Meta Ethics for the Metaverse: The Ethics of Virtual Worlds

Edward H. Spence

Abstract

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1. Introduction: the Overall Argument of the Paper in Summary

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2. The Rights of Agents: Alan Gewirth’s Argument for the Principle of Generic
Consistency1

2.1 The Normative Structure of Action (Gewirth, 1978, 48–128)

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2.3 Stage II
!
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'&$&'1!%,! (1! 0*1!S-*'&/%! ('4.5&+%T!B"IJK8!JKC!(+-!(! 2('*(%*,+! ,$! %0(%! ('4.5&+%8!)(1&-!,+!%0&!
3,4*/(3! 6'*+/*63&! ,$! +,+/,+%'(-*/%*,+! B"IJK8! KMC=! R! 10(33! '&$&'! %,! %0*1! 1&/,+-! ('4.5&+%8! (+-!
2('*(%*,+1!,$! *%! 90*/0! <&9*'%0! 1,5&%*5&1! 6'&1&+%1!*+! Reason and Morality! (+-! 1,5&! ,$! 0*1!
,%0&'! 9'*%*+418c! (1! %0&! argument from self-contradiction=! U,%0! ('4.5&+%1! ('&! *56,'%(+%! *+!
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'*40%1!%,!$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+4=!
!
The Direct Argument
O',5!1%(4&!R!,$!<&9*'%0?1!('4.5&+%!$,'!%0&!@<A8!9&!1(9!%0(%!&2&'7!(4&+%!*+!2*'%.&!,$!)&*+4!
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!
N= R!0(2&!'*40%1!%,!$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+4!B"IJK8!JKiKMC=!
!
The Argument from Self-Contradiction
E.66,1&!1,5&!(4&+%!-&+*&-!,'!'&$.1&-!%,!(//&6%8!$',5!0*1!,9+!*+%&'+(3!1%(+-6,*+%8!^.-45&+%!
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/,+%'(-*/%*,+=!U&/(.1&!%0*1!2&'1*,+!,$!<&9*'%0?1!('4.5&+%!6',2*-&1!$.'%0&'!&3./*-(%*,+!,$!%0&!
6'&2*,.1!%9,!2&'1*,+18!R!10(33!*+/3.-&!*%!0&'&!$,'!(--*%*,+(3!/3('*$*/(%*,+!,$!%0&!;&7!5,2&1!*+!
%0,1&! ('4.5&+%1=! O,'! '&$&'&+%*(3! /,+2&+*&+/&8! R! 10(33! 3()&3! %0*1! %0*'-! ('4.5&+%! %0&!argument
from generic consistency8!(3%0,.40!%0*1!*1!+,%!0,9!<&9*'%0!0*51&3$!'&$&'1!%,!*%=!
!
The Argument from Generic Consistency
E*+/&! $'&&-,5! (+-! 9&33)&*+4! ('&! %0&! +&/&11('7! /,+-*%*,+1! ,$! (/%*,+! B%0&! /,+/3.1*,+! ,$! %0&!
('4.5&+%! *+! 1%(4&! RC8! +,! (4&+%! /(+! (/%! %,! $.3$*33! (+7! ,$! 0*1! 6.'6,1&1! 9*%0,.%! 0(2*+4! %0&1&!
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1%(+-6,*+%8! B"C! SR! 5.1%! 0(2&! $'&&-,5! (+-! 9&33)&*+4T8! 90&'&! %0&! S5.1%T! .1&-! 0&'&! *1! 90(%!
<&9*'%0! '&$&'1! %,! (1! (! 6'(/%*/(3:6'&1/'*6%*2&! S5.1%T8! $,'! *%! 1*4+*$*&1! %0&! (4&+%?1! *563*&-!
advocacy!,$!0(2*+4!90(%!0&!+&&-1!*+!,'-&'!%,!(/%=!U7!(//&6%*+4!B"C!0&!(31,!0(1!%,!(//&6%!BLC!SR!
0(2&!'*40%1!%,!$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+4=T!O,'!*$!0&!-&+*&1!BLC!)&/(.1&!,$!%0&!3,4*/(3!/,''&3(%*2*%7!
,$! '*40%:/3(*51! B16&/*$*/(3378! %0&! 4&+&'*/! '*40%1C! (+-! 1%'*/%! S,.40%1T8! 0&! (31,! 0(1! %,! -&+7! BWC!
S#33!,%0&'!6&'1,+1!,.40%!(%!3&(1%!%,!'&$'(*+!$',5!*+%&'$&'*+4!9*%0!57!$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+4T8!
(+-! )7! -&+7*+4! BWC! 0&! 0(1! %,! (//&6%! BcC! Sg%0&'! 6&'1,+1! 5(7! BR%! *1! 6&'5*11*)3&! %0(%! ,%0&'!
6&'1,+1C!*+%&'$&'&!9*%0!57!$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+4=T!U7!(//&6%*+4!BcC8!0&!0(1!(31,!%,!(//&6%!B\C!
SR!5(7!+,%!BR%!*1!6&'5*11*)3&!%0(%!R!+,%C!0(2&!$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+4=T!U.%!B\C!/,+%'(-*/%1!B"C=!
E*+/&8! 0,9&2&'8! &2&'7! (4&+%8! *+! 2*'%.&! ,$! )&*+4! (+! (4&+%! 90,! 0(1! 6.'6,1&1! 0&! 9(+%1! %,!
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(4&+%! 5.1%! '&^&/%! %0(%! -&+*(3! (+-! 1,! 0&! 5.1%! (//&6%! BLC! SR! 0(2&! '*40%1! %,! $'&&-,5! (+-!
9&33)&*+4=T!
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R+! 1.58! %0&! (),2&! %0'&&! 2&'1*,+1! ,$! <&9*'%0?1! -&$&+1&! $,'! 1%(4&! RR! ,$! %0&! ('4.5&+%! $,'! %0&!
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9&33)&*+4! &+%(*31! %0&! +&/&11*%7! ,$! +,+*+%&'$&'&+/&! )7! ,%0&'! 6&'1,+1! ,$! 0*1! 0(2*+4! %0,1&!
/,+-*%*,+1=! D0*1! +&/&11*%7! *+! %.'+! &+%(*31! (%! 3&(1%! (! 1%'*/%! instrumental! S,.40%T! (--'&11&-!
*563*/*%37! )7! %0&! (4&+%! %,! ,%0&'! (4&+%18! 90*/0! *+! %.'+! &+%(*318! )7! %0&! 3,4*/(3! /,''&3(%*2*%7! ,$!
1%'*/%! S,.40%1T! (+-! '*40%:/3(*518! (! /3(*5! )7! %0&! (4&+%! %0(%! 0&! 0(1! '*40%1! %,! %0&! +&/&11('7!
/,+-*%*,+1!,$!$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+4=!O.'%0&'5,'&8!(+7!(4&+%!90,!-,&1!+,%!(//&6%!%0(%!0&!0(1!
%0&1&!'*40%1!*+2,32&1!0*51&3$!*+!1&3$:/,+%'(-*/%*,+8!1*+/&!0&!0,3-1!%0(%!0&!+&&-!+,%!0(2&!90(%!
(1!(+!(4&+%!0&!+&/&11('*37!+&&-18!+(5&378!$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+4!B"IJK8!K"C=!
!
D0*1!/,563&%&1!%0&!&F6,1*%*,+!,$!1%(4&!RR!,$!<&9*'%0?1!('4.5&+%!$,'!%0&!@<A=!`,9&2&'!)&$,'&!
9&! 6',/&&-! %,! 3,,;! (%! 0*1! ('4.5&+%! $,'! 1%(4&! RRR8! 9&! +&&-! %,! $*'1%! &F(5*+&! <&9*'%0?1!
&F63(+(%*,+1!(+-!&3./*-(%*,+1!,$!1,5&!,$!%0&!;&7!%&'51!(+-!/,56,+&+%1!*+!0*1!('4.5&+%!$,'!
1%(4&!RR=!

! I
Rights and Obligations
#//,'-*+4! %,! <&9*'%08! %0&'&! *1! (! /,+/&6%.(3! /,++&/%*,+! )&%9&&+! '*40%1! (+-! %0&! +&/&11('7!
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*+%&'+(3! 2*&96,*+%8! (+! &+%*%3&5&+%\! %,! %0,1&! /,+-*%*,+1=! O.'%0&'5,'&8! *+! 2*'%.&! ,$! %0*1!
+&/&11*%78!&2&'7!(4&+%!$&&31!&+%*%3&-!%,!'&G.*'&!,%0&'!6&'1,+1!+,%!%,!*+%&'$&'&!9*%0!0*1!$'&&-,5!
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$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+4Tf*1!3,4*/(337!/,''&3(%&-!%,!%0&!'*40%:/3(*51!6&'%(*+*+4!%,!$'&&-,5!(+-!
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!

! "W
2.5 A Summarized Outline of Gewirth’s Argument for the PGC
!
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3. The Absolute Right to Personal Dignity

3.1 The Concept of Self-Respect

A Case Study

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3.2 Self-respect as a Primary Good: A Question of Life and Death
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!
3.3 A Reconstruction of Gewirth’s Argument for the PGC!
!
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!
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1&3$:'&16&/%!(1!(!6&'1,+=!
!
3.4 The Concept of Absolute Rights!
!
Gewirth’s Notion of Absolute Rights
!
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! !
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!
a right is absolute when it cannot be overridden in any circumstances, so that it can
never be justifiably infringed and it must be fulfilled without any exceptions.

The idea of an absolute right is thus double normative [emphasis added]; it includes
not only the idea, common to all claim-rights, of a justified claim or entitlement to the
performance or non-performance of certain actions, but also the idea of the
exceptionless justifiability [emphasis added] of performing or not performing those
actions as required.!B<&9*'%0!"IKL8!L"ICK!
!
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!
3.5. The Agent’s Double Standpoint!
!
My Reconstruction of Gewirth’s Argument is Kantian in Spirit

! "K
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!

5. The Significance and Consequences of Gewirth’s Principle of Generic Consistency for

the Ethics of Virtual Worlds

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%0&!@'*+/*63&!,$!<&+&'*/!A,+1*1%&+/7!(1!%0&!1.6'&5&!(+-!.+*2&'1(3!6'*+/*63&!,$!5,'(3*%78!R!/(+!
+,9!,.%3*+&!%0&!1*4+*$*/(+/&!(+-!/,+1&G.&+/&1!,$!0*1!('4.5&+%!$,'!%0&!&%0*/1!,$!2*'%.(3!9,'3-1!
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!
5.1 The Rights of Virtual Agents

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,'!&F%&+1*,+1!,$!6.'6,1*2&!(4&+%1!*+!%0&!'&(3!9,'3-!*%!$,33,91!%0(%!(2(%('18!90,!^.1%!3*;&!%0&*'!
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'&(3!9,'3-8!0(2&!'*40%1!%,!$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+4=!D0&7!0(2&!%0&1&!'*40%1!,+!%0&!)(1*1!,$!%0&*'!
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! L\
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-*$$&'&+/&8!*+!6'*+/*63&!(%!3&(1%8!90&%0&'!%0&!6.'6,1*2&!(4&+/7!*1!%0(%!,$!'&(3!6&'1,+1!,'!%0(%!,$!
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/0,,1&!,+!%0&!)(1*1!,$!%0&*'!'*40%!%,!$'&&!(11,/*(%*,+!(+-!%0&!'*40%!%,!$'&&-,5!%,!63(7!$,'!%0&*'!
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(1!6('%!,$!(!4(5&=!

5.2 The Conflict of Rights

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&F/3.1*2&!/,+$3*/%!)&%9&&+!(4&+%!#?1!4&+&'*/!'*40%1!(+-!%0&!4&+&'*/!'*40%1!,$!(4&+%!U8!#?1!
'*40%1!10,.3-!%(;&!6'*,'*%7!,2&'!%0,1&!,$!(4&+%!U?1!'*40%1!90&+!%0&!,)^&/%1!,$!%0,1&!'*40%18!
+(5&378!$'&&-,5!(+-!9&33)&*+48!('&!5,'&!+&/&11('7!$,'!6.'6,1*2&!(/%*,+!$,'!(4&+%!#!%0(+!
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/,+1&G.&+/&!*1!%,!'&-./&!%0&!3&4*%*5(%&37!&('+&-!1%(%.1!,$!(+!(2(%('!%0(%!5(7!0(2&!%(;&+!%0&5!
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&F*1%*+4!$*+(+/*(3!1%(%.1!,$!%0&!a>!6',2*-&1!1.$$*/*&+%!$.+-1!(+-!6',$*%1!%,!5(*+%(*+!%0&!a>!(%!
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X]#!6'*+/*63&!(+-!(33!%0*+41!)&*+4!&G.(38!%0&!6'*+/*63&!1&&51!%,!1.44&1%!%0(%!*+!1./0!(!
/,+$3*/%!)&%9&&+!%0&!5,'(3!'*40%1!,$!%0&!(2(%('!(+-!%0&!5,'(3!'*40%1!,$!%0&!(-5*+*1%'(%,'8!%0&!
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!
5.3 Virtual Role Morality and Universal Public Morality

