ASSIGNMENT 5

19CE36022 Vhanbatte
Shrinish Rajesh

A. BUCKLING LOADS:

For tie connection, applied load is 1 N/m and eigen value obtained is 6.495E+5.
Section length = 200*2 + 300 + 3/2 + 3/2 = 707 mm
Therefore, buckling load = 6.495E5 * 1 N/m * 0.707 m
= 4.592E5 N = 459.2 kN

For spot weld connection of 25 mm spacing, applied load is 1 N/m and eigen value obtained is 7.048E+5.
Therefore, buckling load = 7.048E5 * 1 N/m * 0.707 m
= 4.983E5 N = 498.3 kN

For spot weld connection of 50 mm spacing, applied load is 1 N/m and eigen value obtained is 6.81976E+5.
Therefore, buckling load = 6.81976E5 * 1 N/m * 0.707 m
= 4.822E5 N = 482.2 kN
Euler’s buckling load:
𝜋2𝐸𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
It is given by: 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝐿2𝑒𝑓𝑓
E = 2E11 N/m2
I = Imin = 9.33E6 mm4 = 9.33E-6 m4
Leff = 2L = 2*3 m = 6 m (since, one end of column is restrained against both rotation and displacement while another
end is free).
Thus, Pcr = 511.57 kN

OBSERVATIONS:
From the above results, we can observe that buckling loads of tie connection and spot weld connection of 25 mm spacing
vary slightly.
Buckling load for spot weld is higher compared to tie connection. This is because the spot weld has higher resistance
compared to other connections.
Buckling load for tie connections is lower than that for weld connections.
Buckling load for weld connections is closer to the Euler’s buckling load than that for tie connections.

B. Spot weld with 50 mm spacing:

Increasing the weld spacing reduces the eigen value and hence the buckling load. It reduces to 482.2 kN.
Hence, it can be said that a spacing of 50 mm might be sufficient to make the member economical as well as safe.

 Now a preload of 5E+5 N/m is applied with static analysis and NLGEOM=ON and buckling analysis is
done.

C. With preload:

Case 1: Tie Connection: After applying the preload of 5E5 N/m, we get the eigen value as 1.503E+5.
So, the buckling load = [Preload + Eigen value * 1 N/m] * Perimeter of c/s
= (5E5 N/m + 1.503E5 N/m) * 0.707 m
= 459.8 kN
Thus, the buckling load is almost the same as that of the column without preload.

Case 2: Spot weld 25 mm spacing: Obtained eigen value is 2.055E5.

So, the buckling load = (5E5 N/m + 2.055E5 N/m) * 0.707 m

= 498.79 kN
Thus, the buckling load is almost the same as that of the column without preload.

Case 3: Spot weld 50 mm spacing: Obtained eigen value is 1.823E5.

So, the buckling load = (5E5 N/m + 1.823E5 N/m) * 0.707 m
= 482.39 kN
Thus, the buckling load is almost the same as that of the column without preload.

The buckling load of the preloaded column is almost the same as that of the column without preload. This might be
because of the initial stiffness is large and it might bear the sufficient loading.

D. Increments of 5E4 N/m in the preload:

Case 1: Tie Connection: Preload of 5.5E5 N/m gives the eigen value as 1.00395E+5.

Buckling load = (5.5E5 N/m + 1.00395E5 N/m) * 0.707 m

= 459.8 kN

Preload of 6E5 N/m gives the eigen value as 50452.

Buckling load = (6E5 N/m + 50452 N/m) * 0.707 m
= 459.9 kN

Preload of 6.5E5 N/m gives the eigen value as 504.37.

Buckling load = (6.5E5 N/m + 504.37 N/m) * 0.707 m

= 459.9 kN

Preload of 7E5 N/m gives negative eigen values.

Case 2: Spot weld 25 mm spacing: Preload of 5.5E5 N/m gives the eigen value as 1.555E +5.
Buckling load = (5.5E5 N/m + 1.555E5 N/m) * 0.707 m
= 498.8 kN

Preload of 6E5 N/m gives the eigen value as 1.055E +5.

Buckling load = (6E5 N/m + 1.055E5 N/m) * 0.707 m

= 498.8 kN

Preload of 6.5E5 N/m gives the eigen value as 55636.

Buckling load = (6.5E5 N/m + 55636 N/m) * 0.707 m

= 498.8 kN

Preload of 7E5 N/m gives the eigen value as 5674.

Buckling load = (7E5 N/m + 5674 N/m) * 0.707 m
= 498.9 kN

Preload of 7.5E5 N/m gives negative eigen values.

Case 3: Spot weld 50 mm spacing: Preload of 5.5E5 N/m gives the eigen value as 1.323E+5.

Buckling load = (5.5E5 N/m + 1.323E5 N/m) * 0.707 m

= 482.4 kN

Preload of 6E5 N/m gives the eigen value as 82368.

Buckling load = (6E5 N/m + 82368 N/m) * 0.707 m

= 482.4 kN

Preload of 6.5E5 N/m gives the eigen value as 32374.

Buckling load = (6.5E5 N/m + 32374 N/m) * 0.707 m
= 482.4 kN

Preload of 7E5 N/m gives negative eigen values.

From the above observations it can be concluded that as the preload increases, the magnitude of eigen value decreases
but total buckling load will be almost the same as the buckling load without preload.

Some type of structures has many buckling modes with closely spaced eigen values, which can cause numerical
problems. Hence it is recommended to apply enough preload to load the structure just below the buckling load before
performing the eigen value analysis.

E. Preload cannot be increased indefinitely:

If we go on increasing the load indefinitely, then at some point of load, negative eigen values will be obtained, which
means the load cannot be increased further. The maximum buckling load will be reached.
Negative eigen values may be predicted using the buckling analysis.
The negative eigen value indicates that structure would buckle if loads were applied in the opposite direction.

The final loads are obtained upon doing increments for various connections.

Case 1: Tie connection:

Preload = 6.5*105 N/m, Eigen value = 504.37, Buckling load = 459.9 kN

Case 2: Spot weld 25 mm spacing:

Preload = 7*105 N/m, Eigen value = 5674, Buckling load = 498.9 kN

Case 3: Spot weld 50 mm spacing:

Preload = 6.5*105 N/m, Eigen value = 32374, Buckling load = 482.4 kN

Conclusion:

Eigen value-buckling analysis provided by ABAQUS is generally used to estimate the critical buckling load of stiff
structures. An incremental loading pattern is defined in the eigen value prediction step. The magnitude of this loading
is not important, it will be scaled by load multipliers that are predicted by eigen value buckling analysis.
The critical buckling loads are equal to preloads plus scaled incremental loads.

Learning outcome:

From this assignment one can learn how to find the buckling load for a given structure.
It can be known how much preload should be given to a structure in order to obtain the analysis.
The connections and its practical importance can be known through this module.
The values of eigen value load multiplier (buckling loads) and buckling mode shapes can be obtained with this software.