s10N : ie resistance of inductor coils al pc. and is... ohm, sl 4, impedance of inductor with iron core ism of AC. and are Qand. 1. TION Iviaghd nce ¢ inductor having inductance L without iron * 7 : etic (reactive permeabili i ‘on core has inductance pring DAM ity of iron which is a 1100), fees ' 2 T qheimpedance, Z = R® + (ol? without iron core For negligible resistance R, Z’ = wZ. becomes 2’ = R? + (nob)? psECTIVE ’ To measure resistance, voltage (A.C/D.C.), current honk stein agiven circuit using multimeter. A Ene el APPARATUS AND MATERIAL Apparatus. Three carbon resistors, one standard resistance coil, a battery eliminator vsith tapping (2 V, 4 V and 6 V), a step down transformer (6-0-6 V) with two tappings (2 V and 4Y),a resistor of 100 ohm, a plug key and multimeter. THEORY Multimeter. It is a single measuring device acting as an Ammeter, a Voltmeter and an Ohmmeter. For this reason, it is also called AVO meter. Ttcan measure alternating as well as direct current and alternating as well as direct voltage in addition to resistance. For this purpose its panel is divided into five different sections, | There are many ranges in each section so that it ean measure from micro (10°) to mega (108) tits Rotation of a knob changes the section and the range in one section. : = Rotation of knob for change in émmetar ranges brings ala resistances Gi ditTesaai ss values in circuit in parallel with the coil. nine -| ~ Rotation of knob for change in voltmeter range, brings series resistances of different values in circuit in series with the coil. ___~ Rotation of knob for change in chmmeter range, . uit in series with the multimeter cell. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS, 208 be Fig. 11.02. 2, Acarbon resistance has four different concentric coloured ringe or ‘bands on its surface, ‘The first three bands a, b and c determine the value of the resistance and the fourth band d gives the percentage of accuracy called tolerance. The resistance of carbon resistor R = (ab x 10° + T %) Q. 3. To read the value of carbon resistance, the following sentence is found to be of much more helpful. feeee Rk <0) ¥ Great Britain Very Good Wife Pe aap Sah ig! 27g 5 6 7 ging ey The bold face letter B, B, R, O, Y, G, B, V, G and W, in above sentence correspond to the colours Black, Brown, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet, Grey and White respectively fora and b, while for the third c, they correspond to the multipliers 10°, 103, 102, 10°, 104, 10°, 10%, 107, 10° and 10° respectively. 4. The following table provides the colour code for the carbon resistors + Letter Colour Figure | Multiplier Colour Tolerance (helpful to memory) a.b. o@ (for the fourth band) ae B Black 0 10° Gold 5% B Brown 1 10! Silver 10% R Red 2 10 ~— | Nocolour | 20% oO Orange 3 10° a | Yellow 4 108 G | Green 5 10° B Blue 6 10° v Violet 7 107 G Grey 8 108 WwW White 9 10° Gold 107 Silver 107 PROCEDURE 1. Mark the given carbon resistors as R,, R,, Ry. 2. Note the colour of first, second, third and fourth ring for each resistor. 3, Plug in the probes of the multimeter in appropriate terminals. Select the appropriate range, short the other ends of probes and adjust zero. Turn the terminal marked pare such that the needle of the meter shows full scale deflection and reads zero 4, Separate the metallic ends of the probes. Insert the resistor R, to be measured in between the metalllic ends of the two probes and read the deflection of the pointer on the range selected. | @ scanned with OKEN Scannerrange and testing the zero. 6. Now convert using the colour code table, th, their values with tolerance. ” the values of resistors in ohms and write 1-6) ny 6 Red Black Nobel - From Multimeter Selector switch on Select Selector switch B.C. (10) AC (200) ‘set on ohm ‘ Appropriate range — {a Measuring resistance (b) Measuring D.C. voltage (c) Measuring A.O. voltage (a) Checking continuity Fig. 11.03. Using a multimeter to measure : (a) resistance, (6) D.C. voltage, (c) A.C. voltage and (d) resistance and checking continuity. | (b) D.C, Voltage 1, Select a D.C. source of potential difference, 6 V battery eliminator or a battery. 2. Plug the probes black in com and red in +. 3. Select D.C. volt, by turning the selector switch to range 10 V D.C. volts. 4, Touch and press other ends of probes such that red is on battery terminal marked + and black on—{Fig. 11.03 (b)] and not the reading, 5, Insert red probe in terminals marked 4 V, 2 V in succession and note readings (c) A.C. Volts : 1. Turn the selector A.C. (200 Volt). 2. Touch and press the probes other ends to two terminals of A.C. source of potential drop and note the reading 3. Use red probe in terminals 4 V and 2 V in succession and record the reading. (d) Continuity of given cireuit [Fig. (d)] 1. Set the selector switch to ohm, range M2. 2, Touch and press the ends of probes at A and B, full scale deflection indicates continu- ity. 3. Similarly check in succession the continuity between te nals C and D. Never place the probes ends between te battery. yminals B and C and termi- .rminals connected with the terminals of the In digital electronic multimeter for continuity test rotor is set to mark 0 and a buzzer sounds when probes are connected to ends of components tested MA ie @ scanned with OKEN Scanner210 OBSERVATIONS (a) For Measurement of Resistance : (b) Measurement of Voltage : Voltage reading as | Difference in Votiage | measured by ir multimeter V (Volt) marked 2 V—V, (volt) AG or D.C. Volts | Obs. | Voltage between S.No. | terminals V, (Volt) INFERENCE 1. The measured values by multimeter match with dec ages marked on voltage sources match with voltage measured by oded values of resistors. 