ϮϳͬϭϮͬϭϲ

)($785(62)&/$1*8$*($1'
6758&785(2)&352*5$0
'507$5,4%$1'$<
81,9(56,7<2).$6+0,5

Lecture Notes
'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU

Dr. M Tariq Banday

University of Kashmir, Srinagar
ZZZEDQGD\LQ
&/$1*8$*(² )($785(6

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
‡ &/$1*8$*(,65'*(1(5$7,21/$1*8$*(
‡ ,7,6*(1(5$/385326(+,*+/(9(/6758&785('352*5$00,1*
/$1*8$*(
‡ &/$1*8$*(:$6'(9(/23(',17+(<($5%<'(11,65,7&+,(
$7%(//7(/(3+21(/$%25$725,(6$7 7
‡ &,6$1287*52:7+2)($5/,(5352*5$00,1*/$1*8$*(686('$1'
'(9(/23('$7,%01$0(/<&3/'(9(/23(',1%&3/'(9(/23(',1 
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

$1'%'(9(/23(',16,1&(7+(1&/$1*8$*(+$681'(5*21(6(9(5$/
02',),&$7,2167+(),567%(,1*,1:+(1.(51,*+$1 5,7&+,(*$9($
'(7$,/(''(6&5,37,212)7+(/$1*8$*(6,1&(7+(86(2)&/$1*8$*(
6(&85(:,'(635($'
'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

ϭ
 ϮϳͬϭϮͬϭϲ

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
&/$1*8$*(² )($785(6

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
‡ 9$5,28627+(59$5,$7,216,1&/8'(&21&855(17&,1$1'
2%-(&7,9(&,1,1&/$1*8$*(:$667$1'$5',=('%<
7+($16,$/625()(55('72$6$16,&,1'(&(0%(5&:$6
67$1'$5',=('%<7+(,627+,69(56,21,6$/625()(55('72$6,62
&25&<(7$127+(59$5,$7,216,62&&,1$35,/$1'
,62&&,1'(&(0%(5
‡ 7+(&/$1*8$*(,6$1287*52:7+2)&/$1*8$*(
25,*,1$//<1$0('$6&:,7+&/$66(6,1$35,/,1-8/<
,761$0(:$6&+$1*('72&,1&$77$,1('$16,$1'
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

,6267$1'$5'65()(55('72$6&$16,,62
‡ &/$1*8$*(5(6(0%/(627+(5+,*+(5/(9(//$1*8$*($1',76
352*5$00,1*(/(0(176&216,6762)6,03/($1'($6<72

Lecture Notes
5(0(0%(57(506$1'(;35(66,21
'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

Dr. M Tariq Banday

University of Kashmir, Srinagar
ZZZEDQGD\LQ
&/$1*8$*(² )($785(6

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
‡ &,6()),&,(17$1'3257$%/($1'$668&+0$<
&200(5&,$/62)7:$5(:(5(5(:5,77(1,1&727$.(
,76$'9$17$*(
‡ &/$1*8$*(3529,'(66(9(5$/)($785(67+$73(50,76,7
72%(86('$6/2:/(9(//$1*8$*($668&+&,6$/62
5()(55('72$60,'/(9(//$1*8$*(%(6,'(6,76
0$1,38/$7,2123(5$7256,10$1<&&203,/(53529,'(
6833257)25,1/,1($66(0%/</$1*8$*(,16758&7,21
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

:,7+7+(+(/32)$60 .(<:25'
‡ &,6&$6(6(16,7,9(/$1*8$*(81/,.(6(9(5$/27+(5
+,*+/(9(//$1*8$*(6
'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

Ϯ
 ϮϳͬϭϮͬϭϲ

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
&/$1*8$*(² )($785(6

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
‡ 7+(/2:/(9(/)($785(6$9$,/$%/(,1&/$1*8$*(3(50,7
352*5$00(567286(&)25$33/,&$7,21352*5$00,1*$6
:(//$66<67(0352*5$00,1*,1)$&77+(),5670$-2586(
2)&/$1*8$*(:$6,1:5,7,1*2))$0286 3238/$57,0(
6+$5,1*08/7,&$67,1*23(5$7,1*6<67(0&$//('81,;
6(9(5$/27+(526668&+$6:,1'2:6+$9($/62%((1
:5,77(10267/<,1&/$1*8$*(&203/(;'%0662)7:$5(
/,.(25$&/(+$9($/62%((10267/<&2'(',1&/$1*8$*(
‡ &&203,/(56$5($9$,/$%/()25$/0267$//6,=(62)
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

