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    1) The strong form of a word is used when that word is stressed, such as at the end of a sentence, for emphasis, or when contrasted with another word. 2) Weak forms of words are used when the following word begins with a vowel sound. Transcription of speech should use slashes to indicate sounds, mark stresses, and use strong or weak forms appropriately. 3) The document provides a table listing both the strong and weak forms of common function words in English such as "and", "do", and "the". It notes context-dependent variations in weak forms.

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    1) The strong form of a word is used when that word is stressed, such as at the end of a sentence, for emphasis, or when contrasted with another word. 2) Weak forms of words are used when the following word begins with a vowel sound. Transcription of speech should use slashes to indicate sounds, mark stresses, and use strong or weak forms appropriately. 3) The document provides a table listing both the strong and weak forms of common function words in English such as "and", "do", and "the". It notes context-dependent variations in weak forms.

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    14 views3 pages

    Weak Forms

    Uploaded by

    Maja Wala
    1) The strong form of a word is used when that word is stressed, such as at the end of a sentence, for emphasis, or when contrasted with another word. 2) Weak forms of words are used when the following word begins with a vowel sound. Transcription of speech should use slashes to indicate sounds, mark stresses, and use strong or weak forms appropriately. 3) The document provides a table listing both the strong and weak forms of common function words in English such as "and", "do", and "the". It notes context-dependent variations in weak forms.

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    PRACTICAL PHONETICS - dr Marta Krajewska

    STRONG AND WEAK FORMS


    The strong form is used when the word is: (ROA 113)
    1) at the end of the sentence
    2) contrasted or co-ordinated with another word
    3) given stress for the purpose of emphasis
    4) “cited” or “quoted”

    ! Transcription – basic principles !


    • slashes: beginning & end of an utterance, instead of: . , ; ? ! () - …
    • no double slashes
    • till you have space (the end of the line)
    • ignore punctuation marks and other graphical symbols (e.g. “” ’)
    • small letters only
    • mark stresses
    • choose the correct (strong or weak) form
    • spaces are optional
    • negative forms are always stressed
    • the last word in an utterance is stressed
    • // is never stressed!
    Strong and weak forms
    (simplified version, based upon RA 138-152)

    STRONG WEAK FORMS


    FORM (unstressed):
    (stressed) when the following word
    starts with…
    …a …a Examples of weak forms
    consonant vowel
    and* /’nd/ /n/ /nd/ you and me /’jun’mi/
    you and I /’jund’a/
    do /’du/ /d/ /d/ do they go? /de’g/
    do I go? /da’g/
    the /’i/ // // the dogs /’dgz/
    the eggs /’egz/
    to /’tu/ /t/ /t/ to me /t’mi/
    (into, to us /t’s/
    onto,
    etc.)
    you /’ju:/ /j/ /j/ if you can /fj’kn/
    + in final you ought /j’:t/
    position thank you /’kj/
    *The word “and” may occur also in its weak form /n/ in the following contexts:
    rock’n’roll, bread’n’butter, black’n’white, fish’n’chips, Chip’n’Dale, etc.
    STRONG FORM WEAK FORM(S)
    A /’e/ //
    ARE /’/ //
    AT /’t/ /t/
    BUT /’bt/ /bt/
    CAN /’kn/ /kn/
    COULD /’kd/ /kd/
    DOES /’dz/ /dz/
    FOR /’f/ /f/
    FROM /’frm/ /frm/
    HAD /’hd/ /hd/*
    /d/ - I’d been there
    HAS /’hz/ /hz/*
    /z/ - he’s been there
    HAVE /’hv/ /hv/*
    /v/ - I’ve got
    HE /’hi/ /h/**
    HER /’h/ /h/**
    NOT /’nt/ /nt/ - didn’t, isn’t,
    wasn’t,…
    OF /’v/ /v/
    OR /’/ //
    SHALL /’l/ /l/
    SHOULD /’d/ /d/
    SOME /’sm/ /sm/
    THAN /’n/ /n/
    THAT /’t/ /t/
    THEM /’em/ /m/
    THERE /’e/ //
    WAS /’wz/ /wz/
    WE /’wi/ /w/
    WERE /’w/ /w/
    WILL /’wl/ /l/ - she’ll
    YOUR /’j/ /j/
    /’j/

    *Usually: /d/, /z/, and /v/, respectively, due to /h/-dropping.


    **Usually: //and //, respectively, due to /h/-dropping.
    ROA – Roach Peter, “English Phonetics and Phonology”
    RA – Reszkiewicz Alfred, “Correct your English Pronunciation”

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