METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL CHEMISTRY (2023) Name ( ) Sec 3 ( No | Topic ‘Worksheet 1 Experimental Methods of Purification and Analysis Chemistry ‘Experimental Design 2 | The Particulate Kinetic Particle Theory Nature Of Matter__[ Atomic structure 3 | Chemical Bonding | Chemical Bonding & Structure 1 And Structure Chemical Bonding & Structure 2 Chemical Bonding & Structure 3 4 | Chemical Formulae and Equation Writing Calculations onic Equations The Mole Concept and Stoichiometry 7 Ex 1: Relative Molecular Mass (Mr) and Percentage Composition Ex 2: Mole Calculations Involving Masses Ex 3: Mole Calculations Involving Gases Ex 4: Empirical and Molecular Formula The Mole Concept and Stoichiometry 2 x 1: Reacting masses and volumes (Limiting and Excess Reagents) Ex 2: Percentage Yield and Percentage Purity The Mole Concept and Stoichiometry 3 Ex 1: Concentration of Solutions 5 | Acid-Base ‘Acids and Bases Chemistry Salts Ammonia 6 | Qualitative Analysis | Qualitative Analy 7 Patterns In The Periodic Trend Periodic Table Reactivity Series 1 Reaotivity Series 2 Date ‘Assessments Marks WAt WAZH1OW e201 X Z0'9 = 7 "Ue;SUOD oupeBOAY ey “(d'y4) einssaid pue aumjesedwey woos 1e ,wp #2 s1 S26 Aue Jo 2}0W auO Jo awinjon ay. 2 = = = = = e = = S =] me | tee | oe] resem) umyeaos lunpoepiow) une |unuere | unucye> | unieyeg | uno | uneoue | unvond | unemesy | umuen junueres| urvas | ununoe | ON ‘sprounoe cor_| zor sur] _€lb op lee Sproueyiue| w_| oe somevete | essen | unouny wre | uneuey 6 | a | eu} 4g su | a | ou +01 s_| = = Zoe | O02, | toe | voz | soz | usr | sor [zor | oc: | oa | var | ie | ex zr | ech woos | meee | urwoos | wea | eq | unin | aroeu | pe8 | unned | une | ums | umeu | umstin | une | usm en | une ve] ow | od | we | ag | am | fH | mw | ag a] so | ed | m | et | aH |spouegue! eg | 80 so_| so | wi{| ee | @ | w | ow | w | vw} vw | ow | w | w | ew | w fievs| o¢ | os ser | ze [es | zt [on [su | a | oo | 00 | co | sor | - 6 | ee te | oe |e | se wor | ope | unumen | Kou | us | ump | umipes | sone | unpeied | unpow | unimans | ungouo funeperou] uneou | unico | uss | unteae | ue x 1 a | as | us | ut | po | by | pd | wy | my | op | ow | an | az A ss | oy xs | e¢ | zw | ts | o¢ | o& | ow | w | ow | ow | » | ow» | w | w | om | o | o | oe ve 08 6L SL el a | so 9 6s 6g 95 ss 2 ts ey sv oy 6 sect | enucn | umees | ource |umeuet| urges | am | vodtoo | wow | vem | vor leeovetieu| untae | unpeves | wren | unpme | ult | une aes a | @ | es | sv | 2 | ep | wz {mo | ww] oo | oy | uw | a A uo} os |e | x se_| sc | we |) © | @ | ie | o | ow | ow | 2} oe) ze} etlele | zl} el! ow “| a | z cea pone cs a a oO 6 8 Z 9 s v © ars wv | 19D s d s | wv fw | en a | ao | ow | s | w | wot ou o | 6 | o% | » | 2 th ‘Sew BOTS enReIa 6 Z wees | sesory | vette | vetam | veges | unog cues vunaker | wriat oN 4 ° N 2 a loquiks oywoye °g n ob 6 2 z 8 s 2oquinu (2qwo%8) uoraud ’ t 7 t 7x on etait °H H z L ao]orlTe] s | w]e z a choi ‘Syuowoy 70 01qeL O[poed OULName Sec3 METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL (earn aces Data) Methods of Purification and Analysis Three methods are used to separate a suspension of sand in a solution of ammonium chloride and sodium chloride so as to obtain all three substances. The order in which these methods should be used is. vomp evaporation, sublimation and filtration. sublimation, filtration and evaporation. filtration, evaporation and sublimation. sublimation, evaporation and filtration. () A student was given an unknown white solid X. He did a melting point determination and obtained 121°C. He then looked up a chemistry data book and found that a substance called benzoic acid melts at 121°C. To check whether or not X was benzoic acid, he mixed X with benzoic acid (one part X to four parts benzoic acid) and found that the melting point of the mixture was 116°C. What can he deduce about the substance X? A Xisbenzoic acid. B Xi not benzoic acid. c X is impure benzoic acid. DX really melts at 116°C and not at 121°C. om) Which of the following mixtures can be separated by the use of a separating funnel? A ethanoic acid and water B methanol and ethanol ¢ _ olland water D__ sodium chloride and sodium nitrate solutions «) ‘A mixture of sand and iodine crystals can be separated by voaupD using a separating funnel. heating the mixture. fractional distillation. adding sulfuric acid.i" 5 Two miscible liquids aro placed In the flask and heated as shown in the diagram below until the temperature Is steady. thermometer heat Will the highest proportion of the fiquid with the lower bolling point will be found at A, B,C orD? () 6 — The dyes in Universal Indicator solution can be separated by A distillation, B filtration, © paper chromatography. D _recrystallisation. C ) 7 Pure water can be extracted from seawater by A distillation. B filtration. © paper chromatography. D _recrystallisation. «)8 A paper chromatography experiment was carried out to Identify the sugars present In a mixtura, The diagram below shows the result. Direction of movement of ‘solvent ‘Staring HoT fine The sugars present in the mixture were A fructose and galactose. B glucose, maltose and fructose. maltose and fructose. D__ maltose, fructose and galactose. () 9 The table below gives some information about the properties of three substances. They exist as solids at room temperature. Substance _| Effect of heat Water potassium carbonate no effect soluble barium sulfate no effect insoluble naphthalene sublimes insoluble Using this information, how would you obtain a pure dry sample of barium sulfate from a mixture of the three? Heat the mixture.10 Aspirin is a medicine that is used as a painkiller. A student makes a sample of aspirin. He thinks it contains some impurities. (a) (b) The student tests the melting point of his sample of aspirin. Explain how he can use the result of the test to find out whether his sample contains impurities. The student uses chromatography to produce a chromatogram. He uses his own aspirin and pure samples of aspirin and salicylic acid. The diagram shows his chromatogram. student's pure _ salicylic aspirin aspirin acid What information does the chromatogram give about the purity of the student's aspirin? [Nov 2013 P2A6]11. Ephedrine and insulin are both drugs that are banned for use by athletes, One way that athletes can be tested for banned drugs Is by chromatography of urine samples. The diagram below shows a chromatogram for ephedrine and insulin and urine samples from four athletes. ‘solvent front: . . . : . . . . se oe start line @ a ee £ & 2 2 @ 32 2228 Z a ‘What does the chromatogram show about the drugs used by each of the four athletes? 2)Experimental Design 1 Suggest which method, X , Y or Z is most suitable for the collection of each of the gases NHs and HCl. Explain your answer. NHs HCI Explanation |: seen Sen,Name Sec3 METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL ( ) Date ( ) Kinetic Particle Theory, ‘A substance changes from the stato in which Its particles are widely spaced and able to move freely to the state In which the particles are in contact but stil able to move freely. We say the substance has undergone A condensation. B diffusion. c freezing. D ‘sublimation. ( ) Water boils at 100 °C, Potassium chloride melts at 770 °C. The boiling point of a sample of water containing a small quantity of potassium chloride will be about A 96°C. B 104°C. CG 435°C, D 774°C. () Which of the following processes suggests that matter is made up of particles in constant motion? A diffusion B oxidation © precipitation D reduction co) A substance which melts at 118 °C and boils at 350 °C is heated at room temperature to 400 °C. Which of the following changes will occur? A bolling only B melting only © melting and bolting D sublimation «) Which of the following substances does not sublime? A ammonium chloride B dryice © iodine D sodium chloride () Which statement explains why the compounds propane (CsHe) and carbon dioxide (COz) diffuse at the same rate at r.t.p.? They are both gases. Their molecules contain carbon. They have the same relative molecular mass. Both are denser than alr, ( ) somp7 The apparatus below consists of a porous pot containing a gas X which is then surrounded by a gas Y in a beaker. beaker — porous pot — fF an inert liquid Which of the following pairs of gases would cause an upward movement of the liquid in the right-hand limb of the U-tube? Gas X Gas Y A He M2) NHs M17) B NHs M17) CO: M44) cS Oz M32) He M2) D Oz Mr(32) COz M44) ( ) A jar of hydrogen was inverted over a porous pot with the water levels initially at X, as shown in the diagram below. Over a period of time, which of the following series of changes of water level at X would be observed? A falls, then rises and returns to X. B__tises, then falls and returns to X. C falls and remains at a lower level, D__fises and remains at a higher level. ))9 10 The melting points and boiling points of substances A - D are