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    muhammed mundhir
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    Ranging is the process of establishing intermediate points along a straight line between two end points. There are two methods of ranging: 1. Direct ranging involves fixing intermediate ranging rods directly on the line between two end stations by observation. An assistant holds a rod at the intermediate point P while the surveyor guides them left or right until A, P, and B are aligned. 2. Indirect ranging, also called reciprocal ranging, is used when the end stations are not visible to each other due to obstacles. Surveyors position themselves at points that can see portions of the line and guide each other to intermediate positions until the full line is established.

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    Ranging is the process of establishing intermediate points along a straight line between two end points. There are two methods of ranging: 1. Direct ranging involves fixing intermediate ranging rods directly on the line between two end stations by observation. An assistant holds a rod at the intermediate point P while the surveyor guides them left or right until A, P, and B are aligned. 2. Indirect ranging, also called reciprocal ranging, is used when the end stations are not visible to each other due to obstacles. Surveyors position themselves at points that can see portions of the line and guide each other to intermediate positions until the full line is established.

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    11 views1 page

    Surveying

    Uploaded by

    muhammed mundhir
    Ranging is the process of establishing intermediate points along a straight line between two end points. There are two methods of ranging: 1. Direct ranging involves fixing intermediate ranging rods directly on the line between two end stations by observation. An assistant holds a rod at the intermediate point P while the surveyor guides them left or right until A, P, and B are aligned. 2. Indirect ranging, also called reciprocal ranging, is used when the end stations are not visible to each other due to obstacles. Surveyors position themselves at points that can see portions of the line and guide each other to intermediate positions until the full line is established.

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    of 1

    what is ranging?

    Explain different
    method of ranging?
    Ranging-the process of establishing intermediate point on a straight line
    between two end points is known as ranging. There are two methods of ranging

    1) Direct ranging

    When intermediate ranging rod are fixed on a straight line by direct observation
    from end station, the process is known as direct ranging.Assume that A and B
    are two end station of chain line where two ranging rod are already fixed.
    Suppose it is required to fixed ranging rod at intermediate point P on chain line
    in such a way that the point A,P and B are in the same straight line.Surveyor
    stands 2m behind the ranging rod A by looking toward the line AB. Assistant
    hold a ranging rod at P vertically at arm length. Rod should be held lightly by
    thumb and fore finger. Now surveyor directs the assistant to move the ranging
    rod to the left or right. Until the three ranging rod come exactly in the same
    straight line.To check none vertically of the rod, surveyor bend down and look
    through the bottom of rod.Ranging will be perfect when three ranging rod
    coincide and appeared as a single rod. When surveyor satisfied that the ranging
    is perfect he signal the assistant to fixed the ranging rod on the ground by
    waving both his hand up and down. Following the same procedure the other
    ranging rod fixed on line.

    fig 1. Direct Ranging


    2) Indirect ranging or (reciprocal ranging)

    When end station is not indivisible due to there being high ground between
    them intermediate ranging rod fixed on the line in an indirect way this method
    is known as indirect ranging or (reciprocal ranging)As shown in fig two
    surveyor station themselves at say m1 and m2 approximately in line with
    ABPerson with ranging rod m2 can see m1 and A, whereas person with ranging
    rod at m1 can see m2 and B Now person m2 will guide the person at m1 to
    come in line with m2 and A on a new position m3The person on m3 will guide
    the person at m2 to come to a position m4 such that m3,m4 and B are in one
    line Ranging rod are fixed at m7 and m8 and then chaining continued along the
    hill with reference to intermediate point m7 and m8

    fig 2. Indirect Ranging or Reciprocal Ranging

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