&20387(56
‡ &352*5$06*(1(5$7(2%-(&7&2'(7+$7,160$//$6

Lecture Notes
&203$5('7227+(5+,*+/(9(//$1*8$*(6
'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

Dr. M Tariq Banday

University of Kashmir, Srinagar
ZZZEDQGD\LQ
&/$1*8$*(² )($785(6

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
‡ %(6,'(6+$9,1*$35('(),1('6(72)/,%5$5,(6,7$//2:6
352*5$00(5672&5($7(86(5'(),1('/,%5$5,(6
‡ &/$1*8$*(/,.(27+(5/$1*8$*(6$//2:65()(5(1&(72$
0(025</2&$7,21%<$1$0($66,*1('72,7,1$'',7,2172
7+,6&$//2:65()(5(1&(72$0(025</2&$7,21%<,76
,17(51$/$''5(66256<67(0180%(5&$//('$32,17(5
‡ ,10267352*5$00,1*/$1*8$*(60(025<,6$66,*1('72
$9$5,$%/(1$0($77+(7,0(2)'(),1,7,21&/$1*8$*(
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

$//2:6'<1$0,&0(025<$//2&$7,21,($352*5$0,76(/)
&$15(48(677+(26725(/($6(0(025<)257+(86(2)7+(
352*5$0$77+(7,0(2)(;(&87,21
'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

ϯ
 ϮϳͬϭϮͬϭϲ

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
&/$1*8$*(² )($785(6

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
‡ &%5,'*(67+(*$3%(7:((1/2:/(9(/$1'+,*+(5
/(9(//$1*8$*(6,7,6%(&$86(,7&$1%(86('$6
/2:(5/(9(/72&$55<28723(5$7,217+$7$5(
1250$//<7+(6(,1&/8'(
 6725(&(57$,19$5,$%/(6:,7+,1&385(*,67(56)25
3529,',1*08&+)$67&203,/$7,216
 %,70$1,38/$7,216:,7+,1:25'6,1&/8',1*%,7
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

,19(56,2125$1';256+,)7(7&
 %,76:,7+,1$:25'2)0(025<&$1%(25*$1,=('

Lecture Notes
,172,1',9,'8$/*52836
'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

Dr. M Tariq Banday

University of Kashmir, Srinagar
ZZZEDQGD\LQ
6758&785(2)$&352*5$0

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
‡ (9(5<&352*5$0&216,6762)21(25025(6285&(&2'(),/(6:,7+$ &
(;7(16,21
‡ ($&+),/(&217$,16'(),1,7,21$1'25'(&/$5$7,212)21(25025(
)81&7,216'(&/$5$7,212)*/2%$/&2167$176 9$5,$%/(69$5,28635(
&203,/$7,21',5(&7,9(6&200(176(7&
‡ 21()81&7,21,17+((17,5(352*5$00867%(1$0('$60$,1(;(&87,21
2)7+(352*5$0%(*,16:,7+7+(0$,1(9(5<)81&7,21'(),1,7,21
&2035,6(62)&67$7(0(176$67$7(0(17&2035,6(62):25'6
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

5(&2*1,=('%<7+(&&203,/(5($&+:25'&2035,6(62)21(25025(
&+$5$&7(5)5207+(9$/,'&&+$5$&7(56(7(9(5<67$7(0(170867%(
7(50,1$7(':,7+$7(50,1$725,(

'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

ϰ
 ϮϳͬϭϮͬϭϲ

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
6758&785(2)$&352*5$0

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
‡ 620(7<3,&$/6758&785(62)$&352*5$0$5(/,67('
%(/2:
‡ 6,1*/(6285&(&2'(),/(
‡ 6,1*/(6285&(&2'(),/(:,7+86(5'(),1(')81&7,21
‡ 08/7,),/( &352*5$0² 6,03/<%5($.,1*&2'(,172
08/7,3/(),/(6
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

‡ 08/7,),/( &352*5$0² 25*$1,=,1*352*5$0,1

08/7,3/(),/(6

Lecture Notes ‡ $5*80(1760$,1127,17+,635(6(17$7,21 LQW PDLQLQW DUJFFKDU DUJY>@^UHWXUQ`
'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

Dr. M Tariq Banday

University of Kashmir, Srinagar
ZZZEDQGD\LQ
6758&785(2)$&352*5$0

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
6,1*/(6285&(&2'(),/(

 &RPPHQW/LQH   $ VLPSOH 3URJUDP 

LQFOXGHVWGLRK!
LQFOXGHKHDGHUILOH1DPH!
LQFOXGHFRQLRK!
YRLG PDLQYRLG
YRLGPDLQYRLG
^
^
FOUVFU
'HFODUDWLRQ6WDWHPHQWV
SULQWI³$ 6LPSOH & 3URJUDP´
««««« JHWFK
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

([HFXWDEOH6WDWHPHQWV
`
`

'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

ϱ
 ϮϳͬϭϮͬϭϲ

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
6758&785(2)$&352*5$0

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
6,1*/(6285&(&2'(),/(:,7+86(5'(),1(')81&7,21
 &RPPHQW /LQHV   3URJUDP 8VLQJ 8VHU GHILQHG IXQFWLRQV 
LQFOXGHVWGLRK!
LQFOXGHKHDGHUILOH1DPH!
LQFOXGHFRQLRK!
UHWXUQW\SH IXQFWLRQQDPH W\SH DUJ« LQFOXGHPDWKK!
IORDW )XQ$YJIORDW 1 IORDW 1
YRLG PDLQYRLG YRLG PDLQ
^ ^
'HFODUDWLRQ 6WDWHPHQWV IORDW 1XP 1XP $YJ180 SRZHU
SULQWI³(QWHU 7ZR 1XPEHU´
([HFXWDEOH 6WDWHPHQWV
VFDQI³I I´ 1XP 1XP
)XQFWLRQ &DOOV $YJ180 )XQ$YJ1XP1XP
([HFXWDEOH 6WDWHPHQWV SRZHU SRZ1XP1XP
` SULQWI³$YHUDJH I´ $YJ180
SULQWI³?QI UDLVHG WR SRZHU I LV I´ 1XP 1XP SRZHU´
UHWXUQW\SH IXQFWLRQQDPH W\SH DUJ« JHWFK
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

`
^
IORDW )XQ$YJIORDW 1IORDW 1
'HFHOHUDWLRQ VWDWHPHQWV ^
([HFXWLYH 6WDWHPHQWV IORDW D

Lecture Notes
UHWXUQYDOXH D 11
` UHWXUQD
`

'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

Dr. M Tariq Banday

University of Kashmir, Srinagar
ZZZEDQGD\LQ
6758&785(2)$&352*5$0

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
08/7,),/( &352*5$0² 6,03/<%5($.,1*&2'(,17208/7,3/(),/(6

)LOHV
+ + «
 KHDGHU ILOH !

'HFODUDWLRQ RI *OREDO YDULDEOHV IXQFWLRQV

)LOHV
& & «
 & VRXUFH &RGH ! IXQFWLRQV GHILQLWLRQV

$ & 3URJUDP XVLQJ JOREDO YDULDEOHV IXQFWLRQV

ZZZEDQGD\LQ

)LOH  & VRXUFH &RGH ! XVLQJ IXQFWLRQ GHILQLWLRQV JOREDO

0 YDULDEOHV GHFODUDWLRQV

'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

ϲ
 ϮϳͬϭϮͬϭϲ

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
6758&785(2)$&352*5$0

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
(;$03/(  08/7,),/( &352*5$0² 6,03/<%5($.,1*&2'(,17208/7,3/(),/(6

)LOH 0\+HDGHUK )LOH &)XQFWLRQVF )LOH 0\0DLQF

LQW DGGGLJLWVLQW Q LQFOXGH P\+HDGHUK!
LQFOXGHVWGLRK! %(*,1 LQFOXGH&)XQFWLRQVF!
LQW VXP  YRLG PDLQ
LQFOXGHFRQLRK!
ZKLOH Q!=(52 ^
GHILQH=(52 FOV
%(*,1
LQW QXP
GHILQH^%(*,1 VXP
SULQWI³(QWHU D 1XPEHU´
VXP VXPQ VFDQI³G´ QXP
GHILQH`(1'
Q Q SULQWI³6XP RI 'LJLW LV G´
GHILQHFOV FOUVFU (1' DGGGLJLWQXP´
UHWXUQVXP JHWFK
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

LQW DGGGLJLWV LQW

(1' `

‡ 7\SH0\+HDGHUKDQG&)XQFWLRQVF LQDQHGLWRUDQGVDYHWKHPLQLQFOXGHGLUHFWRU\EXWGR

Lecture Notes
QRWFRPSLOHWKHP
‡ 7\SH0\0DLQF VDYHLW&RPSLOH/LQNDQG5XQWKH&RGH
'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

Dr. M Tariq Banday

University of Kashmir, Srinagar
ZZZEDQGD\LQ
6758&785(2)$&352*5$0

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
08/7,),/( &352*5$0² 25*$1,=,1*352*5$0,108/7,3/(),/(6

‡ 7KHDGYDQWDJHRIWKLVVWUXFWXUHLVHDV\PDQDJHPHQWRIODUJHUSURJUDPFRGHE\VSOLWWLQJ
WKHFRGHLQPXOWLSOHILOHV%HVLGHVWKLVDGYDQWDJHWKHPRGXOHVFDQEHORDGHGE\WKHORDGHU
LQGLIIHUHQWVHJPHQWV7KXVODUJH&SURJUDPFDQUXQRQFRPSXWHUZLWKVPDOOPDLQPHPRU\
)LOHV )LOHV 'HVFULSWLRQ 2SHUDWLRQV
)LOHV
 KHDGHU ILOH ! 6DYHLQLQFOXGH GLUHFWRU\ RUDQ\ZKHUHLQ
++ «
WKLVFDVHIXOOSDWKDVWREHVSHFLILHGLQ
'HFODUDWLRQ RI *OREDO YDULDEOHV
LQFOXGHVWDWHPHQW
IXQFWLRQV
)LOHV &RPSLOH HDFK VRXUFH FRGH ILOH WR
 & VRXUFH &RGH ! IXQFWLRQV GHILQLWLRQV
& &« JHQHUDWH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ 2%- ILOHV
$ & 3URJUDP XVLQJ JOREDO YDULDEOHV 7KLV ILOH VKDOO EH FUHDWHG WKURXJK 3URMHFW
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

IXQFWLRQV RU VLPLODU FRPSLOHU RSWLRQV RU FRPPDQG

 & VRXUFH &RGH ! XVLQJ IXQFWLRQ OLQH WRROV VXFK DV 7/,1. LQ FDVH RI
)LOH
GHILQLWLRQV JOREDO YDULDEOHV 7&%RUODQGF FDQ EH XVHG WR OLQN HDFK
0 2%- ILOH ZLWK WKH PDLQ 2%- ILOH
GHFODUDWLRQV

'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

ϳ
 ϮϳͬϭϮͬϭϲ

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
6758&785(2)$&352*5$0

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
(;$03/(  08/7,),/( &352*5$0² ² 25*$1,=,1*352*5$0,108/7,3/(),/(6

)LOH 0\+HDGHUK )LOH )XQFWLRQV%F )LOH 0\0DLQF

LQFOXGHVWGLRK! LQFOXGH P\+HDGHUK! LQFOXGH P\+HDGHUK!
LQFOXGHFRQLRK! IORDW 5HDG$UUD\IORDW 126>@ LQW Q IORDW 6XP$UUD\IORDW 126>@ LQW Q
LQFOXGHPDWKK! ^ IORDW 5HDG$UUD\IORDW 126>@ LQW Q
LQFOXGHVWULQJK! LQW L  IORDW 3ULQW$UUD\IORDW 126>@ LQW Q
)LOH )XQFWLRQV$F IRUL LQL YRLG PDLQ
^ ^
LQFOXGH P\+HDGHUK!
SULQWI³?Q(QWHU (OHPHQW G´ L IORDW 5DWHV>@ 680  $9*
IORDW 6XP$UUD\IORDW 126>@
VFDQI³I´ 126>L@ 5HDG$UUD\5DWHV 
LQW Q
` 680 6XP$UUD\5DWHV 
^
` $9* 680
IORDW 5HVXOW 
3ULQW$UUD\5DWHV 
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

LQW L  IORDW 3ULQW$UUD\IORDW 126>@ LQW Q

^ SULQWI³?Q6XP I´ 680
IRUL LQL
LQW L  SULQWI³?Q$YHUDJH I´ $9*
^
IRUL LQL JHWFK
5HVXOW 5HVXOW  126>L@
`

Lecture Notes
` ^
UHWXUQ5HVXOW SULQWI³I  ´ 126>L@ 8VH3URMHFW8WLOLW\RU7/,1.IRU
` ` /,1.,1*
'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU
`
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

Dr. M Tariq Banday

University of Kashmir, Srinagar
ZZZEDQGD\LQ
(;(5&,6(6

ZZZEDQGD\LQ
‡ 81'(567$1',1*$1'*(77,1*)$0,/,$5:,7+7+(
)($785(6$1'86(2)&&203,/(5668&+$6%25/$1'&
'(9(/23(5&$1'0,&5262)7&
‡ &203,/,1*6,03/(&352*5$062)',))(5(177<3(6
ZZZEDQGD\LQ

'U07DULT%DQGD\8QLYHUVLW\RI.DVKPLU6ULQDJDU ZZZEDQGD\LQ

ϴ
 ϮϳͬϭϮͬϭϲ

$1<48(67,216
7+$1.<28

Lecture Notes
Dr. M Tariq Banday
University of Kashmir, Srinagar