listed in the table below. Substance | Melting point /°C | Boiling point /°C A -77 -34 B -40 50 c 50 160 D —100 80 Which substance a) _ isasolid at room temperature? b) isa volatile liquid? ¢) _ undergoes 2 changes in state as the temperature rises from -99°C to 0c? d) Describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in a gas. arrangement motion Bromine is a halogen (Group VII element). (a) Complete the table to estimate both the density and boiling point of bromine. Halogen | Density of solid halogen In gicm® | Boiling point/°C Fluorine 1.61 188 ‘Chlorine 1,56 35 Bromine lodine 4.93 184(b) Bromine is a liquid with a low boiling point and a strong smell. A technician spilt some bromine in the corner of a room which is free of draughts. After thirly seconds, the bromine could be smelt on the other side of the room. bromine spillage Use the kinetic particle theory to explain why the bromine could be smelt on the other side of the room.11 The diagram sho it i The dearer ws the start of an experiment using gas jars of hydrogen and { M(H2) =2, M(COz) = 44 ] hydrogen hydrogen Nd carbon dloxide carbon dioxida ‘experiment 4 experiment 2 The lids are removed so that the gases are allowed to mix. How will the contents of the jars change? ‘Your answer should refer to + how the amounts of carbon dioxide and hydrogen change in the gas jars, «the speed of movement of the gases in each experiment, «the reasons for each change (4METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Name (os) Dato Sec3(—_) ATOMIC STRUCTURE 4 Chlorine atoms and chloride lons Aare very reactive. B have equal numbors of protons and olactrons. © have the same number of protons. D have the same number of olectrons. () 2 Isotopes have the same number of A protons and neutrons. B protons. © electrons and neutrons, D _noutrons, () 3 Which of the following sets consists only of the olectronic structures of metals? A 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 B 27 2.8.7 2.8.18.7 c 24 2.8.1 2.8.8.1 D 25 26 27 () 4 An element with an atomic number of 3 Is likely to have chemical properties similar to an element with an atomic number of A 4. B 5. c 8. D 11. () 5 Which of the following correctly givos the number of tho difforent particlos found in an aluminium lon? proton neutron electron A 10 27 13 B13 14 ar ce 13 26 13 D 13 14 10 () 6 Which of the following elements has the greatest numbor of electrons In the outer shell of Its atoms? A fluorine B hollum, © lithium D potassium ()10 11 Name Why are the elements sodium and chlorine in the same period of the Periogi, Table? A Sodium is a reactive metal and chlorine is a reactive non-metal. B__ Sodium and chlorine combine together to form a compound of formula NaCl. c ‘The atoms of both elements have only three electron shells. D The atoms of both elements have eight electrons in their second electron shells. () The elements T, X and Y have consecutive, increasing proton numbers. If element T is a noble gas, what will be the formula for the ion of element Y in its compounds? A Y* BY c y DY () The six elements with atomic numbers 3, 11, 19, 37, 55 and 87 are placed in Group | of the Periodic Table because they all have A metallic properties. B one electron in the outer shell. © many white compounds. D a valency of one. ( ) Many properties of an element and its compounds can be predicted from the Position of the element in the Periodic Table. What property could not be predicted in this way? The charge on its ion. The formula of its oxide. The number of isotopes it has. Its metallic or non-metallic properties. () voup Element x has an atomic number of 92. The natural sample of the element consists of 99.28% of *) x, 0.71% of “3 X and 0.01% of 739 x, (a) What is element x? a (b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of the natural element.42 The table shows the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in seven different particles. 13 (a) (b) (c) (a) (e) particle number electrons | neutrons | protons A 12 12 12 B 15 16 415 c 17. 18 17 D 17 20 47 E 18 16 16 E 18 22 18 G 18 20 20 What is the nucleon number of F? Explain why A is a neutral particle. ee ee Which particles are isotopes of the same element? What is the charge on E? Which particles have the same relative mass? A simplified version of the Periodic Table is shown below. ‘A number of elements are labelled A, B, C etc. Use these letters as the symbols of the elements to answer the following questions. (a) (b) Which elements are metals? Which element is in the (i) same Group as element F? —————14 (c) (a) fe) (ii) same Period as element F? EEE Compare the electronic structures of elements A and B. State () one difference, and SSSeSSFSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (ii) _ one similarity. Element F has proton number 52 and 6 outer shell electrons. (Whats the proton number of element G? (ii) How many outer shell electrons does an atom of element E Possess? ee Which group is element G in? a ee Draw diagrams to show the electron arrangements of a) a potassium ion, b) an oxide ion415 Draw the atomic structure of a neon atom, showing composition of the nucleus. 16 — The radii of atoms and ions can be measured. The tables show some information about atomic radii and ionic radii of some Group | and Group Vil elements. Element | Number of shells of | Atomic radius] Number of shells of [Tonic radius electrons in atom _| /pm electrons in +1 ion_| /pm lithium: 2 152 68 sodium: 3 185 08 potassium 4 227 133 [Element | Number of shells of | Atomic radius] Number of shells of [ionic radius electrons in atom _| /pm electrons in-1 ion | /pm fluorine 2 4 133 chlorine 3 99 181 bromine 4 115 196 (1 000 000 000 000 pm = 1 m) (a) Complete the table to show the number of shells of electrons in the ions of Group | and Group VII elements. (b) Describe the trend in atomic radii for Group | and use the data to explain this trend.(c)(}) Describe the change in the radius when a lithium atom forms a lithium ion. (c)(ii) Suggest why the radius of a lithium atom changes in this way when it forms a lithium ion. (€)(iii) Draw diagrams to show the arrangement of electrons in a lithium atom and a lithium ion to support your answer in [2014 P2 B9OR]METHODIST GIRLS‘ SCHOOL Name () Date Sec3(___) CHEMICAL BONDING & STRUCTURE 1 1 The element with electronic structure 2.8.6 A forms an ionic compound with sodium. B isametal. forms an ion of charge +2. D reacts only with non-metals. () 2 Which two elements would form a covalent compound? A carbon and oxygen B copper and oxygen C magnesium and oxygen D sodium and oxygen (+) 3 Which pair of elements will combine to form a compound with a one-to-one ratio? A calcium and chlorine B iithium and suffur magnesium and chlorine D potassium and fluorine () 4 The electronic structures of the atoms of sodium, oxygen and chlorine are: Na: 2.8.4 0: 26 Cl: 28.7 State the formulae of the compounds formed between sodium and oxygen sodium and chlorine A NaQ2 NaCle B NazO NaCl c NaO NaCl D NazOz NaeCl () 5 Which of the following compounds has both covalent and ionic bonds? ammonium chloride carbon monoxide sllicon dioxide sodium chloride on) com>(a) (b) A compound X is made up of two elements. Which of the following properties is the best indicator of whether the bonding is ionic or covalent? A Xisalmost insoluble in water. BX does not conduct electricity when solid. c X is a crystalline solid. DX conducts electricity when molten. () Element A forms an ionic compound with oxygen. The formula of the compound is AO. (a) _ State with reason whether A is a metal or a non-metal. (b) _ Whatiis the charge on an ion of A in the compound AO? (c)__ Whatis the formula of the chloride of A? Using ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams to show bonding present in the following compounds: magnesium chloride nitrogen trifluoride9 Carbon disulfide is a liquid at room temperature while sodium sulfide is a solid at room temperature. (a) Show only valence electrons, draw ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams to show bonding present in () carbon disulfide (i) sodium sulfide (b) With reference to the structure and bonding present in carbon disulfide, explain why carbon disulfide exists as a liquid at room temperature. (c) Sodium sulfide conducts electricity in the molten state but not in the solid state, Explain.METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Name Sec3 ( ) () Date CHEMICAL BONDING & STRUCTURE 2 1 The element silicon forms a structure as shown. What is the structure? A ionic crystal B macromolecule Cc metallic lattice D molecule C) 2 Which of the following substances is a giant molecule? A carbon dioxide B copper C silicon dioxide D sodium chloride C ) 3 Which of the following is true of silicon(IV) oxide? Itis a covalent compound with atoms in its structure. Itis a covalent compound with simple molecules in its structure. Itis an ionic compound with ions in its structure. Itis soluble in simple covalent organic solvent, such as ethanol. vom> ( ) 4 The model and formulae for two molecules involving X, Y and Z atoms are shown below. Pate o= XYs x Which of the following shows the correct model and formula for a molecule of the compound formed between Y and Z? A B cThe table gives information about the ability of four substances to conduct electricity. does not conduct under any conditions | conducts only in aqueous solution conducts when molten and when solid Conducts when molten and when in aqueous solution N|<|>|= What could these four substances be? Ww x Y Zz A Pb HCI NaCl Ss B Ss HCI NaCl Pb c s HCI Pb NaCl D Ss NaCl HCI Pb () 6 — Which diagram best represents the structure of a solid metal? A B e& @ oh OOOO Soren S69 oO = = = SG apostveion O85 ©O@O OOO@ = an electron NGO” @0O® c 3 7 2a7 Diamond and graphite have some similarities and some differences between their bonding and structures, (a) Describe the similarities and differences between the bonding and structures in diamond and graphite. {b) When graphite is heated in air, it reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. The table shows some differences between the properties of graphite and carbon dioxide. graphite ‘carbon dioxide Melting point and boiling point | both above 300°C _| Both below 0°C Explain why graphite and carbon dioxide have different property.8 Aluminium Is an Important motal that Is required In many areas of our dally life, (tls the most abundant motal In tho Earth's crust, (a) Draw tho bonding and structure of aluminium. (b) Aluminium alloy such as duralumin (96% aluminium, 4% copper amd Magnesium) are used to make the bodies of the aircrafts, Explain why aluminium alloy has different physical properties compared to pure aluminium,(c) Aluminium reacts with oxygen gas to produce aluminium oxide, AlzOs, as the only product. (i) With the help of a suitable table, classify aluminium, oxygen and aluminium oxide. State your reasoning. ‘Substance Classification Reasoning (element, compound or mixture) Aluminium ‘Oxygen ‘Aluminium oxide (ii) With the help of a suitable table and your understanding of structures of substances, state and explain the electrical conductivity of aluminium, oxygen and aluminium oxide. Substance | Structure Electrical conductivity [Reason ‘Aluminium ‘Oxygen Aluminium oxide (Als)METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Name sec 3 ( ) (|) Date CHEMICAL BONDING & STRUCTURE 3 41 A compound has a fixed composition by mass. is usually not homogeneous. is usually formed without any heat change. contains two or more substances chemically combined. () coup 2 Analloy isa mixture of different form of an element. a metal and one or more other elements. non-metals only. isotopes of an element. «) coup 3. Which of the following groups contains only mixtures? Air, ink and seawater. Carbon dioxide, neon and sodium chloride. Calcium carbonate, sulfur and oxygen. Argon, sodium chloride and iodine. C) voup 4 Choose your answers from the following list of substances. air magnesium oxide calcium ice carbon dioxide nitrogen chlorine seawater gold sugar (CeH1206) (a) Name two metallic elements. a (b) Name two non-metallic elements. SSS(e) (a) (e) Name two substances that are mixtures. Name two substances that are compounds. Name one solid compound that contains the element carbon.Namo Soc3 METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL, () Date Formulae and Equation Writing Write the formulao of tho following compounds. silvor chloride potassium hydroxide coppor(|l) sulfato calcium carbonate zinc nitrato aluminium oxide ammonium carbonate copper(|l) hydroxide lead{(Il) sulfate calcium phosphate magnesium oxide potassium fluoride lead(Il) nitrate aluminium sulfate sodium bromide mercury(I) chloride zinc sulfide sodium nitride ammonium nitrate barium sulfate lron(III) chloride sodium sulfite hydrogen peroxide potassium manganate(VIl) potassium dichromate(VI) sodium hydrogen carbonate mINTTWrite balanced chemical equations for the following reactions. (a) (b) (c) (a) te) 10) (g) (h) @ a (k) magnesium + hydrochloric acid -» magnesium + water + carbon carbonate chloride dioxide iron + sulfuric acid — iron(II) sulfate + hydrogen carbon + oxygen -> carbon monoxide iron(IIl) oxide + carbon monoxide — iron + carbon dioxide ammonia + copper(!l) oxide > copper + water + nitrogen hydrogen sulfide + sulfurdioxide — sulfur + water lead(II) nitrate -> lead(|!) oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen sodium + chlorine — sodium chloride fluorine + potassium iodide — potassium fluoride + iodine hydrogen iodide + sulfuric acid —> hydrogen sulfide + water + iodine sulfur dioxide + sodium hydroxide -> sodium sulfite + waterWrite chemical equations for the following reactions. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Black copper(II) oxide reacts with sulfuric acid to produce blue copper(I!) sulfate solution and water. When sodium hydroxide solution is mixed with solid ammonium chloride and warmed, ammonia gas is given off and sodium chloride and water are produced. When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Potassium chloride and a reddish brown solution of iodine are formed when chlorine gas is bubbled into potassium iodide solution. Iron is extracted from iron(IIl) oxide when iron(IIl) oxide reacts with carbon. The only other product in the reaction is carbon monoxide.METHODIST GIRLS’ SCHOOL a The Mole Concept and Stoichiometry 4 Name ( ) Date sec3() Exercise 1: Relative Molecular Mass (Mr) and Percentage Composition 41 1 mol of magnesium atoms contains the same number of atoms as 1 mol of A chlorine, Ch. B helium, He. © hydrogen, He. D oxygen, O2. ( 2 The mass of 0.25 mol of oxygen molecules (O2) is A 4g. B 8g. Cc 32g. D 64g. ( 3 8gof oxygen contain the same number of atoms as 7 g of A helium. B hydrogen. © neon. D nitrogen. ( 4 Calculate the M; of the following compounds: a) NHs b) CaCOs M{NHs) = ) MgSO«*7H20 d) CH2FCI5 Farmers use chemicals to Improve crop yield. Ammonium phosphate (NH4)sPOs Is used as a fertilizer. Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium phosphate. 6 _ Find the mass of carbon in {@) 100g of calcium carbonate B) 120g of glucose CeHi20s 7 Assample of aluminium has a mass of 5.4g. Calculate (a) the number of moles of aluminium present, (b) the number of atoms of aluminium in the sample 8 Calculate the number of moles of ammonia which contains 1.2 x 1025 molecules. Answers: 4 (a) 47, (b) 100 5 28.2% 6 (a) 12.09, (b) 48.09 (c) 248, (d) 68.5 7 (a) 0.2 (b) 1.2x 10 8 2METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL The Mole Concept and Stoichiometry 1 Name : C) Date: Class : Sec. 3 Exercise 2 : Mole Calculations involving Masses 1 Calculate the number of moles of 16 g of Ca. 2 Calculate the mass of 0.75 moles of CaCOs 3 The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5. What is the mass of 2 moles of chlorine gas? 4 Whatis the number of moles of hydrogen atoms in 3.2g of methane (CHa)? Answers: 1 0400 2 7509 3 1429 4 0.800METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL The Mole Concept and Stoichiometry 1 Name : ( ) Date: Class : Sec. 3 Exercise 3: Mole Calculations involving Gases Assume the volumes of all gases are measured at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p). 1 Find the number of moles of carbon dioxide molecules in the following : a) 36 dm’ of carbon dioxide ; b) 88 g of carbon dioxide. 2 Find the mass of 48 dm? of sulfur dioxide. 3 Whatis the volume of : a) 142g of chlorine gas b) 120g of argon Answers: 1 (a) 1.50 (b)2.00 2 1289 3 (a) 48.0. dm® (b) 72.0dm*METHODIST GIRLS’ SCHOOL The Mole Concept and Stolchtometry 1 Name : () Date: Class : Sec. 3 Exercise 4 : Empirical and Molecular Formula 4 Find the empirical formulae of the compounds with the following percentages by mass: (a) Na 20.1% S 40.5% O 30.4% (b) Cu 37.1% Cl 41.7% H2O0 21.2%2 A fertiliser has the following percentage composition by mass Ca, 17.1%; H,1.7% ; P, 26.5% ; 0,54.7% Calculate the empirical formula of this compound and suggest the formula of the anion present in the fertilizer.3 When solid magnesium nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition, magnesium oxide, an oxide of nitrogen and oxygen are formed. Further analysis showed that the oxide of nitrogen contained 0.35 g of nitrogen and 0.78 g of oxygen. (a) Use the information to work out the empirical formula of the oxide. (b) Given that the relative molecular mass of the oxide is 46, deduce the molecular formula of the oxide of nitrogen formed in the above decomposition. Hence, construct an equation, including state symbols, for the thermal decomposition of magnesium nitrate. Answer 1 (a) NazS2O3 2° ~ CaHsP2Os 3) NOz (b) CuCl, @ 2H20METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL The Mole Concept and Stoichiometry 2 Name : () Date: Class : Sec. 3 Exercise 1 : Reacting masses and volumes Il (Limiting and Excess Reagents) 1 Aluminium and oxygen reacts to form aluminium oxide according to the equation: AAI (s) + 302 (g) + 2Al20a(s) In an experiment, 54 g of aluminium is reacted with 32 g of oxygen. Which reactant is in excess? Explain your reasoning. Calculate the number of moles of aluminium oxide obtained.2 When a mixture of 8 g of Iron and 4 g of sulfur Is heated, the elements react to form Iron(|I) sulfide, FeS, Calculate the mass of Iron that will be left over at the end of the reaction. Fo(s) + S(s) + FoS(s)3 Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form the gas hydrogen chloride. 30 cm? of hydrogen was reacted with 20 cm? of chlorine. What was the composition of the resulting gas mixture? (The composition of the resulting gas mixture refers to the volume of any gas reactant remaining, as well as the volume of the product formed.) 4 Ethane bums in oxygen according to the equation: 2C2He(g) + 702(g) + 4CO2(g) + 6H20 (1) 20 cm? of ethane was reacted with 100 cm? of oxygen gas. Calculate the volume of (a) carbon dioxide produced; (b)_ oxygen remaining at the end of the reaction. Answers: 4. Aluminium isin excess, 0067, 2, Sulfur sto iting roacant, 1.009 3. 10cm? of Hz and 40.cm? of HC! 4 (a) 40cm? , (b) 30. 3METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL The Mole Concept and Stoichiometry 2 () Date: Exercise 2 : Percentage Yield and Percentage Purity Percentage Yield 41 Steam reacts with propene to form propan-2-ol. H20 + CsHe -+ CsHrOH From 2000 kg of propene, the manufacturer obtained 1500 kg of propan-2-ol. Calculate the percentage yield of propan-2-ol.Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is manufactured by reacting methane with ammonia and oxygen. 2CHa +2NH3 +302 — 2HCN +6H20 (a) Calculate the mass of hydrogen cyanide that can be formed from 500g of methane if the percentage yield of hydrogen cyanide is 65%. (b) Hydrogen cyanide reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium cyanide and water. The formula of the cyanide ion is CN’. Construct the equation for this reaction.Percentage Purity 1 0.125 g of a piece of magnesium was heated in air until there was no change in mass. 0.200 g of magnesium oxide was obtained. What is the percentage purity of the magnesium ribbon? 2 CaCO3+2HCl -+ CaCh +CO2+H20 1 g of limestone which contained 5% of impurity is reacted in excess dilute hydrochloric acid. What was the volume of carbon dioxide obtained? nswers 1. % yield = 52.5% 2a) 548g 1. %purity=96.0% 2. 0.228dm?METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Name) ate Sec3(___) ACIDS AND BASES 1 Asstrong acid always ‘A contains hydroxide i B__ionises partially when itis dissolved in water. C _ionises completely when itis dissolved in water. D contains hydrogen. () 2 Sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop to some hydrochloric acid in a beaker. Which of the following is taking place in the beaker? The concentration of hydrogen ions increases. The concentration of hydroxide ions decreases. The formation of sodium chloride crystals. The pH of the solution increases. () vomp 3 Which of the following substances will react with both dilute sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution? A iron(Il) hydroxide B _lead{(I!) carbonate © zinc oxide D magnesium oxide (om) 4 Which of the following word equations is incorrect? A metal + acid + salt + hydrogen B metal oxide + acid -» salt + water © metal hydroxide + acid > salt + water D metal carbonate + acid > salt + water () 5 fair is bubbled through pure water, the pH slowly changes from 7 to §.7. Which of, the following gases in the air could be responsible for this change? A carbon monoxide B oxygen C nitrogen D carbon dioxide )Which of the following acids Is dibasic? A HCl B HNOs c HeSOu D HsPO« ( Which of the following does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid? calcium hydroxide calcium metal calcium nitrate calcium oxide ( comp When hydrochloric acid is added to a fixed volume of sodium hydroxide, necessary to determine when the reaction is just complete. ) it is Which piece of apparatus could be used to determine the end-point of the reaction? electronic balance gas syringe stopwatch thermometer ( voup A student picked up a bottle containing dawnic acid HD (where H represents hydrogen). The label on the bottle reads ‘weak acid’ and contains the following information. colour colourless physical state crystalline solid solubility in cold water insoluble solubility in hot water soluble (a) What do you understand by the term ‘weak acid’? (b) What is seen when some crystals of dawnic acid are added to a test tube of blue litmus solution at (I) 15°C, (II) 85°C? Give reasons to your answers.10 (c) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution is added to a warm solution of dawnic acid in water. What type of reaction takes place? Write an equation to show the above reaction (Use the formula HD in your equation). You are given a solution of ethanoic acid and a solution of hydrochloric acid of the ‘same concentration. When a piece of magnesium is added to the hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid separately, describe what you will observe and explain your answer.41 A student carried out the following experiments. He added the same length of magnesium ribbon to both conical flasks containing hydrogen chloride in different solvents. However, only one balloon was inflated. Explain this observation. Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Balloon Magnesium ribbon hydrogen chloride hydrogen chloride in water in methylbenzeneThree unlabelled black solids are known to be either carbon, copper(II) oxide or a mixture of the two. Use the knowledge that you acquired to determine which one is a mixture. Describe the method use: ‘Substance ‘Observation ‘Carbon Copperiil) oxide Mixture of carbon and copper(I!) oxideMETHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL The Mole Concept and Stoichiometry 3 Nam ( ) Date: Class : ec. 3 Exercise 1: Concentration of Solutions 1 Calculate the concentration of the solutions in g/dm?. 5.0 g of sulfuric acid in 250 cm’ of solution 2 Calculate the concentration of the solutions in mol/dm?. 1.0 g of sodium hydroxide in 200 cm? of solution 3 Calculate the number of moles of sodium chloride in 500 cm of 0.02 mol/dm sodium chloride solution4 Dilute hydrofluoric acid reacts with aqueous calcium hydroxide. 2HF(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) -» CaF2(aq) + 2H20(/) What is the minimum volume, in cm®, of 0.150 mol/dm? of Ca(OH)2 required to react completely with a solution containing 0.200 g of HF? 5 20.0 cm of 0.4 mol/dm? aqueous sodium carbonate is neutralized by 0.5 mol/dm? of aqueous hydrochloric acid. Calculate (a) the number of moles of sodium carbonate in this reaction. (b)_ the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted with this number of moles of sodium carbonate. (c) the volume of 0.5 mol/dm? aqueous hydrochloric acid required to react completely with sodium carbonate‘A sample of ammonium phosphate can be produced by the reaction of aqueous ammonia and phosphoric acid. 3NH3 (aq) + H3POs (aq)—> (NH4)sPOs (aq) 25.0 cm? of 1.25 mol/dm? phosphoric acid is neutralized by 45.3 cm? of aqueous ammonia. (i) Calculate the concentration of the ammonia used. (ii) Show, by calculation, that 4.66 g of ammonium phosphate would be produced. Assume that the yield is 100%. Mr: [(NH4)sPO«) = 149] (ili) In practice, the actual mass of ammonium phosphate produced is 2.93 g. Calculate the percentage yield of ammonium phosphate.7 Sulfuric acid reacts with the alkali sodium hydroxide. (a) Write the chemical equation for this reaction. (b) The graph below shows how the pH changes when aqueous sulfuric acid is added slowly to 45.0 cm? of 0.150 moVdm? sodium hydroxide until the acid is in (i) Calculate the concentration, in movidm’, of sulfuric acid. (ii) Calculate the concentration, in g’dm”, of sulfunc acid8 In an experiment to find the value of x In NazCOsexHz0, 14.3 g of sodium carbonate crystals were welghed out Into a 1 dm? volumetric flask. Some distilled water was added and swirled until all the crystals were dissolved, More distilled water was added and the volume was made up to 1 dm?, 25.0 cm? portions of this solution wore titrated against a 0,125 mol/dm? solution of hydrochloric acid. The consistent titration value obtained was 20.0 cm?, NazCO3 + 2HCI -» 2NaCl + H20 + COz (a) How many moles of sodium carbonate must be present in 1 dm? of the sodium carbonate solution? {b) Deduce the value of x in NazCOsexH20.‘Awater soluble compound MHCOs reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation: MHCOs + HCl + MCI + H20 + CO2 Itwas found that 25 cm? of a solution containing 21.6 g/dm? of MHCOs reacted with 27 cm? of a solution containing 7.3 gldm? of hydrochloric acid. Calculate the concentration of hydrochloric acid in molidm? ; the concentration of the solution containing MHCOs in mol/dm? ; the mass of one mole of MHCOs ; the relative atomic mass of M and suggest the identity of M.