2. AC. and D.C. volt multimeter. PRECAUTIONS 1. Instructions for handling the mi avery handy instrument and is 2, Select the appropriate parameter cl set it on appropriate range. 3. If range of the parameter measured is not known, start with maximum. For measur- ing V, never connect more than maximum 600 V. nS VIVA VOCE Q.1. Acarbon resistor of 47 k@ is to be marked with rings of different colours for its identification. Write the sequence of colours. Ans. Yellow, violet the orange. Q.2. What is multimeter? Ans. Thisis an instrument used for measuring the current, voltage (A.C/D.C.) and resistance (high/low). ¥ ultimeter should be gone through thoroughly as it is likely to get damaged if carelessly of ignorantly used. -urrent, voltage or resistance to the measured and @ scanned with OKEN Scanner COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS—xi,E. 1% _ Cn ee ms or carbon resistor has colo} aS A oid What i ts resistance? trips in the ant oe teak er yo pat is an ammeter? Had a iris am instrument which is used for meas ial yo® girectly- ¢ the strength of ; hat is voltmeter? current in amperes a «. an instrument which i tis an 1m ent which is used fe soe A points ofthe circuit directly in for measuring the potential di “3 [_Aorivenray psective qoassemble a household cireuit, isi sspears it, comprising three bulbs, three (onlof) switches, {prARATUS AND MATERIAL Apparatus. No apparatus required in i ; assembling a circui i ing a cireuit. Bess nin (6V,1 W) each, fuse of 0.6 A, main switch a power supply (batter sininator, off) switches flexible connecting wire with eee — red and black plastic covering, Supplementary. Main electric board with a two-pin socket and main switch DIAGRAM (Fig. 11.04 © sy Q Cree ae L® oe o—e*0, RA(AC) oa naeneh ie [Source of su PANY I Fuse (010 0.75). o Fig. 11.04. (a) Circuit diagram, (b) Actual layout. THEORY Electricity supplied to us for domestic purposes is 220 VA.C. and 50 Hz, The household Sib al spianes are connected in cparallel" with mains. The switches are connected in bulb mt e#ch appliances in live wire, “| ewitches are required for normal appliances like, like an tubes fans ete. 15 A sockets and witches are required for heavy load appliances fala p8°"8tor, air conditioner, geyser, hot plates ete: ‘All appliances must have three wires esneutral and the earth Total power consumption #” a8 ig a —<—$—$—$—$_$— ee SSS @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL, roo et P=P,+P,+Py+ liances. here P,, P,P, are the powers drawn by app : poe 1 tiie the appliances from one when eee) ie a sitle higher rating, 10 to 20% higher than the curren’ f F ; aa eter jenitali value MAINS FUSE like rating 32 A is connected in series with i supply source. PROCEDURE, j 1, Connect the bulbs B,, B, and B, in series with switches 8,8, ee S, respectively ang connect each set of B-S in parallel with each other (Fig. pt 7 2. Connect main supply to a step-down transformer (battery eliminator) to get required voltage from 0 to 10 V (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 V). 3, Connect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the powe the B-S set. .r supply (battery eliminator), 4. Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with 5. Connect one end of power supply to one end of BS set 6. Check the cireuit one again to ensure that household circuit is complete. 7. Gradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must burn off at about 0.6 A. XX ACTIVITY 4 OBJECTIVE To assemble the components of a given elec! ical circuit (Say Ohm’s law eireuit), APPARATUS AND MATERIAL ‘Apparatus. A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat one way key Material. An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper. PROCEDURE 1. Connect the components (Resistors, inductors ete.) in series with each other as shown in Fig. 11.05 and then in series with the battery. + He 7 ibs R, 2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current. ‘ 3. Connectthe voltmeter in parallel totheresis- (#)* tor, to measure the potential difference. a 4, Connect the switch in series with the bat- ONT tery. | 5, Assembly of the electrical components in ing electric circuit is complete. yi Fig. 11.05. Connect the items as shown in Fig. 11.05. = @ scanned with OKEN ScannerFrom equation (1) and (2) tan 0=K a (i) The graph between V and / is a straight line. Therefore, the potential drop length of wire is directly proportional to its length vel F ok ike (ii) The potential drop per unit length of wire is k =... V em [acnvinyé | OBJECTIVE rig? trie the diagram of a given nan et comprising wy tat, key, ammeter and vol , Mark fn ne oor ond correct the of tame tam cireuit: APPARATUS AND MATERIAL Abattery eliminator or a battery ‘Key. D.C. ammeter (0-3) A and @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PI K. aoe Pheostat : \ A aesicies R wie W)- Fig. 11.08. DIAGRAM (Fig. 11.08A) Voltmeter ‘Ammeter Fig. 11.084. Open circuit diagram (Components not connected in proper order). It is given above in Fig. 11.08A. PROCEDURE Ammeter. It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator. Voltmeter. It should be connected in parallel to the resistor. Rheostat. It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with the battery eliminator. Resistance coil. It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat). One way key. It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator. Correct circuit diagram (Components connected in proper order) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner