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Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

bttp6//bkgokjioo.edj/prdùets/K999
edj/prdùets/K999>2.ispx
>2.ispx
`k
kstritkcc g i s ksergturi
kstritk
C[ÊI EDJ^HKPI Î\I MD\JI\ KUE\GPD\KU BÉLGHKU
¡Jés `k 5>>
kstritkcgis!
FKOOGMK\ UK\\I]IHHD
B K G O K J I O O • ^drt sj dut b, OB


>2.ispx
Bkgokjioo
5=9 Biodvkr Utrkkt
^drtsjdutb,
^drtsjdutb, OB >52>9―579<
www.bkgokjioo.edj
D﬉egois y ickotks ko td`d kh juo`d
© <>97 pdr Fkoogmkr Ukrrivihhd
Pd`ds hds `krkebds rkskrvi`ds.

rkskr vi`ds. Ogocuoi pirtk `k kstk hglrd puk`k skr rkprdùegì `k ihcuoi
mdrji og pdr ogocöo jk`gd khketrõoged d jkeéoged ‐goehuyko`d sgstkjis `k ihjiekoijgkotd y
rkeupkriegõo `k gomdrjiegõo‐ sgo kh edoskotgjgkotd ksergtd `k hi k`gtdrgih, kxekptd piri rkskùis
`k hglrds, ko his quk sk puk`ko egtir pisifks lrkvks.
Hds iutdrks `k Bkgokjioo bio `k`gei`d tdì su eirrkri i `ksirrdhhir edotkog`ds

öogeds ko su trilifd, y su kxprksgõo ksergti ksté prdtkcgì lifd hkyks `k `krkebds `k
iutdr. @k hi jiokri jés rkspktudsi pk`gjds quk sk ilstkoci `k iìptir, rkutghgzir
d edpgir euihqugkr edsi (yi ski piri ﬉oks `k huerd d sgo huerd) ko sgtgds wkl `k
tkrekris pirtks `do`k sk edjpirtko hkeegdoks.
‐Bkgokjioo ûlhgsbkrs
‘@k`geitk` td Pkiebkrs‚
Pkiebkrs‚ ks uoi jirei rkcgstriì `k Crkkowdd` ûlhgsbgoc Crdup, Goe.
Hi iutdri y hi k`gtdrgih `kskio

`ks kio icri`kekr i qugkoks ckokrdsijkotk
ckokrdsijkotk edoek`gkrdo pkrjgsd piri
rkgjprgjgr jitkrgih prksti`d6
Kh ^hio `k hi skjioi y kh ^kr﬉h `k hi ehisk mukrdo Kh Govkotirgd `k gotkrçs muk triùeg`d `k Pk

triùeg`ds `k Edjphktk Edjprkbkosgdo6 Mgetgdo. Hgtkriey kiebkr‗s ^hiyldda, Cri`ks 5―=6 Mdur Utkps
Isskssgoc,
Isskssgoc, Kvihuitg
Kvihuitgoc,
oc, io` kiebgoc
kiebgoc td
td Uuppdrt dr uro
urogoc
goc Issks
Isskssjko
sjkott @iti
@iti gotd
gotd Cdih-@gr
Cdih-@grketk`
ketk`
Utu`kots‗ Edjprkbkosgdo d Ebiptkr Lddas pdr Gostruetgdo pdr Fkoogmkr Ukrrivihhd. Edpyrgcbt
Fkoogmkr Ukrrivihhd. Edpyrgcbt © <>97i pdr © <>90 pdr Fkoogmkr Ukrrivihhd. \kgjprksd lifd
Fkoogmkr Ukrrivihhd. \kgjprksd lifd pkrjgsd `k pkrjgsd `k hi iutdri.
hi iutdri. Hds erç`gtds edotgoöio ko hi pécgoi 097.
Hds ìtds `kh eitéhdcd `k pulhgeiegdoks kstéo irebgvi`ds ko hi Lglhgdtkei `kh Edocrksd.
GULO6 732->-5<;-999>2-3
@gskùd `k hi eulgkrti6 Uuziook Bkgskr,

Bkgskr, Hgsi \iwhgosdo
\ iwhgosdo
@gskùd `kh tkxtd6 Uuziook Bkgskr
@ksirrdhhd k`gtdrgih y triùeegõo6 Ipirgegd ûlhgsbgoc
^rdùeegõo6 Ipirgegd ûlhgsbgoc
Milrgeiegõo6 Utkvk Lkrogkr
Gjprksd ko hds Ksti`ds [og`ds `k Ijçrgei ko pipkh sgo éeg`ds
9st prgotgoc ]^ <>97


>2.ispx
îri Huey y Eirh.

Ud y ksergtdri
Udy ksergtdri y
jikstri `k ksergturi
ksergturi
crieg
criegis
is i ustk`ks.


>2.ispx
Edotkog`d
Dlfktgvd
< Jdtgvir kh gotkrçs
=>
Kstritkcgi <.9 Erki kh jkfdr kotdrod ==
<.< ¡Gjicgoi quk tkrjgoistk
tkrjgoistk `k kserglgr! =3
Icri`kegjgkotds xg
<.5 Kseuebi. Khdcgi. =2
îri edjkozir xgg
<.0 [si kh sihõo `k ehisks =7
<.; @keg`k quk tu ksergtd ksté ‘hgstd‚ (pdr ibdri) y
kjpgkzi uod oukvd 3>
Dlfktgvd <.= Hds ksergtdrks silko
silko rksdhvkr sus `g﬉euhti`ks 39
9 Edjpdokr edo gjéckoks <.3 Hi phuji ks jés pd`krdsi quk hi kspiì
kspiì 3<
<.2 Kh hépgz ko hi jiod/Hds `k`ds ko kh tkehi`d 35
52
<.7 Pu pirkfi `k ksergturi puk`k ìrtk uo
kjpufdoegtd 30
Kstritkcgi 9.9 Bilhi (jgkotris
(jgkotris `glufis) 0<
<.9> Ughkoegi hi vdz quk tk `gek ‘Od sgrvk‚ 3;
9.< Ukùihi eiì pirtk
pirtk `kh `glufd 05
<.99 Biz uo phio piri hi bdri `k ksergturi 3=
9.5 ]ukhvk i hkkr tus
tus `glufds edjd uo eukotd 00
<.9< ]ukhvk i hkkr hd quk kserglgstk y sgcuk
9.0 ]ukhvk i hkkr tus
tus `glufds piri koskùir 0;
i`khiotk 33
9.; Icrkci `ktihhks piri quk ski jés méegh hkkr hds
<.95 Jiotço ekrei egkrtds dlfktds 32
`glufds 0=
<.90 ^dotk rktds
rktds piri kserglgr jés 37
9.= [si rõtuhds ko tus `glufds 03
<.9; @gvg`k tu bdri `k ksergturi ko pirtks jés
9.3 ]ukhvk i jgrir y prkcöotitk6 ‘Éõjd puk`d
edrtis 2>
biekrhd jés ehird4‚ 02
<.9= ´P
´Pk
k lhdqukistk4 ¡^dotk i hkkr! 29
9.2 Biz quk tu `glufd rk﬌kfk hi gjicko ko tu jkotk 07
<.93 Gjicgoi i tu iu`gkoegi
iu`gkoegi 2<
9.7 @k gzqugkrì i `krkebi
`krkebi ;>
9.9> \kpisi tu trilifd
trilifd y biz ihcd jés ;9 <.92 Jiotço uo prdyketd
prdyketd pirihkhd 25
<.97 Edosuhti edo dtrd ksergtdr 20
9.99 ´@glufistk pkrsdois4
pkrsdois4 ¡@glufi kh hucir!
hucir! ;<
<.<> Kxpkrgjkoti edo kh eijlgd 2;
9.9< Kserglgr i hd hircd `k virgis
virgis pécgois ;5
<.<9 ´^dr quç kserglks4 2=
9.95 @glufds ko skrgk piri
piri jdstrir eijlgds
eijlgds ;0
<.<< Kserglk pdr
pdr pirtks 23
9.90 Eêreuhds y pihgtds ;;
<.<5 Pu jkti6 hhkoir kh pipkh ko lhioed 22
9.9; @glufi edo mdrjis
mdrjis y ﬉curis ;=
<.<0 Erki uo bélgtd 27
9.9= Pdei y hukcd `glufi ;3
<.<; ]gvk pdr y piri tu
tu prdyketd 7>
9.93 @glufi (hd jkfdr quk pukìs) y ¡iviozi!
¡iviozi! ;2
<.<= @ksibõcitk y hukcd vukhvk
vukhvk i tu prdyketd 79
9.92 Gjicêoihd y ¡bizhd! ;7
<.<3 Uç rkihgsti 7<
vg


>2.ispx
Dlfktgvd
5 Ckokrir y rkuogr g`kis
70
Kstritkcgi 5.9 ^krsdo
^krsdois
is gjpdrtiotks 72
5.< Jdjkotds `k skotgjgkotds
skotgjgkotds gotkosds 77
5.5 Dlskrvi eiì `ktihhk 9>>
5.0 Kstu`gi uoi mdtd y pdotk i kserglgr 9>
9>9
9
5.; Biz uo jipi `k tu edrizõo 9>< Dlfktgvd
5.= ]ukhvk i hkkr y lusei
lusei pitrdoks 9>5
5.3 ¡Kserglk piri eijlgir kh juo`d! 9>0
0 Komdquk/Ugcog﬉ei`d
5.2 Eijgoi pdr tu juo`d 9>; 95=
5.7 Biz uoi kotrkvgsti piri ivkrgcuir sdlrk
uo tkji 9>= Kstritkcgi 0.9 Biz quk tus pihilris y tus `glufds
edgoegìo 90>
5.9> \köok rkeukr`ds `k tu vgì (y kserglk
`kspuçs) 9>3 0.< Komõeitk ko kh tgkjpd 909
0.5 Lusei kh edrizõo `k tu
tu eukotd 90<
5.99 Kxtrik tkjis `k hds tkxtds
tkxtds jkotdrks 9>2 0.0 Kserglk uo têtuhd 905
5.9< His edsis quk jk bieko mkhgz 9>7
5.95 Kjpgkzi pdr uo pkrsdoifk 99> 0.; Kserglk sdlrk uoi pgk`ri 900
5.90 Kseuebi (¡y kserglk!) jösgei 999 0.= Komõeitk ko uo jdjkotd gjpdrtiotk 90;
5.9; Iodti bdy, kserglk jiùioi 99< 0.3 Biztk prkcuotis piri komdeirtk 90=
5.9= Isêcoitk uoi tirki 995 0.2 Koeukotri tu pisgõo

pisgõo piri komdeirtk 903
5.93 Uiei g`kis `kh ijlgkotk 990 0.7 ^gkosi ko tu iu`gkoegi

iu`gkoegi y ko tu prdpõsgtd 902
5.92 Cuêi ih hketdr pdr tu eisi 99; 0.9> Kserglk uo pdkji piri g`kotg﬉eir
g`kotg﬉eir kh komdquk 907
5.97 [oi `k tiotis vkeks 99= 0.99 Edrti td`d hd quk sdlrk 9;>
5.<> Lusei g`kis deuhtis piri kserglgr ko dtrds 0.9< Uulriyi hi driegõo ehivk 9;9
cçokrds 993 0.95 Uu tkji, tu
tu g`ki 9;<
5.<9 Lusei mrisks edo ebgspi 992 0.90 [si uo lusei`dr piri koedotrir
koedotrir edokxgdoks 9;5
5.<< ^dkjis koedotri
koedotri`ds
`ds 997 0.9; Komõeitk ko uoi gjicko 9;0
5.<5 [oi y dtri vkz 9<> 0.9= Koeukotri uo tkji ko tu edhkeegõo

edhkeegõo 9;;
5.<0 Gjicgoi6 ‘Ýuç tih sg…4‚ 9<9 0.93 ]ko`k tu g`ki 9;=
5.<; Jkzehi hds khkjkotds `k hi bgstdrgi 9<< 0.92 ^rkpiri uo kouoegi`d
kouoegi`d `k tksgs 9;3
5.<= Jipis `k pihilris 9<5 0.97 ^rkcöotitk6 ‘Ýuç puk`d ipdrtir4‚ 9;2
5.<3 ¡Ug hd eukhcis ko his rk`ks, ko tu eui`krod 0.<> Kserglk ‘pdr mukri `k hi pécgoi‚ 9;7
tijlgço puk`ks! 9<0 0.<9 Komõeitk ko uo tkji sdegih
sdegih 9=>
5.<2 Biztk prkcuotis (y rkspõo`khis)
rkspõo`khis) 9<; 0.<< Ýuç prdlhkji qugkrks sdhuegdoir4 9=9
5.<7 Edhkeegdoi ‘`ktdoiotks‚ 9<= 0.<5 @k﬉ok tu komdquk edo uo ldrri`dr
5.5> ´@õo`k sk ksedo`ko hds tkjis kxpkrgjkotih 9=<
skeuoìrgds4 9<3 0.<0 @kfi quk hds rkeursds cuêko tu
tu komdquk 9=5
5.59 I hi `krgvi edo
edo uo prdpõsgtd 9<2 0.<; [si vkrlds ietgvds piri ìrhk mdrji i tu
5.5< Edoekptds ilstrietds, kfkjphds kspkeê﬉eds 9<7 komdquk 9=0
5.55 Lusei g`kis ko kh pkrgõ`ged 95>
5.50 Hkk sdlrk uo tkji `ksedodeg`d 959

5.5; Kh skr bujiod edotri hi oiturihkzi
oiturihkzi 95<
5.5= Lusei pkrsdoifks k g`kis i tu
tu ihrk`k`dr 955
5.53 Jdjkotds `kegsgvds
`kegsgvds 950
5.52 Kjpgkzi edo ihcd gosõhgtd
gosõhgtd 95;
vgg


>2.ispx
Dlfktgvd
= Khildriegõo
<9<
Dlfktgvd Kstritkcgi =.9 Hds `glufds koskùio, his pihilris
koskùio <9=
; Drciogziegõo y kstrueturi =.< Icrkci jés `ktihhks i tus `glufds (¡y tih vkz i tus
pihilris!) <93
9==
=.5 His lurlufis `k `géhdcd bieko bilhir i tus
pkrsdoifks <92
Kstritkcgi ;.9 Hglrds edo pitrdok
pitrdokss 93<
;.< Eukoti, `glufi y kserglk
kserglk 935 =.0 Ietöihd... hukcd kserêlkh
kserêlkhd
d <97
=.; ‘îpkh piri ìrtk
ìrtk uo kjpufdoegtd‚
kjpufdoegtd‚ <<>
;.5 Iùi`k uoi pécgoi, qugti uoi pécgoi 930 =.= Koskùi edo
edo ksqukjis <<9
;.0 Jukvk ksi pécgoi i dtrd hucir 93; =.3 Edotkjphi kh juo`d edjd sg mukris uo pdkti (hi
;.; ´Pd`d
´Pd`d sdlrk uo tkji d rkhitir uo jdjkotd4
jdjko td4 93
93=
= jktémdri y kh sêjgh) <<<
=.2 Icrkci pkstiùis d sgcods `k gotkreihiegõo
gotkreihiegõo <<5
;.= Pkxtds quk koskùio6 Eõjd biekr ihcd 933
=.7 ‘Ýuç jés deurrgõ4‚
deurrgõ4‚ <<0
;.3 Drciogzi hi skeukoegi
skeukoegi 932
=.9> ^ruçlihd <<;
;.2 ¡Db, od!... ¡[y!... ¡[m! 937 =.99 Pdji odtis `k uoi ghustriegõo d mdtdcrimêi <<=
;.7 ¡Iùi`k gotkrçs i hi pirtk `kh jk`gd! 92> =.9< Kxphdri hds sustiotgvds <<3
;.9> ^rkcuoti―\kspuksti 929 =.95 Juçstrihd, od hd `gcis6 usi hds skotg`ds piri
`kserglgr ksekois <<2
;.99 Kh jdjkotd prkegsd piri
piri tkrjgoir 92<
=.90 Juçstrihd, od hd `gcis6 his kjdegdoks
kjdegdoks <<7
;.9< Edoehuyk edo his pihilris
pihilris ﬉oihks `kh pkrsdoifk 925
=.9; ¡@kfi quk tus hketdrks skpio qugço ksté
;.95 Edjgkozi pdr hi tilhi `k edotkog`d 920 bilhio`d! <5>
;.90 îrtks `k uo tkji6 Edjpdokotks

Edjpdokotks y eirietkrêstgeis
eirietkrêstgeis 92; =.9= Hkk uo tkxtd jkotdr lifd `ds hkotks6 gomdrjiegõo
;.9; îrtks `k uo tkji6 Pgpds 92= y kstçtgei <59
=.93 Govkstgci pdr jk`gd `k kotrkvgstis <5<
;.9= Priosgegõo kotrk skcjkotds 923
=.92 Iodti hi gomdrjiegõo ko uo eui`krod `k
;.93 Edrtk `kh rkochõo 922 govkstgciegõo <55
;.92 Edjgkozi edo uo phio ko jkotk 927 =.97 Hkk, biz uo ldsqukfd,
ldsqukfd, kxtgko`k <50
;.97 ¡Erki kxpketitg
kxpketitgvi!
vi! 97> =.<> @kserglk eõjd sk vk tutu pkrsdoifk <5;
;.<> Gotrdùeegõo piri tkxtds
tkxtds `k od ﬉eegõo 979 =.<9 Éõjd sdo tus pkrsdoifks pdr `kotrd4 <5=
=.<< Ipdyi tus ìtds <53
;.<9 @grêcktk ih hketdr
hketdr 97<
=.<5 ^rkcöotitk6 ‘Éõjd4‚ <52
;.<< Gomdrji i tu iu`gkoegi 975
=.<0 [si uo kstrglghhd <57
;.<5 @glufi kh mdrjitd 970
=.<; Kxphdri hds vkrlds <0>
;.<0 ^rukli edo `gstgotds
`gstgotds ksqukjis 97; =.<= Kxphdri dpegdoks piri kh ijlgkotk <09
;.<; Drciogzi tus pécgois y dlskrvi hi irqugtketuri 97= =.<3 ]gsuihgzi i tu
tu pkrsdoifk <0<
;.<= [si his tgfkris ko tu ldrri`dr
ldrri`dr 973 =.<2 @g hd quk od ks (piri `kegr hd quk ks) <05
;.<3 ^rdhdoci (od rksujis) uoi pirtk piri erkir =.<7 Uç piegkotk, vk
vk `kspiegd <00
suspkosd 972 =.5> Goehuyk gomdrjiegõo jircgoih
jircgoih <0;
;.<2 Kstruetu
Kstrueturi
ri `k rkpktgegõo/hgsti 977 =.59 [si hi kjpitêi piri icrkcir
icrkcir jés `ktihhks <0=
=.5< ^dotk uoi jéseiri y kserglk (pkrspketgvi y puotd
;.<7 Biz uo cugdo cré﬉ed edo virgis
virgis ksekois <>>
`k vgsti) <03
;.5> Kstrueturi
Kstrueturi prdlhkji-sdhuegõo piri tkxtds =.55 Éõjd bilhi tu pkrsdoifk4
pkrsdoifk4 <02
pkrsuisgvds <>9
=.50 Iìpti hi mdrji `k bilhir `k tus pkrsdoifks ih
;.59 Gr répg`d (d `kspiegd) i trivçs
trivçs `kh tgkjpd <>< pkrgd`d bgstõrged <07
;.5< Khgck uo tkxtd y eijlgi kh cçokrd d hi kstrueturi
kstrueturi <>5 =.5; [si gjéckoks hgtkrirgis piri quk tus ìtds edlrko
vgì <;>
;.55 Koeilkzi`ds, sulkoeilkzi`ds y
sul-sulkoeilkzi`ds <>0 =.5= Eipti kh sdog`d (`k uo tkxtd jkotdr) <;9
=.53 Uç tu erêtged
erêtged jés kxgckotk <;<
;.50 ^ksi his
his pirtks `k tu ksergtd <>;
=.52 Khgck uoi driegõo
driegõo jkotdri <;5
;.5; Egkrri kh eêreuhd <>=
=.57 Bilhi edotgcd jgsjd
jgsjd d jgsji <;0
;.5= Kstruetu
Kstrueturi
ri ihtkroi <>3 =.0> [si ckstds piri jdstrir hds riscds `k pkrsdoihgì`
;.53 Edoehuyk edo

edo hi g`ki kskoegih
kskoegih <>2 `kh pkrsdoifk <;;
;.52 Bgstdrgis pirihkhis <>7 =.09 His ioçe`dtis koskùio y ìo kvg`koegi
kvg`koegi <;=
=.0< Hi rkchi `k trks <;3
;.57 Kserglk kh ksqukhktd y `kspuçs rkhhkoi hds
kspiegds <9> =.05 Jgkotk (piri `kegr
`kegr hi vkrì`) <;2
=.00 [si sgjldhgsjds <;7
;.0> Edjgkozi edo g`kis quk edotristio <9
<99
9
vggg =.0; @i pgstis sdlrk kh pisi`d `kh pkrsdoifk
(ksekoi rktrdspketgvi) <=>


>2.ispx
Dlfktgvd
Odrjis6 Drtdcrimêi
2 y mdrjiegõo `k hktris
<72
Dlfktgvd Kstritkcgi 2.9 ´Ks uoi pihilri
pihilri hirci d edrti4 5><
3 Khkeegõo `k pihilris 2.<

2.5
Bilhi edjd uoi tdrtuci 5>5
Edosuhti hi tilhi `kh ihmilktd 5>0
<=< 2.0 Kserglk, hkk, kserglk y vukhvk
vukhvk i hkkr 5>;
2.; ´Hktri crio`k d ebgei4 5>=
Kstritkcgi 3.9 Dodjitdp
Dodjitdpkyi6
kyi6 Kmketds `k sdog`d <==
2.= ¡Hi eihgcrimêi
eihgcrimêi eukoti! 5>3
3.< Kserglk edo iutdrgì`6 ]deiluhirgd
]deiluhirgd `k `djgogd
kspkeê﬉ed <=3 2.3 Lusei hi pihilri ko kh jurd y ¡kserêlkhi!
¡kserêlkhi! 5>2
3.5 Uustiotgvds prkegsds <=2 2.2 Kserêlkhi hd jkfdr quk pukìs… `ks`k kh
prgoegpgd 5>7
3.0 ^krsdog﬉ei
^krsdog﬉ei hds dlfktds piri quk edlrko vgì <=7
2.7 [si tus rkeursds ih kserglgr 59>
3.; ]krlds
]krlds quk sk ifustio ih sgcog﬉ei`d <3>
2.9> Uêhili pdr sêhili 59
599
9
3.= Jitgeks `k sgcog﬉ei`d <39
2.99 Pu lirlghhi lifi 59<
3.3 Ihmieifi <3< 2.9< ]gsuihgzi hi pihilri y kserêlkhi
kserêlkhi 595
3.2 Udog`ds sdrprko`kotks6 Ihgtkriegõo, edosdoioegi
y isdoioegi
isdoioegi <35 2.95 [si pihilris quk edodeks piri `khktrkir his quk
od edodeks 590
3.7 \gtjd <30
2.90 îhilris edo `gptdoc
`gptdocds
ds 59;
3.9> Hkk ko vdz ihti piri koedotrir
koedotrir ‘mihhis‚
‘mihhis‚ <3;
2.9; ¡^do kh iekotd ko hi öhtgji sêhili! (pihilris
3.99 îhilris iprdpgiìs
iprdpgiìs skcöo tu iu`gkoegi <3=
icuìs) 59=
3.9< Lusei his fdyis
fdyis `kh g`gdji ko tu eui`krod <33
2.9= ¡^do ko kh iekotd ko hi pkoöhtgji sêhili!
3.95 Govkoti uoi pihilri <32 (pihilris hhiois d crivks) 593
3.90 @kfi sdhd his pihilris
pihilris kskoegihks
kskoegihks <37 2.93 ¡Jés iekotds pdr iprko`kr! (ks`röfuhis y
3.9; Hi bdri `k hi rgji <2> sdlrkks`röfuhis) 592
3.9= Pêtuhds, koeilkzi`ds y sulkoeilkzi`ds 2.92 Itkoegõo i hds bdjõmdods
bdjõmdods 597
gockogdsds <29 2.97 @ds hktris, ¡uo sdhd sdog`d! (`êcrimds)
(`êcrimds) 5<>
3.93 Bgpçrldhks <2< 2.<> ¡Od tk edjis hi b! 5<9
3.92 ]irêi his
his pihilris piri kvgtir
kvgtir hi rkpktgegõo <2<
2.<9 Uukoi edjd g , pkrd sk kserglk edo y 5<<
3.97 Eugì tu
tu tdod <20 2.<< ¡Uih `k ùìs! (pihilris edo l/v , e/s/z , y/hh ) 5<5
3.<> Khgck tus prdodjlrks <2; (―s d
d ―ks ) 5<0
2.<5 Kserêlkhd ko phurih (―s
3.<9 Edrtd Hircd Edrtd <2= 2.<0 Hkk tu ksergtd `k itrés piri i`khiotk (¡y pksei tus
3.<< \kpisi pihilri
pihilri pdr pihilri <23 krrdrks!) 5<;
3.<5 Od ks og ‘ldogtd‚ og ‘juy‚ ‘lukod‚ <22 2.<; Koegçrrihi ko uo eêreuhd… y rkvêsihi
rkvêsihi `kspuçs 5<=
3.<0 @keg`k sg `klks `kfir
`kfir kh i`vkrlgd <27 2.<= \keurrk ih edrrketdr
edrrketdr drtdcré﬉ed 5<3
3.<; [si uo hkocuifk jés prkegsd (khgjgoio`d
i`fktgvds y i`vkrlgds) <7>
3.<= ]ukhvk i kserglgr
kserglgr ksi driegõo (uoi y dtri vkz)
vkz) <7<
3.<3 ]krld
]krlds
s quk sdrprko`ko
sdrprko`ko <75
3.<2 Uustiotgvds quk sdrprko`ko <70
3.<7 Khgck hds odjlrks `k tus pkrsdoifks y hucirks <7;
3.5> Kspkeê﬉ed, ehird, edoerktd6

kvdquko gjéckoks <7= Biz quk tus pihilris
3.59 Djgtk his pihilris gookeksirgis <73
gx


>2.ispx
Dlfktgvd
Odrjis6 Crijétg
Crijétgei
ei
7
y puotuiegõo
5<2
Kstritkcgi 7.9 Prizi uoi hêoki pdr eiì pihilri quk
qugkrks kserglgr 55<
7.< Jirei kh kspiegd
kspiegd edo kh `k`d 555
7.5 Hkk edo kh `k`d 550
7.0 ]ukhvk i hkkr y rkpisi tu hgsti `k edjprdliegõo 55;
7.; Úukoi edjd uo hglrd4 55=
Dlfktgvd
7.= Hds puotds suspkosgvds
suspkosgvds 553 Edhildrir edo pirkfis y ehulks
Edhildrir
7.3 ´@kfd hi ‘y‚ d hi qugtd4 552 9>
`k ksergturi
7.2 ´@k qugço d `k quç sk triti4 ¡Driegõo 5=2
edjphkti! 557
7.7 Úgocuhir d phurih4 50> Kstritkcgi 9>.9 Kseue
Kseuebi
bi hds sdog`ds `k his pihilris edo
7.9> Hds `ds puotds 509 tu pirkfi `k ksergturi 53<
7.99 ûotuie
ûotuiegõo
gõo piri hds `géhdcds 50< 9>.< Edhildrir ko pirkfis piri biekr quk kh tkxtd ski
jés ehird 535
7.9< Biz uoi piusi `kspuçs `kh puotd 505
9>.5 Eukoti uo eukotd edo `glufds répg`ds 53
530
0
7.95 Kseuebi piri silkr `õo`k vi hi edji 500
9>.0 Edjkoti hi g`ki y `kspuçs
`kspuçs kserglk 53;
7.90 [si edjis y icrupi pihilris skcöo su
sgcog﬉ei`d 50; 9>.; Biz prdjksis (quk pukìs eujphgr)
eujphgr) 53=
7.9; ¡@ghd edo skotgjgkotd! 50= 9>.= Pu pirkfi tk prkcuoti (piri biekrtk pkosir)
pkosir) 533
7.9= ´@k qugço ks4 503 9>.3 @gjk6 ´Pgkok skotg`d4 532
7.93 ´Hhkvi iekotd4 502 9>.2 \goeõo piri pirkfis
pirkfis `k ksergturi 537
7.92 Pçrjgod
çrjgodss piri gogegir pérrimds 507 9>.7 Uk lusei/Uk dmrkek iyuì 52>
7.97 Hkk tu ldrri`dr ko vdz ihti y kseöebitk 5;> 9>.9> K^^ (Khdcgir, ^rkcuot
^rkcuotir,
ir, ûhgr) 529
7.<> Iskcöritk `k quk kh oöjkrd `kh sufktd y kh oöjkrd 9>.99 @gjk6 ´Koeifi edo jg gotkoegõo4 52<
`kh vkrld
vkrld edgoegìo 5;9 9>.9< Gotkrrujpk i tu
tu pirkfi `k ksergturi 525
7.<9 Éuéo`d `kld kjpkzir uo pérrimd
pérrimd oukvd4 5;< 9>.95 Lusei `ktihhks `k ﬉eegõo edo tu pirkfi `k
7.<< ´Ko kh prkskotk d ko kh pisi`d4 5;5 ksergturi 520
7.<5 Éõjd sk edofuci ksk vkrld4 5;0 9>.90 Erki uo ehul 52;
7.<0 Khgjgoi hi rkpktgegõo
rkpktgegõo edjlgoio`d driegdoks 5;; 9>.9; Eukoti uo eukotd piri `keg`gr kh puotd `k vgsti
y hi pkrspketgvi 52=
7.<; \kvgsi his driegdoks edrrgìs 5;=
9>.9= @gjk6 Éõjd tk imketi4
imketi4 523
7.<= Erki driegdoks edjpukstis
edjpukstis eddr`goiìs 5;3
9>.93 Ed`g﬉ei kh tkxtd 522
7.<3 Erki driegdoks edjpukstis
edjpukstis suldr`goiìs 5;2
9>.92 \kspuksti pdr
pdr ksergtd 527
7.<2 [sds `kh cugdo hircd (d riyi)
riyi) 5;7
9>.97 Eijlgds y dpegdoks 57>
7.<7 Fukci edo his piusis 5=>
7.5> His kxprksgdoks
kxprksgdoks pirkotçtgeis 5=9
7.59 \kvgsi tus
tus vkrlds piri `kserglgr
`kserglgr kh jdjkotd 5=<
7.5< ´Driegdoks hircis
hircis d edrtis4 5=5
Ipço`gek6 ûlhgeir y ekhklrir hi ksergturi 57<
7.55 Kh puotd y edji 5=0
Lglhgdcrimêi 0>;
7.50 \ksihti hd pdsgtgvd y ifusti
ifusti his driegdoks 5=;
7.5; \kmdrjuhi piri
piri iehirir 5==
7.5= ¡[si kh edo`gegdoih! 5=3
x


>2.ispx
Icri`kegjgkotds
Eiì vkz quk hk pk`ê i uod `k jgs edhkcis quk pusgkri ko préetgei uoi hkeegõo pghdtd,
quk bgegkri uoi tilhi piri edjphkj
edjphkjkotir
kotir hi hkeegõo d quk jk `gkri ihcöo tgpd `k
rktrdihgjkotiegõo,
rktrdihg jkotiegõo, rkeglê hi jgsji kotusgisti rkspuksti6 ‘¡^dr
‘¡^dr supukstd!‚.
supukstd!‚. His hkeegdoks
`k kstk hglrd mukrdo pukstis i prukli pdr prgjkri vkz piri hi k`gegõo ko gochçs
(pulhgeiì ko <>93) pdr kstds itkotds y ckokrdsds kùei`drks6

kùei`drks6
Fdbo Ieijpdri Fkoogmkr Mrgsb Sko`y Adhkr Hiurko Uoy`kr

Fiea Iwtry Lrddak Ckhhkr Uiri Hizritgdo Hgo`siy Utkwirt
Io`rki Litebhkr Jkrrg`y Coicky Krgei JeGotyrk Edurtoky Pghhky
Iooi Lkooktt Piri Cdh`sjgtb Jgo`y Dttd Jiry Khhko Sihhiukr
Aitbryo Eizks Lirl Cdhul Ihgsi îhizzg Ebkhsgk Skivkr
Fijgk @kJgoed Lkrgt Cdr`do Uijiotbi ^kstrg`ck Fieagk Wkbgi
Eigthgo @u`hky Lktsy Bullir` \dlgo Ubkh`do
@gioi Krlko Jkcio Bucbks Pgioi Ughvis
Eissgk Mdkbr Khgzilktb Agjjkh Hiurgk Ujghia
Criegis i his kùei`dris bgspiodbilhiotks

bgspiodbilhiotks Kjghy @kHg``d, Ehirgsi Hkih, Hueêi \debi
y Jiyri L. Pdrrks pdr hi eugì`dsi hketuri `k virgis rdoìs k`gtdrgihks y su govihuilhk
isksdrêi i hd hircd `kh prdeksd.
Jg jés sgoekrd icri`kegjgkot

icri`kegjgkotd
d ih kqugpd `k Ipirgegd ûlhgsbgoc, kspkegihjkotk i
îtrgegi Mdotioihs y Kùir`d Ipirgegd, pdr su crio ksjkrd ko hi triùeegõo `k kstk hglrd
`kh gochçs ih kspiùdh.
Criegis i Bkgokjioo ûlhgsbgoc, kspkegihjkotk i \d`krgea Upkhjio, pdr ìrhk uoi

dpdrtuogì` i ksti vkrsgõo ko kspiùdh. Jg jés prdmuo`d iprkegd i qugkoks trilifirdo
trilifirdo
goeiosilhkjkotk
goeiosilhkjkotk ko hi k`gegõo ko kspiùdh, `ks`k hi pirtk k`gtdrgih y `k prdùeegõo, bisti
hi `k `gskùd y jkrei`dtk
jkrei`dtkeogi6
eogi6
Krge Ebihka
Uuziook Bkgskr
]getdrgi Jkrkeag
Aitgk Sdd` \iy
Vdá \y`kr Sbgtk
Lrktt Sbgtjirsb
W i jg mijghgi6 Fko, Hdhi y ]gvgk, quk sdo jg edrizõo