(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 25.0 cm? of a 0.043 mol/dm? of a metal hydroxide, M(OH), was exactly neutralizes by 21.2 cm of a 0.1 molidm? hydrochloric acid. Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid present in 21.2 om? of solution Calculate the number of moles present in 25 cm? of the metal hydroxide solution Calculate the value of number of moles of hydrochloric acid number of moles of metal hydroxide State the value of n. Write the equation for the reaction.Answers 1. 20g/dm? 2. 0,125 molidm? 3. 0.04 4, 33.3cm? Sa. 0.008 5b. 0.016 Sc. 32.0cm? (i) 2.07 moldms Gil) 62.9% 7a. H2SOs+2NaOH —7b(i)_ 0.169 mol/dm* Tb(ii) 16.5 g/dm ~> NazSO« + HzO 8a. 0.05 mol/dm* 8b. x = 10 Qa. 0.2 mol/dm? %b. 0.216 9c. 100g 9d. 39,K 10a. 0.00212 10b. 0.00108 10c. 1.97 10d. n=2METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Name ) Dato Sec3 ( ) SALTS 4 Which of the following is a salt? A Sodium phosphate, NasPO. B Hydrogen carbonate, HzCOs © Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 D__ Silicon dioxide, SiOz () 2 Which of the following salts is best prepared by the titration method? voup barium sulfate calcium carbonate sodium sulfate lead(I!) chloride ( ) 3 Barium sulfate is insoluble in water. Which method could be used to prepare a pure sample of the salt from dilute sulfuric acid? A B c D Add an excess of barium carbonate, filter, wash and dry the residue. Add aqueous barium chloride, filter, wash and dry the residue. Add an excess barium oxide, filter, wash and dry the residue. Add an excess barium nitrate, filter, crystallise the filtrate. ( ) 4 Five students each prepared sodium chloride salt by titrating 25.0 cm? of aqueous sodium hydroxide with dilute hydrochloric acid, using the same indicator. The volumes of dilute hydrochloric acid used are shown in the table. ‘Student number 1 2 3 4 5 Volume of dilute 20.40 | 20.50 | 20.40 | 20.60 | 22.00 hydrochloric acid used tem? Which statement could explain the volume obtained by student number 5? saup The burette was washed out with hydrochloric acid. The pipette was washed out with the aqueous sodium hydroxide. The titration flask was washed out with the aqueous sodium hydroxide. The student measured to the top of the meniscus in the pipette.5 The following are methods used to prepare salts. titration precipitation reaction between excess insoluble carbonate and an acid reaction between excess insoluble base and an acid reaction between excess metal and an acid mooup> Complete the table below using the methods stated. Salt to be prepared Method used (use A-E) Names of chemicals used Silver chloride Copper!) chloride Potassium sulfateStudy the reaction scheme and answor the following questions. (a) (b) Sodium Zinc carbonate ‘water hydrochloric acid Alkali A. + hydrogen Aqueous saltB + GasC ~~ Insoluble base D | nitric acid Aqueous salt E Name the substances A to E. A c Write ionic equations for the reactions between () zinc carbonate and hydrochloric acid, SSS (i) aqueous salt B and alkali A, a (Ill) _ insoluble base D and nitric acid, a 3(c) Describe how you would prepare a pure and dry sample of zinc carbonate in the laboratory. 7 Magnesium sulfate is commonly used in agriculture. (a) Describe how you would prepare a pure and dry sample of magnesium sulfate in the laboratory.(b) Magnesium sulfate can also be prepared by reacting excess magnesium oxide with dilute sulfuric acid. It was found that when 27.0 cm? of 1.0 mol/dm? sulfuric acid was used, the mass of the magnesium sulfate obtained was 1.23 g. (i) Write the equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and sulfuric acid. (ii) Calculate the percentage yield of magnesium sulfate obtained. (iii) Using 27.0 cm’ of 1.0 mol/dm? sulfuric acid, calculate the minimum mass of magnesium oxide that was required in the reaction.METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Namo —() Date Sec3() AMMONIA 4 Two exporimonts wore cartiod out, In experiment 1, ammonlum carbonate was reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid, In exporiment 2, ammonium carbonate was heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide, {Im each oxporiment, tho gas evolved was tosted with damp blue litmus paper and damp red litmus paper, damp dive ‘amp rod damp blue damp rod wn. —htmos Timus— ey —itmus vapor SP papar paper SQ papor ute aquoous hydrochloric acd. sodium hyeroide ‘ammonium ammonium carbonate carbonate heat ‘experiment 1 experiment 2 Which row correctly shows the colour of both the pieces of litmus paper at the end of each experiment? ‘experiment 1 ‘experiment 2 A blue blue B blue ted c red blue D red red 2 Which of the following statements Indicates that aqueous ammonia is an alkali? ‘Aqueous ammonia reacts with acids to form ammonia, salt and water. ‘Aqueous ammonia has no reaction with ammonium compounds. Ammonia dissolves In water to form hydroxide lons. Ammonia dissolves in water to form hydrogen lons. com>The following list of substances contains nitrogen: Nz NH: HNOs ~— NH«NO3 NHACI Choose from this list one substance which (a) canbe produced by heating ammonium compounds with a base. {b) _sublimes and decomposes on heating. (c) canbe obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air, Nitrogen and hydrogen react to give ammonia. (a) Write an equation including state symbols for the reaction. (b) This reaction is carried out on a large scale in the industry. The process is known as the Haber process. () _ Give three conditions for the Haber process. (ii) Give a reason, other than cost, why the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled.5 The Haber process for making ammonia can be represented using a flow diagram. 7 main reactor seowest | 400-450°C 200 atmospheres! trogen and hydrogen Iron catalyst 123 ratio by volume [unreacted] == =) | {rom crude of rmoyeied ‘gases are cooled Jand ammonia turns, toliquid Niquld ammonia (a) The nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed in a 1:3 ratio by volume. Explain why the gases are mixed in a 1:3 ratio. Include an equation in your answer. (b) The graph shows the yield of ammonia that is made under different conditions. 70- 350°C. 80, 140°C 50> % yield of 40. jss0e ammonia 30- 500°C 20: 550°C 10° 0- 0 180 20 400 pressure (atmospheres) Nowadays the process has been adapted to work at a pressure of 50 atmospheres, (I) Use the graph to predict how a lower pressure affects the relative amounts ‘of ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen that leave the main reactor. Explain your reasoning.(ii) What effect does a lower pressure have on the final amount of ammonia made from a fixed amount of nitrogen and hydrogen? Explain your reasoning. [2016 P2 B8]METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Name (|) Date Sec 3 ( IONIC EQUATIONS The following is the general ionic equation for: 1, Reaction of reactive metals with acids to form soluble salt and hydrogen. Ms) + 2H*(aq) -> M*(aq) + Hag) 2. Reaction between soluble carbonates and acids to form soluble salt, carbon dioxide and water. COs*(aq) + 2H*(aq) - CO2Ag) + H20(I) td Reaction between insoluble carbonates and acids to form soluble salt, carbon dioxide and water. MCOx(s) + 2H*(aq) > MP(aq) + CO2{(g) + H20(I) > Reaction between alkalis and acids to form soluble salt and water - Neutralization H*(aq) +OH-(aq) > H20(/) a Reaction between insoluble bases (metal oxide or metal hydroxide) and acids to form soluble salt and water. MO(s) + 2H‘(aq) > Mag) + H20(g) M(OH)x(s) + 2H*(aq) > M*(aq) + 2H20(Q) 2 Precipitation reaction e.g.M*(aq) +20H'(aq) > M(OH)(s) x Displacement reaction e.g. Zn (s) + Cu (aq) — Zn** (aq) + Cu(s) Note: For the general ionic equations provided, metal M has a valency 2. If metal of different valency is used, the ionic equation will be different.‘A) Write tho lonic equation for each of the following reactions. Include state symbols. 1) Reactions involving acids: (a) ZnCOx(s) + 2HNOs(aq) -> Zn(NOs)2(aq) + H20(/) + CO2(g) lonic equation: (b) Mg(s) + 2HCI(aq) > MgCh(aq) + He(g) Tonic equation: (c) 2Fe( ) + SHSO«( ) + Fea(SOu)s( ) + 3He( ) lonic equation: (d) 2KOH( ) + H2SOs( ) + KeSOs( )+ 2H2O( ) lonic equation: 2) Displacement reaction (a) Mg(s) + CuCk(aq) -» MgClz(aq) + Cu(s) lonic equation: (b) Zn(s) + 2AgNOs(aq) > Zn(NOs)2(aq) + 2Ag(s) lonic equation:3) Precipitation reaction (a) NazSOx(aq) + Ba(NOs)z(aq) > BaSO«(s) + 2NaNOs (aq) lonic equation: (b) AICls(aq) + 3NaOQH (aq) + AI(OH)s(s) + 3NaCl (aq) lonic equation: B) Write the ionic equation for each of the following reactions. Include state symbols. (a) When sodium hydroxide solution is mixed with aqueous copper(ll) sulfate, sodium sulfate solution and solid copper(|I) hydroxide are produced. lonic equation: (b) When zinc oxide reacts with nitric acid, zinc nitrate and water are produced. Ionic equation: (c) When magnesium carbonate reacts with nitric acid, magnesium nitrate, carbon dioxide and water are produced. lonic equation:METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Name Sec3 ( ) () Date QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 41 Study the following reaction scheme carefully and answer the questions that follow. hydrochloric Metal A acid Green solution B + | Gasc sodium hydroxide solution 7 4 sodium Green precipitate D Sete tmospheric oxygen Reddish brown | hydrochloric precipitate E (a) Name each of the substances A F. Metal A Green solution B Gas © Green precipitate D Reddish brown precipitate E Yellowish brown solution F (b) — Write the ionic equations for the reactions producing B and D. B: D:The flow diagram shows somo reactions and properties of substances A, B, Cand D. warm with aluminium powder ‘and excess ‘aquoous solution By] fou binck solid ] | turns Universal A Indicator red mix A and Bi] blue solution: y colourless gas D; turns damp red litmus paper blue x dark blue muni, solution (a) Deduce the chemical names of the (i) black solid A, (il) solution B, (ill) solution &, (Iv) gas D. (b) Write the chemical name and formula of (i) the cation present in E, (I) the anion present In solution E.N is a white salt. When hydrochloric acid is added to N, N dissolved and bubbles of gas Q are produced. When ammonia solution is added to the resulting solution, a white precipitate P is formed which dissolves in excess. When the gas Q is bubbled into limewater, a white precipitate is observed. (a) What are @) ON, qi) P, (iii), Q? (b) — Write the ionic equations for the reactions producing P and Q. When crystalline solid A was heated gently, it gave off a colourless vapour B which, upon condensing, tured blue cobalt(|l) chloride paper pink. Solid A was then dissolved in water and the solution formed was divided into two parts. To one part, sodium hydroxide solution was added and warmed. An alkaline gas © was liberated. To the second part, acidified aqueous barium nitrate was added: A white precipitate D was produced. (a) Deduce the chemical names of (i) crystalline solid A (ii) colourless vapour B (ili) alkaline gas © (iv) white precipitate D (b) Write the balanced chemical equation, with state symbols, of A with sodium hydroxide solution.(ce) Describe another test that can be used to identify vapour B. Extra Exer U is a mixture of the powdered forms of two substances. Study the following reaction scheme carefully and answer the questions that follow. ‘add dilute Mixture ] hydrochloric acid, [“Colouriess ] . [Gas] . | cas | . | water u ~* [solution P so G2 eddaq bubbiein | iohted evmnenda aq calcium 3 hydroxide | SPlint White ppt, white ppt | | Extinguishea soluble in Q with ‘pop’ excess sound (@) ©) © Name P, Q, G1 and G2. Pp a: .. ot: G2 4) Describe what you would observe when mixture U is heated. uy Write the equations for the two reactions that take place when mixture U is heated. Equation 1: oo 2) Total: 7 Equation 2Colourless Solution X T Blue Solution ¥ mix ‘White precipitate (A) formed ‘Addition of Warm with ‘Addition of ‘Addition of ‘aqueous potassium || aqueous sodium aqueous acidified iodide hydroxide, and ammonia slowly | | aqueous silver ‘aluminium foil till in excess nitrate. [| =| ‘Yellow precipitate Pungent gas (C) Blue precipitate (D) White (8) formed. which tums formed soluble in precipitate moist litmus blue excess aqueous (E) formed ammonia to form a deep blue solution Oe ——————EeEee 0) (b) Give the formula of solution YS 1) (©) Write the ionic equation for the formation of blue precipitate D. 1) a (a) Name the white precipitate E,___————=——__—_—__—___________ m (e) Describe what would be observed if aqueous sodium hydroxide was added in excess to Solution X. a we —LLrt~—~—~™—~—~—~—~—~—~—~—CiCzsCUCSC=SCMMETHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Name (0) Dato Sec 3 ( PERIODIC TREND 41 Elements X and Y are In tho samo period of the Periodic Table, Element X is from Group I! whereas olement ¥ Is from Group VI. Which of the following correctly gives a possible formula of a compound formed between X and ¥ and Its corresponding relative molecular mass? Formula Relative molecular mass A oY 80 B XY? 88 c xY 56 D X2Yo 240 ( ) 2 Lithium is the first element and rubidium is the fourth element in Group I of the Periodic Table. Which statement Is correct? A Lithium has a higher melting point than rubidium. B Lithium has fewer electrons in its outer shell than rubidium. C Lithium is a metal, rubidium is a non-metal. D_ Lithium reacts more rapidly with water than rubidium does. (—) 3 Element X has proton number n and is in Group V. Element Y has proton number n + 4, Element Y is A anunreactive colourless gas. B _asilvery metal with a very high melting point. C a soft reactive metal. D__ablack solid, () 4 Many properties of an element and its compounds can be predicted from the position of the element in the Periodic Table. Which property could not be predicted in this way? A the nature of its oxide B the formula of its nitrate c the number of isotopes It has D its metallic or non-metallic properties ()In each of three experiments, a halogen was added to separate solutions containing lons of one of the other two halogens. Experiment] Halogen Halide solution added x Y Zz 4 X2 _ Y2 displaced | Zz displaced 2 Y2 No reaction = No reaction 3 Ze No reaction | Y2 displaced = What are the halogens X, Y and Z? x Y Zz ‘Averel| cl Br B Br I cl ec oc Br I dD ca 1 Br () vu tu mivvwe vila BL -C DE F G H 1 J K L Part of the Periodic Table with its group numbers and some elements labelled A ~ Lis given above, The letters are not their chemical symbols. Use the group numbers and the letters to answer the questions below. (a) _ State the letters belonging to the non-metallic elements. (b) Which group comprises () the alkali metals, (ii) the halogens?(c) (a) Identify the letter belonging to the most reactive (i) non-metal, (ii) metal. Which of the elements A - L form oxides whose formulas are partially given below? w@ 203 (ii) __20 ‘Anew element Menorium has been isolated. It is a reactive poisonous gas at room temperature. It is slightly soluble in water forming an acidic solution. Menorium also reacts violently with molten sodium to form a white solid and it is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. (a) (b) (Which group in the Periodic Table is Menorium likely to fall in? (ii) Name two other elements in the same group. (i) How many electrons will a Menorium atom have in its outermost shell? (ii) Give the formula of its ions if its symbol is Me. (i) Using the symbol Me, write a balanced equation to show its reaction with sodium. (ii) In this reaction with sodium, is the white solid formed ionic or covalent?(a) Is Menorium a metal or non-metal? Using information , give two reasons for your choice. Chromium, atomic number 24, is one of the transition elements. (a) _ Give three general properties of the transition elements. (b) Name two other transition elements which are in the same Period as chromium.9 Using the apparatus shown, chlorine is passed through the tube containing solid potassium bromide first then solid potassium iodide. solid potassium bromide _solid potassium iodide (a) State the colour of the gas at A. (b) Asstudent observes that a gas is formed at B. (i) Name the gas and state the colour of this gas. (i) Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the reaction that produced the gas in B. (c) _ Briefly describe what the student would observe at C. (4) If the experiment were repeated but the positions of solid potassium bromide and solid potassium iodide are reversed. Describe and explain what the student would observe at B and C.METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Name (on) Date Sec3(__) REACTIVITY SERIES 1 41 A metal found at the top of the reactivity series A will react with steam but not cold water. B _ is found in its free state in the earth's crust. © easily loses electrons to form positive ions. D _ bums to form an acidic oxide. ( ) 2 Element M reacts in the following ways: M_ +2HNOs - M(NOs)2 + Ha 2M + O2 > 2MO What could element M be? A aluminium B calcium © copper Dfithium (om) 3 Zinc, silver, magnesium and lead powder ‘were added in excess to blue copper(I!) nitrate solution separately. In how many mixtures did the blue solution remain? A770 Bed c 2 dD 3 C 4° Magnesium displaces iron(II) ions from aqueous iron(II) sulfate because magnesium has a greater relative atomic mass than iron. magnesium atoms lose electrons more readily than iron atoms. magnesium reacts less vigorously than iron with water. magnesium sulfate is more soluble than iron(|!) sulfate. (ln) voupThe properties of five metals, A, B, C, D and E were investigated and the results tabulated. Metal Properties A Dissolves quickly in dilute acids and burns in air or steam to produce an oxide. Sinks in cold water and reacts to produce bubbles of hydrogen gas. Reacts violently with dilute acids. Floats on water and reacts vigorously with it. It is too violent to react with dilute acids. Does not react with steam or dilute acids but can be dissolved in concentrated acids. Bubbles slowly with dilute acids and reacts with steam. (a) (b) (ec) Choose the letter representing (i) _ the most reactive metal, (ii) the least reactive metal. Choose a letter for the metal that could be (i) iron, Ss ii) sodium, (iii) calcium, (iv) magnesium, (v) copper, (vi) potassium. Choose a letter representing the metal whose (i) oxide reacts with metal A when heated, (ii) ion in an aqueous solution can be displaced by metal E.Small pieces of each of the five metals were added to aqueous solutions of the five metal nitrates. The results were recorded in the table below. Metal Copper | Magnesium] Iron Silver Tin Solution Cu Mg Fe Ag Sn Coveat vefy fe fy eee x a 2 mite * v x x Biber y y V v Tot) x v v x Total Vs wv (a) Complete the total vs’ row. Hence, place these five metals in order of increasing reactivity. (b) Give two observations to be made when magnesium is added to iron(II!) nitrate solution. Explain the observations seen. Observation 1: Explanation: Observation 2: Pn a aE Explanation: a ee ee eS (c) Write an ionic equation, with state symbol, for the reaction between tin and silver nitrate solution. ee — 37 Three experiments were carried out to find the order of reactivity of three metals. The metals used were zinc, tin and an unknown metal X. experinett[experinont2[ epermont 9 ine tn otal X LUn(t) chloride | metal x sulfate zine sulfate start sliver grey slver-grey ‘orange-brown colour of ‘metal sivergrey | brow coating on ond, with crystals formed on surface a tart ‘colourless blue colouriess. colour of ‘solution ond colourless paler blue (a) Suggest the name of metal X (b) Complete the table to show the colour of the metal and the solution at the end of experiment 3. (c) Give the order of reactivity of the three metals. most reactive least reactive (d) Write an ionic equation, with state symbols, for the reaction in experiment 1.METHODIST GIRLS' SCHOOL Name () Date Sec 4 ( REACTIVITY SERIES 2 4 Which of these oxides react with carbon to produce the motal? A aluminium oxide B calcium oxide c magnesium oxide: D lead(Il) oxide ( 2 Which of these motals forms carbonates which are stable to heat? A zine B sodium © lead D calcium ( 3 Element M reacts in the following ways: M_+2HNOs — M(NOs)2 + He 2M + O2-» 2MO MO + Ha no reaction What could element M be? A aluminium B calcium c copper D lithium ( 4 How does the mass of a sample of copper!) oxide change when it is heated In hydrogen and In oxygen? mass after heating mass after heating In hydrogen in oxygen A decreases decreases B decreases ‘unchanged c decreases Increases D__increases unchanged5 In which of the following tubes will rusting of the iron nail be expected to take place? A B c D ot J water boted | water tron . iron ; _ eg GR LFF am ‘otton Gavvanised ‘wool iron nail ‘anhydrous calcium chloride to Keep the air dy ( ) 6 The Statue of Liberty in New York is made from an iron frame covered with copper plates. Would iron in contact with the copper plates corrode faster or slower than normal? A Slower, because iron loses electrons more easily than copper. B Slower, because copper loses electrons more easily than iron. © Faster, because iron loses electrons more easily than copper. D__ Faster, because copper loses electrons more easily than iron. 7(a) Aluminium is manufactured from the electrolysis of its ore, commonly known as bauxite. Explain why aluminium is extracted by electrolysis whereas iron is not in terms of bonding.(b) Aluminium foil is used to make food containers because it does not corrode easily. Explain why aluminium does not corrode easily.Name: () Class: Date: Chapter 2: Kinetic Particle Theory Learning outcomes 2.1(a) describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved 2.1(b) describe and explain evidence for the movement of particles in liquids and gases (treatment of Brownian motion is not requirod) 2.1(c) explain everyday effects of diffusion in torms of particles, e.g. the spread of perfumes and cooking aromas; tea and coffee grains in water 2.1() state qualitatively the effect of molecular mass on the rate of diffusion and explain the dependence of rate of diffusion on temperature 2.2(a) state the relative charges and approximate relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron 2.2(b) describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of an atom as consisting of protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus and electrons arranged in shells (energy levels) (knowledge of s, p, d and f classification is not required; a copy of the Periodic Table will be available in Papers 1 and 2) 2.2(c) define proton (atomic) number and nucleon (mass) number 2.2(d) interpret and use nuclide notations such as #4 2.2(e) define the term isotopes 2.2(f) deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions given proton and nucleon numbers 2.1 How are Solids, Liquids and Gases Different? Ein ae, slide past one another move quickly and freely throughout the randomly in any pram roenent liquid direction IndefiniteHeating curve of Icosane : * sf oer es © Cd (liquid): Heating beyond 37°C + Aterallthe solid Icosane has melted at point C. thermal energy s again converted to kinetic energy ofthe particles, + Thepailes can move freely throughout the liquid. +The temperature ofthe liquid rses beyond 37°C. ” oan oto @ 8-€ solld-liquid mixturel: cosane melts at 37°C. + Thermal energy s absorbed from the surroundings and the temperature of the solid Isat ts melting point. + The particles with ncreased energy can overcome the forces ofatraction nthe solid state. + The ordetly packing arrangement ofthe particles i disrupted. + Both sold and liquid are present during the melting process. © A-B solid): Heating to 37°C + Thermal energy s converted tokinetic energy ofthe Particles. + Particles vibrate and rotate faster about thelr fixed + The temperature remains constant throughout the melting Positions. ‘process untill the cosane has melted. + The temperature of kosane 4 ‘ses towards 37°C. Time/min Cooling curve of Icosane Temperature /°C ® P-Q liquid): Cooling to 37°¢ + Kinetic energy of the particles is converted to thermal energy, which Is transferred to the surroundings. + With less kinetic energy, the particles slow down, + The temperature of the liquid reduces to 37°C, © R-S{solid): Cooling below 37°¢ + Afterall the liquid has solidified at point R, kinetic energy of the particles ls again converted to ‘thermal energy and transferred tothe surroundings. + Particles can vibrate and rotate @® Q-Afsolid-tiquid mixture): Icosane freezes at 37°C, + The particles lose energy to the surroundings and the temperature Is at the freezing point. + The particles with less energy are drawn closer together by the only about thet fixed positions forces of attraction between them. + The temperature of the solid + The particle arrangement becomes more orderly. reduces below 37°C + Both solid and liquid are present during the freezing process, + The temperature remains constant throughout the freezing process Until all the icosane has solidified.2.2 How do Particles Move? Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, E.g: A drop of ink diffuses through a flask of water. (movement of particles in liquid) * Particle movement does not stop when diffusion is complete. ‘The particles will continue to move randomly, with no net change in concentration ‘observed. + E.g: Particles of dust appear to move randomly under the light because they collide with the randomly moving particles of air. movement of particles in gas) Factors that Affect the Rate of Diffusion a) Effect of Temperature b) Effect of Particle Mass decrease Particles with higher mass req more kinetic energy to move at the same speed, Steps to calculate relative molecular mass of gas particles Decide on the formula Refer to periodic table cotton woo! for atomic masses (A.) soakedin hydrogen oleres bial Add the A, together to hydrochloric chloride molecules auely get the molecular mass acid ‘move slowly (My) The larger the M, the slower the rate Working Examples of diffusion we see in daily life: tea bag In a glass of water and smelling of perfume.Molting is the process by which a substance changes froma__toa liquid. ‘The temperature at which a solid melts is its melting point. Boiling is the change from a liquid to a at the boiling temperature. The temperature at which a liquid boils is the bolling point. ‘A pure substance has a fixed boiling point only at a fixed pressure. If the pressure is decreased, the boiling point Differences between boiling and evaporation yay Boiling Evaporation Takes place at the surface of the liquid Takes place throughout the liquid Occurs only at boiling] Occurs below point boiling point A rapid process A slow process Interconversion between the three states of matter. Solid meltingName: () Class: Date: Chapter 1: Experimental Chemistry Learning gutcomes 1.1(a) name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume; including burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders and gas syringes 4.4(b) suggest suitable apparatus, given relevant information, for a variety of simple experiments, including drying and collection of gases and measurement of rates of reaction (drying agents willbe limited to calcium oxide, concentrated sulfuric acid and fused calcium chloride) 1.2(a) describe methods of separation and purification for the components of mixtures, to include: i) use of a suitable solvent, filtration and crystallisation or evaporation (iv) use of a separating funnel (v) paper chromatography 1.2(b) suggest suitable separation and purification methods, given information about the substances involved in the following types of mixtures: 1.2(c) interpret paper chromatograms including comparison with ‘known’ samples and the use of Rf values 1.2(d) explain the need to use locating agents in the chromatography of colourless compounds (knowledge of specific locating agents is not required) 1.2{e) deduce from the given melting point and boiling point data the identities of substances and their purity 1.2(f) explain the importance of measuring the purity in substances used in everyday life, e.g. foodstufts and drugs 1.4 Physical Quantities in Chemistry Physical Cents Rieger Snel cisions liantke tan) neue how much matter is present in a substance kilogram kg gram (a, tonne (t)4.2 How are Gases Collected? Methods for collecting Gases: 1) Solubility of the gas in water (how easily it __ in water) 2) Density of the gas as compared to surrounding air ERMulN ena ay SRR Water displacement) | insoluble to "density does. eect slightly soluble notaffectgas. oxygens delivery ser collection carbon dioxide tube Downward delivery canbe soluble or denserthanair chlorine, 25 insoluble hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide ‘elivery tube “can be soluble or ‘less dense than air ammonia insolublea Ea a Concentrated sulfuricacid most gases, including This method is not. chlorine and hydrogen suitable for gases which chloride react with sulfuric acid moist gas > dry gas (e.g. ammonia). ‘concentrated sulfuric acid == A Quicklime (calcium oxide) ammonia Calcium oxide absorbs moisture and carbon dry gas dioxide from the air, soit must be freshly. heated before use. This method cannot beused to dry ‘gases which react with calcium oxide (eg. carbon dioxide). ‘quicktime (Calcium oxide) moist gas —> = cannes Mey Fused calclum chloride hydrogen, nitrogen, Calcium chloride carbon dioxide readily absorbs ‘ ‘moisture from the air, ary gas soit must be freshly heated before use. This method cannot be used to dry gases which react with calcium ae chloride (e.g. ammonia). moist1.3 How are Substances in Mixture Separated? ‘There are different types of mixtures around us. evaporation to dryness chrometoeonhy sublimation simple distillation Separating Solid-solid Mixtures a) Magnetic attraction Ammagnet can be used to ‘separate magnetic solids from non-magnetic solids, Examples of magnetic materials are: iron, cobalt, nickel and some. alloys, b) Sieving Assieve can be used to separate solids with different Particle sizes. They can be separate by using a sieve with a suitable : ¢) Using suitable solvents Solvent: liquid that dissolves solids A suitable solvent can be used to Solute: solid that dissolves in the solvent ‘Separate solid-solid mixtures in which only one of the solids is soluble in solvent.d) Sublimation solidified wet cloth 1 to cool = Sublimation can be used to separate a substance that lodine changes from the solid to mixture of vapour gaseous state directly. iodine and sand Examples of substances that sublime: dry ice, iodine, ammonium chloride, naphthalene Separating Solidsiquid Mixtures e) Filtration + Filtrate: liquid that passes through the filter + Residue: solid that remains on the filter s beter tang » ey cesitue Ne fer paper fer fuel > conical flask 2 ate f) Evaporation to Dryness * Solid salt may be recovered from salt solution by Gssonedsoid evaporation unti all of the water has boiled off oe * Can all crystals be recovered from its solution by evaporating to dryness? * Many substances decompose when they are heated strongly. * Most crystals give off water to become powders when heated. * Any soluble impurity present will be deposited together with the remaining substance,9) Crystallisation scene ert Gish J copped sutote etal reside A saturated solution is a solution that contains the maxit temperature. © Gently heat the copper) sulfate solution in an evaporating dish to evaporate most ofthe liquid, until the solution is saturated. Stop heating the solution before all the solvent has evaporated. © Cool the solution gradually until the solid copper) sulfate crystals appear within the solution, ® Carefully pour the mixture (solution ‘with the crystal) through a funnel lined ‘with iter paperto collect the solid crystals. more crystal are required, the filtrate is re-concentrated and ‘e-crystalised (repeat steps 1t0 3)- The copper sulfate crystals are washed With some cold distiled water to remove Impurities. They can be dred between afew sheets offiter paper. imum amount of solute at a given * Asolution is saturated when a sample taken out and cooled forms small crystals rapidly ‘* Orwhen a cool glass rod is placed in the solution, small crystals are formed rapidly on the glass rodh) Simple Distillation + Separates a pure solvent (liquid) from its solution © Tresattwateris heated. Boling chips areaddedor smooth boiing At 00°C, ‘he waterbots. The vapour ses and ‘entersthe condenser through the ext ‘erm el he dtiation sk © The water vapour cosine condense ond condenses ick tg wate Pre waters ‘eflectedin the conch the state esting tos © Aamare watevapoises te satiation Becomes more encenated. vet, 90h esd of ema nthe ula as. LI E.g: To obtain water from sea water Please note: * Boiling chips added (to smooth boiling) ‘+ Ensure bulb of thermometer is opposite to side arm exiting from flask * Cold water should pass through outer tube of condenser Separating Liquid-liquid Mixtures i) Separating Funnel + Separates immiscible liquids incest least dense qu at top “sens densest liquid at bottom a” il and waterj) Chromatography Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of substances which have solubilities in a given solvent. @ Aitrerwrents atvorbed By the pape, ewe tomar te eppoane espe The parle eye odo and S separated int a pre or andred eyes @ Acop ot perpie toos cocwrng hut nee cnc edge fe paper traning wth asinine. Tanedgeis wtmerped tere ascent beeseg the purple spot just shove Oe whet hve, Gromstogram of Purple food colouring pure dyes Qn1. Suggest why the start line was drawn in pencil, Qn2. Suggest why the drop of dye was placed above the level of the water at the start. What are Ry values? * The retention factor, or Ri value of a substance is a measure of its solubility in the solvent. It is expressed as a decimal(in 3.sf), no units Distance travelled by the substance Distance travelled by the solvent ‘* When the conditions are kept constant, a particular substance will always travel at the same rate relative to the solvent. * This means that the ratio of the distance travelled by the solute to the distance travelled by the solvent is . Re” Chromatogram with a longer run ime Ayvalue = * Chromatography can also be used to separate and identify colourless substances €.9. identification of sugars in fruit juices. * Allocating agent (e.g ninhydrin) is sprayed on to the chromatogram. ‘+ The locating agent reacts with each substance to form coloured spots on the paper. + The Rr values of the unknown are then compared with those of known substances. Applications: © Identify unauthorised substances like pesticides and poisons in food © Detect small quantities of banned substances in an athlete's urine or blood © Separate components like DNA fragments in samples for forensic investigations Separating Liquid4iquid Mixtures Fractional Distillation * Separates miscible liquids with different boiling points. Miscible in each other) + Liquid with the lowest boiling point is distilled firstIndustral apphcators of tractoral Gutiteten are to obtain ° petroleum tractors trom crude ol, carmed of h an ol retiery © nitrogen, argon and cxygen trom quid aie © alcoholic beverages (etaret) tom te fermentation of ghucoue Gacone -> Etaret » Carter Sexe 14 How can the Purity of Sutatances te Determined? A pure substance has a specific mniting art | or teling print ureher Teed conditions Mustures met of bol over a range of Nemoersnres For enaemohe pure water bets at 10D °C but wher ait waht to water Pe tiling Gown Mme! Sierstarty, pure water tren af O °C thot wher sail settee No mister he hemring point lowers / MY coon notes... Acknowledgements of pictures: © 2023 Marshal Cavendish Educaton Pie Lic »