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! LN
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.+*2&'1(3!(+-!$,.+-(%*,+(38!)&*+4!)(1&-!,+!%0&!@<A!(1!%0&!1.6'&5&!6'*+/*63&!,$!5,'(3*%78!9*33!
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)7!*%1!/,-&!(+-!PHQ#=!R+!,%0&'!9,'-18!%0&!*+%&''(%*,+!3(91!,$!(!2*'%.(3!9,'3-!5.1%!%0&51&32&1!
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5.4 Virtual Rights are Universal Rights

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!
References
!
U(3;*+8!b(/;!h=!BLMMNC=!Law and Liberty in Virtual Worlds8!*+!U(3;*+!h=!b(/;=!#+-!],2&/;!
E=! U&%0! B&-1C=! D0&! E%(%&! ,$! @3(7V! Q(98! <(5&18! (+-! a*'%.(3! >,'3-1=! ]&9! o,';V! ]&9! o,';!
H+*2&'1*%7!@'&11=!!!
!

! LK
 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
U(3;*+! h=! b(/;=! #+-! ],2&/;! E=! U&%0! B&-1C! BLMMNC=! The State of Play: Law, Games, and
Virtual Worlds=!]&9!o,';V!]&9!o,';!H+*2&'1*%7!@'&11=!!
!
U('%3&8!Z*/0('-!#=!BLMMNC=!Virtual Worldliness8!*+!U(3;*+!h=!b(/;=!#+-!],2&/;!E=!U&%0!B&-1C=!
D0&!E%(%&!,$!@3(7V!Q(98!<(5&18!(+-!a*'%.(3!>,'3-1=!]&9!o,';V!]&9!o,';!H+*2&'1*%7!@'&11=!!
!
U&73&2&3-8!X&'7/;!B"II"C=!The Dialectical Necessity of Morality: An Analysis and Defense of
Alan Gewirth’s Argument to the Principle of Generic Consistency=! A0*/(4,V! H+*2&'1*%7! ,$!
A0*/(4,!@'&11=!!!
!
A(1%',+,2(8!P-9('-!BLMMNC=!The Right to Play8!*+!U(3;*+!h=!b(/;=!#+-!],2&/;!E=!U&%0!B&-1C=!
D0&!E%(%&!,$!@3(7V!Q(98!<(5&18!(+-!a*'%.(3!>,'3-1=!]&9!o,';V!]&9!o,';!H+*2&'1*%7!@'&11=!!!
!
<&9*'%08!#3(+!B"IJKC=!Reason and Morality=!A0*/(4,V!H+*2&'1*%7!,$!A0*/(4,!@'&11=!!
!
[,1%&'8! Z(360! BLMMNC=! Declaring the Rights of Players8! *+! U(3;*+! h=! b(/;=! #+-! ],2&/;! E=!
U&%0! B&-1C=! D0&! E%(%&! ,$! @3(7V! Q(98! <(5&18! (+-! a*'%.(3! >,'3-1=! ]&9! o,';V! ]&9! o,';!
H+*2&'1*%7!@'&11=!!!
!
Q(1%,9;(8! ! <'&4,'7! O=! (+-! `.+%&'8! X(+! BLMMNC=! Virtual Crime8! *+! U(3;*+! h=! b(/;=! #+-!
],2&/;!E=!U&%0!B&-1C=!D0&!E%(%&!,$!@3(7V!Q(98!<(5&18!(+-!a*'%.(3!>,'3-1=!]&9!o,';V!]&9!
o,';!H+*2&'1*%7!@'&11=!
!
E6&+/&8!P-9('-!`!BLMMNC=!Ethics Within Reason: A Neo-Gewirthian Approach=!Q(+0(5!hXV!
Q&F*+4%,+!U,,;1!B(+!*56'*+%!,$!Z,95(+!(+-!Q*%%3&$*&3-C=!!!
!
E6&+/&8! P! (+-! a(+! `&&;&'&+! U'&%%! BLMM\C=! Advertising Ethics=! H66&'! E(--3&! Z*2&'8! ]bV!
@&('1,+n@'&+%*/&!`(33=!!
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