type of curtains are available in your showroom?
i) Conventional
ii) Contemporary
a) Transparent sheet
b) Net/Lace
c) Semi transparent
d) Opaque
2. Which type of material is available at your showroom?
i) Cotton (ii) Nylon
iii) Polyester (iv) Wool
v) Cotton/Polyester Blend (vi) Polyester/Rayon Blend
vii) Cotton/Silk Blend (viii) Any other
I
3. Which type of fabric construction techniques are used in partition curtains available at
your showroom?
i) Weaving ii) Lace making
iii) Combination of weaving and cording iv) Any other
4. Which type of accessories are used in partition curtains available at your showroom?
i) Beads (ii) Rings
iii) Flowers (iv) Mirrors
v) Embroidery (vi) Ribbon
vii) Tessels (viii) Any other
5. Do you have the raw material of partition curtain in your showroom?
i) Yes (ii) No
If yes, which type of material is available in your showroom?
i) Fabric (ii) Cord
iii) Lace (iv) Any other
6. How do you display new style of partition curtains in your showroom?
i) By hanging on pipe fixed in walls (ii) By keeping folded in racks
iii) Tumble display (iv) Any other
7. From where do you get information to purchase new style of partition curtains?
i) Exhibitions (ii) Window displays of companies
iii) Books/Magazines (iv) As per consumers’ demand
v) Design catalogues of companies (vi) T.V, internet
vii) Any other
8. From where do you purchase partition curtains for your showroom?
i) Wholesale stores/Showrooms (ii) Shopping sites (internet)
iii) Exhibition (iv) Industries/Companies
v) Sales persons (vi) Any other
9. Which factors do you consider most important while selecting partition curtains?
i) Colour/Colour combinations (ii) Quality
iii) Price (iv) Overall appearance
v) Fashion trends (vi) Brands
vii) Any other
II
ANNEXURE- II
Existing Usage and Purchase Practices of Partition Curtains
General information
1. Name of the Respondent:
2. Address:
3. Age:
i) 20-30 yrs
ii) 31-40 yrs
iii) 41-50 yrs
iv) 51-60 yrs
v) Above 60 yrs.
4. Sex : Male / Female
5. Marital Status : Married / Unmarried
6. Educational Qualifications:
i) Uneducated
ii) Primary
iii) Matric
iv) Graduate
v) Post Graduate
vi) Any other
7. Occupation:
i) House wife (ii) Service
iii) Business men (iv) Any other
8. Annual income (₹ in lac):
i) 1-3
ii) 4-5
iii) Above 5 lac
Specific information
1. Do you have partition curtains at your home?
i) Yes (ii) No
2. If yes, what do you think about utility of partition curtains?
i) For privacy (ii) For designer look
iii) For blocking sunlight (iv) For regulating amount of air
v) Any other
3. From where do you shop for partition curtains?
i) Local market (ii) Wholesale shops
iii) Shopping sites /Internet (iv) Exhibition/Fairs
v) Any other
4. Which type curtains you prefer most?
i) Conventional
ii) Contemporary
a) Transparent sheet
b) Net/Lace
c) Semi transparent
d) Opaque
5. Which type of material you prefer for partition curtains?
(i) Cotton (ii) Silk
(iii) Jute (iv) Linen
(v) Polyester (vi) Nylon
(vii) Cotton/Polyester blend (viii) Polyester/Rayon blend
(ix) Cotton/Silk blend (x) Any other
6. Which type of fabric construction techniques you prefer for partition curtains?
i) Weaving ii) Lace making
iii) Combination of weaving and cording iv) Any other
III
7. Which theme do you select while planning for curtains?
i) Traditional (ii) Contemporary
iii) Botanical (iv) Floral
v) Ocean (vi) Sunrise
vii) Any other
8. What type of accessories do you prefer for partition curtains?
i) Beads (ii) Rings
iii) Flowers (iv) Mirrors
v) Embroidery (vi) Ribbon
vii) Tessels (viii) Patch work
ix) Any other
9. From where do you get information about buying new styles for partition curtains?
i) T.V / Advertisement (ii) Internet
iii) Exhibition (iv) Friends and family
v) Books and Magazines (vi) Advertisements by shopkeeper/ company
vii) Window shopping (viii) Any other
10. Which factors are considered important while shopping partition curtains?
S. No. Factors for Most Preferred Least
selection preferred preferred
1. Colour Warm colour
Cool colour
2. Cost (Rs per Up to ₹100-300
curtain) ₹301-600
₹601-900
Above ₹ 900
3. Type of material Light weight
Medium weight
Heavy weight
4. Location of rooms Drawing room and
Dining room
Dining room and
Living room
Bed room and
Dressing room
5. Any other
11. How frequently do you change your partition curtains?
i) Less than 1 year (ii) 1-3 years
iii) 3-5 years (iv) 5-7 years
v) 7-9 years (vi) More than 9 years
12. Are you satisfied with existing designs of partition curtain available in the market?
i) Yes (ii) No
If no, Why?
1. Preferential colours are not available
2. Preferential designs are not available
3. Trendy designs are not available
4. Material for partition curtain is not available as per requirement
5. Cost of curtains is too high
13. Which type of new styles in partition curtains will you prefer?
i) Knotted/Macramé (ii) Braided
iii) Knitted (iv) Corded/Strings
v) Crocheted (vi) Any other
IV
ANNEXURE-III
Preferential Choice Index for Selection of Cords for Partition Curtains
General Information:
Name of the respondent: Occupation:
Age: Monthly family income:
Educational qualification: Family type:
Please give your preferences for cords for partition curtains:
Cord/Sample No. Highly preferred Preferred Least preferred
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
V
ANNEXURE-IV
Preferential Choice Index for Selection of Colour of Cord for Partition Curtains
Please give your preferences for colour of cord for partition curtain for drawing and dining room
Colour HP P LP Colour HP P LP Colour HP P LP
Red Dark Pastel Purple Dark Olive
Green
Cadmium Red Lavender Bright Green
Candy Apple Red Yellow Lawn Green
Ferrari Red Chrome Yellow Apple Green
Dark Pastel Red Titanium Yellow Android Green
Dark Pink Golden Yellow Black
Flamingo Pink Canary Yellow White
Pastel Magenta Lemon White Smoke
Cherry Blossom Pink Pastel Yellow Seal Brown
Baby Pink Pastel Orange Dark Brown
Pastel Pink Dark Orange Brown
Blue Portland Orange Golden Brown
Duke Blue Cadmium Orange Pastel Brown
Navy Blue Green Davy'S Grey
Oxford Blue Dark Green Battleship
Grey
Midnight Blue British Racing Dim Gray
Green
Royal Blue Cadmium Green Cool Grey
Sky Blue Forest Green Ash Grey
Dark Magenta India Green Beige
Purple Heart Dark Pastel Green Pastel Gray
Dark Lavender Dark Spring Green Lavender Gray
HP= Highly Preferred, P= Preferred, LP= Least Preferred
Preferential Choice Index for Selection of Accessories for Partition Curtains
Sr. No. Accessories Highly preferred Preferred Least preferred
1. Beads
i. Wooden beads
ii. Metal beads
iii. Plastic beads
2. Crystals
3. Rings
4. Pipes
5. Bells
6. Stars
7. Flower
8. Mirror
9. Sequins
VI
ANNEXURE-V
Preferential Choice Index for Selection of Macramé Knots for Partition Curtains
Please give your preferences for macramé knots for partition curtains
Sr. No. Knots Highly preferred Preferred Least preferred
1. Overhand knot
2. Half hitch knot

3. Double Half Hitch
Knot/Cording
4. Alternative half hitch knot
5. Half knot
6. Flat knot
7. Popcorn knot
8. Reverse cording
9. Double chain knot with four
ends
10. Josephine knot
VII
ANNEXURE-VI
Preferential Choice Index for Selection of Macramé Knot Combination Designs for Partition
Curtains
Please give your preferences for Macramé knot combination designs for partition curtains
Sr. No. Highly preferred Preferred Least preferred
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
VIII
ANNEXURE-VII
Preferential Choice Index for Selection of Designs for Partition Curtains
Please give your preferences for design for partition curtains:
Sr. No. Design no. Highly preferred Preferred Least preferred
1. 7 (a)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (d)
5. (e)
6. (f)
7. 10 (a)
8. (b)
9. (c)
10. (d)
11. (e)
12. (f)
13. 14 (a)
14. (b)
15. (c)
16. (d)
17. (e)
18. (f)
19. 16 (a)
20. (b)
21. (c)
22. (d)
23. (e)
24. (f)
25. 18 (a)
26. (b)
27. (c)
28. (d)
29. (e)
30. (f)
IX
ANNEXURE-VIII
Assessment Index for Evaluation of Developed Partition Curtains
General information:
Name: Age:
Education: Family type:
Marital Status: occupation:
1. Please assess the developed curtains on various parameters and overall appearance:
Developed Design Knot combination Overall Appearance
Macramé Curtains H.A A L.A V.A A L.A V.A A L.A
Curtain I(7b)
Curtain II(10f)
Curtain III(14c)
Curtain IV(16e)
Curtain V(18f)
Highly appealing, Appealing, Least appealing
2. Please give your opinion regarding developed curtains:

Sr. Opinion Statements Developed Macramé Curtains
No. I II III IV V
S. A A S.W S.A A S.W S.A A S.W S.A A S.W S.A A S.W
1. The developed curtain is
attractive and unique.
2. Macramé technique is
suitable for partition curtain
3. Selected knot combination
is suitable for curtain
4. Macramé technique of
curtain is time saving and
cost effective
5. Macramé curtain enhance
the ambiance of interior of
home
6. Size of design repeat is
appropriate for the curtain
7. Materials used are suitable
for curtains
8. Developed design is suitable
as per selected technique
9. Developed designs maintain
the beauty of macramé
technique
10. Quality of workmanship is
good
11. The developed curtain is as
per latest trend
12. The developed curtains has
good market potential
SA-Strongly agree, A-Agree, SW-Somewhat agree.
3. Please tick the acceptability level of the cost of developed curtains:

Developed Material cost Labour Total Opinion regarding cost
Macramé (Thread + Beads) charges cost (₹) Appropriate High Low
Curtains (₹) (₹)
I 405 1040 1445
II 467 1040 1507
III 429 832 1261
IV 371 832 1203
V 400 832 1232
X
ABSTRACT
Title of thesis : DEVELOPMENT OF CURTAINS USING MACRAMÉ

TECHNIQUE
Full name of the degree holder : Bharti Rani (2014HS24M)
Title of Degree : Master of Science
Name and address of major : Dr. Saroj Yadav, Assistant Professor
advisor Dept. of Textile & Apparel Designing, I.C. College of Home
Science, CCS HAU, Hisar.
Degree awarding University : CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Year of award of degree : 2017
Major subject : Textile & Apparel Designing
Total No. of pages in thesis : 62 + iii +X
Number of words in the abstract : Approx. 470
Keywords : Macramé, Curtain, Cord, Knots and Knot Combination designs
The present study was conducted to develop curtains using Macramé technique. To attain the
specific objectives fifteen showroom owners of Hisar city dealing in home furnishings were surveyed
to gather information regarding existing market practices/trends in partition curtains. Existing usage
and purchase practices for partition curtains were studied from thirty consumers through self-structured
interview schedule. Information pertaining to type of curtains available in the market, fibre content,
fabric construction techniques, accessories, sources of information for buying partition curtains and
factors considered for selection of partition curtains was gathered using self-structured interview
schedule. Eighty seven cords were collected from markets of Hisar and Panipat city of Haryana state
and different markets of Delhi and fifty cords were screened as per suitability for making partition
curtains through Macramé technique. For selection of Macramé knots, samples of ten knots were
prepared using selected cord. The selected knots were used in all possible combination and twenty knot
combination designs were developed. Thirty designs of partition curtains were created in CorelDARW
12 software using the selected five knot combination designs. Five Macramé partition curtains were
developed using selected designs. The developed Macramé partition curtains were got evaluated from
thirty respondents for their design, knot combination and overall appearance.
All the selected fifteen showrooms were found to be selling conventional partition curtains.
Beads were used as accessory in 93.33 percent of the partition curtains available in the showrooms. All
the showroom owners (100%) referred design catalogues for buying new styles of partition curtains
and purchased directly from industries. Conventional curtains were preferred by all the consumers
(100%). Data pertaining to preferences of consumers for new styles of partition curtains showed that
half of the consumers were interested to buy Macramé/knotted and corded/strings partition curtains. On
the basis of preferences of experts, cord sample number 35 in white smoke colour was selected for
preparation of partition curtains. Wooden beads were used as accessory as per the experts’ preferences.
Top ranked five Macramé knots i.e. 3(Double half hitch knot), 5(Half knot), 6(Flat knot),7(Popcorn
knot) and 8(Reverse knot) were selected for creation of Macramé knot combinations designs. Most
preferred five designs i.e. Designs No. 14, 7, 10, 16 and 18 were selected. As per the preferences of
experts five design viz. design number 7b, 10f, 14c, 16e and 18f were selected for development of
Macramé partition curtains. On the basis of consumers’ preferences curtain I, II, III and IV were highly
appealing in terms of design, knot combination and overall appearance. The consumers had very high
opinion about the developed Macramé partition curtains because of being attractive and uniqueness,
suitability of Macramé technique, materials used and selected knot combination for development of
partition curtains. The developed designs maintained the beauty of macramé technique, as per trend
and had good market potential. Majority of the respondents reported that cost of developed curtains
was appropriate.
(MAJOR ADVISOR) (SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT)
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)
CURRICULUM VITAE
a) Name of the Student : Bharti Rani

b) Date of Birth : 13th December, 1992
c) Place of Birth : Hisar
d) Mother’s Name : Mrs. Sushila Devi
e) Father’s Name : Mr. Ved Parkash Swami
f) Permanent Address : V.P.O. Mangali (Mohobat),
Hisar (Haryana)
g) Telephone : ----
h) Mobile : 9034356237
i) E-mail : bhartiswami56@gmail.com
j) Academic qualifications :
Degree University/Board Year of Percentage of Subjects
Passing marks or
grade point
average
Matric Haryana Board 2008 06.80 English, Hindi, Math, Social
Science, Science and Sanskrit
Senior Haryana Board 2010 07.60 English, Hindi, Home Science,
Secondary Mathematics and Sanskrit
B.Sc. I.C. College of Home 2014 06.93 EECM, FN, FRM, HDFS and
Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar TAD
Science
(Hons.)
M.Sc. I.C. College of Home 2017 07.47 Textile and Apparel Designing
TAD Science, CCSHAU, Hisar
k) Co-curriculur activities :
I. Actively participated in NSS programme

II. Attended Rural Home Work Experience Training in Village Kharar (Alipur),
Hisar-2014
III. Annual Camp Certificate, 2011
IV. Inplant training in M.H.K. Export House, Gurgoan
l) Medal/Honours received : Nil
m) List of publications : Nil
(Bharti Rani)
DESIGN CATALOGUE
ON
INNOVATIVE DESIGNS OF MACRAMÉ
TECHNIQUE FOR
PARTITION CURTAINS
By
Bharti Rani
Saroj Yadav
Krishna Khambra
Department of Textile and Apparel Designing

I.C. College of Home Science
CCS Haryana Agricultural University
Hisar-125004
2017
CONTENTS
Sr. No. Title Page(s)
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. MACRAMÉ KNOTS 2-3
3. DESIGNS OF KNOT COMBINATION 4-7
4. CREATED DESIGNS FOR PARTITION CURTAINS 8-22

INTRODUCTION
Human beings have always a profound passion for decoration. Throughout history,
art has served as a means of decoration and individual expression. The urge for decorating
immediate surroundings has remained constant and enchanted in the mind and soul
throughout the ages like a spell. It is like a magic wand that transforms ‘nothing’ into
‘something’, ‘ordinary’ into ‘extraordinary’, fill blankness with substances and emptiness
with meaningfulness (Anonymous, 2017b). Creativity is the process of bringing something
new into being and requires passion and commitment. Creativity is typically seen as the basis
for innovation which is the successful implementation of creative ideas within an
organization. For design creation one must have a strong sense of the aesthetic eye for colour
and detail, a sense of balance and proportion and an appreciation for beauty. Innovative
designs are created to offer variation in colour, line and fabric to satisfy one’s desire for
novelty.
Designers are one of the main key of fashion world as they keep a movement in
fashion and bring new trends and colours. In this way, designers also play an equal role in
textiles industry. Textile designers create a variety of designs, prints, woven materials and
patterns. They usually create designs for mainly two areas i.e. for interiors (upholstery, soft
furnishings, carpets and curtains) and secondly, fabrics for clothing. Designers require a good
understanding of current trends, colour awareness and contemporary design issues, in order
that their designs are up-to-date and relevant for their end purpose (Raaz, 2013). Taste of
customer in the fashion world is changing very fast, it is only the computer that can eliminate
the earlier work and give immediate visualization of result of any particular design
instantaneously. Technological advances and changes in consumer lifestyles, together with
sustainability and environmental issues, are increasingly becoming major factors for the
designer to consider throughout the design process (Raaz, 2013). Computer-aided
design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or
optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer,
improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation and to create
a database for manufacturing. CAD helps them to visualize and see their imaginative design
in final form without producing any sample swatch.
Keeping in mind importance of CAD for designing work researcher created thirty
designs of partition curtains of selected knot combinations. In this design catalogue partition
curtains can be found in a multiplicity of knots and technique, which all in line with the
demand of today’s consumers and as per present trends. The catalogue will provide at a
glance the consumers an idea about the Macramé technique and prepared ten knots and
artistically combined selected five knots for preparation of twenty knot combinations. This
catalogue is prepared to reveal the world the unexplored treasures of Indian arts by
introducing the newly developed designs from Macramé technique and to preserve these
designs by developing a repository in the form of design catalogue which could be accessed
as and when needed.
1
Macramé
Knots
2
3
Designs
of
Knot Combination
4
5
6
7
Created
Designs for
Partition Curtains
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

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DEVELOPMENT OF CURTAINS USING

Thesis submitted to Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND APPAREL DESIGNING

Dr. Saroj Yadav

This is to certify that this thesis entitled, ‘Development of Curtains using

MAJOR ADVISOR EXTERNAL EXAMINER

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

DEAN, POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

FORMAT FOR P. G. THESIS

MAJOR ADVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Place: Hisar Bharti Rani

CHAPTER NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-13

III MATERIAL AND METHODS 14-19

VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 58-62

DESIGN CATALOGUE 1-22

TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE

FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE

1. Sources of information used by showroom owners for buying 23

2. Type of sale outlets patronised for purchasing partition curtains 23

3. Factors considered by showroom owners for selection of partition 24

4. Purpose of utility given by consumers for partition curtains 26

5. Places of purchase preferred by consumers for partition curtains 27

6. Sources of information used by consumers for selection of partition 29

7. Frequency of change of partition curtains 31

8. Experts’ preferences for accessories for partition curtains 37

9. Experts’ preferences for Macramé knots for partition curtains 39

10. Experts’ preferences for developed Macramé knot combination 43

11. Preferences for developed Macramé partition curtain designs 46

12. Opinion of consumers regarding developed curtains on various 48

13. Opinion of consumers regarding developed curtains 50

PLATE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1. Samples of cords for Macramé 33-34

3. Macramé knot combination designs 41

4. Selected Macramé knot combination designs 42

5. Created designs for Macramé partition curtains 44

6. Curtain I After page 46

7. Curtain II After page 46

8. Curtain III After page 46

9. Curtain IV After page 46

10. Curtain V After page 46

b) Horizontal double half hitch: Tie a half hitch around a taut

4. Alternative Half Hitch Knot: This knot is made by alternating

(i) (ii) (iii)

Existing Market Practices for Partition Curtains

Usage and Purchase Practices of Consumers for Partition Curtains

Collection of Cords for

Selection of Cord (One)

Selection of Color of Cord and Ornamentation Material

Selection of Macramé Knots (Five)

Selection of Knot Combination

Creation of Designs for Partition Curtains (Thirty)

Selection of Designs (Five)

Product Development and their Cost

Assessment of Developed Macramé

Preparation of Design Catalogue

Table 5: Type of sale outlets patronised for purchasing partition curtains

Fig. 2: Type of sale outlets patronised for purchasing partition curtains

Fig. 3: Factors considered by showroom owners for selection of partition curtains

4.2 Usage and Purchase Practices of Consumers for Partition Curtains

Table 8: Purpose of utility given by consumers for partition curtains

Fig. 4: Purpose of utility given by consumers for partition curtains

Table 9: Places of purchase preferred by consumers for partition curtains