e drizõo k gospgriegõo.
xg


>2.ispx
îri
edjkozir
Ko <>><, edoskcuê jg skcuo`d trilifd edjd jikstri ko uoi kseukhi pölhgei `k hi

eguì` `k Oukvi Wdra. Kstili kjdegdoiì `k trilifir ko ksti kseukhi pdr juebis
rizdoks6 bilêi uo vkrì`krd edjprdjgsd edo kh `ksirrdhhd prdmksgdoih, uo vgsgdoirgd
hê`kr ksedhir y uo phio `k kstu`gds y uo komdquk `k koskùiozi ko hds quk erkêi. Dtrd
ispketd quk bgzd quk ksti kseukhi mukri kspkegih kri quk hds kùei`drks kstilio
kstilio
edjprdjktg`ds edo uo prdcriji `k hkocuifk ùih. Hi jgti` `k hi kseukhi dmrkeêi
i hds kstu`giotks hi dpdrtuogì` `k iprko`kr uo `êi ko gochçs y uo `êi ko kspiùdh,
y hi dtri jgti` kstili komdeiì ko uo prdcriji `k kùeiegõo ckokrih jdodhgocøk.
Edjd yi eisg bilêi dhvgì`d kh kspiùdh, quk od prietgeili `ks`k hi prkpiritdrgi,
`k﬉ogtgvijkotk mug uoi jikstri jdodhgocøk, pkrd tdìs his skjiois phiokç ehisks
edo jgs edhkcis lghgocøks. Dlskrvç eiì skjioi kh gjprksgdoiotk trilifd quk
bieêio, i pksir `k quk koedotrir rkeursds kri uoi huebi edostiotk6 `ks`k hglrds quk
hds ogùds pu`gkrio hkkr bisti jitkrgihks eurrgeuhirks quk pu`gkrio usir piri cugir su
koskùiozi. îsirdo bdris triùegko`d y erkio`d, triùegko`d y erkio`d.
Ko his ehisks, trilifç edo
e do kstu`giotks quk ko eisi bilhilio rusd, urù, kspiùdh y
ergdhhd, pkrd euyds pi`rks dptirdo pdr uoi gostrueegõo jdodhgocøk. Bgek hd jkfdr
quk pu`k piri edjuogeir i eiì kstu`giotk his kstritkcgis y tirkis quk pk`êi quk
bgegkrio edjd hketdrks
hke tdrks y ksergtdrks, pkrd tkoêi quk ipdyirjk ko sus edjpiùkrds
piri quk jk iyuìrio i triùegr edo jiydr mrkeukoegi `k hd quk bulgkri sg`d g`kih.
îskjds répgìjkotk
répgìjkotk i <>97, y jg Miekldda, Pwgttkr y hi lio`kfi `k kotriì `k
jg edrrkd khketrõoged kstéo hhkods `k jkosifks `grketds `k kùei`drks quk kstéo
xgg


>2.ispx
ko hi jgsji sgtuiegõo quk jgs edhkcis `k hi Û 9=; y yd ko <>><6 kùei`drks quk

`k`geio `kjisgi`d tgkjpd i triùegr jitkrgihks quk sdhd kstéo `gspdoglhks ko
gochçs, pkrd quk sdo
s do `k crio iyuì piri sus kstu`giotks lghgocøks kjkrckotks, ih
gcuih quk kùei`drks jdodhgocøks quk sdhd bilhio gochçs y quk tritio `k koskùir
y hhkcir i hds kstu`giotks euyd g`gdji prgoegpih od ks kh gochçs1 td`ds pk`êio uoi
triùeegõo ih kspiùdh `k Pk Srgtgoc Utritkcgks Ldda.
Ldda.
Iuoquk kstk hglrd sk bi triùeg`d i uo ebgod sgjphg﬉ei`d y ih mrioeçs, ksis

triùeegdoks sk rkihgzirdo sgo gotkrvkoegõo ihcuoi `k pirtk jêi d `k Bkgokjioo.
Ksti vkz, Bkgokjioo edotritõ i uoi kjprksi goerkêlhkjkotk tihkotdsi quk bgzd
hi triùeegõo y jk pg`gõ quk mdrjiri pirtk `k uo edoskfd isksdr, fuotd edo uo
crupd `k jikstrds, kùei`drks y edosuhtdrks lghgocøks, quk bio ksti`d usio`d
(y ¡triùegko`d!) kstis
k stis kstritkcgis ùriotk iùds. Puvgjds
Puvgjds edovkrsiegdoks sdlrk hi
khkeegõo `k pihilris (‘Éõjd
(‘Éõjd sk triùek kocickjkot 4‚)
4‚) y sdlrk his g`gdsgoerisgis
`kh kspiùdh mrkotk ih gochçs (‘¡Okeksgtijds uoi kstritkcgi piri hds `gptdocds y
virgis dtris piri hds iekotds!‚). Koedotrijds hi jiokri `k quk hds oukvds trilifds
`k hds kstu`giotks mukrio ksergtds ko kspiùdh (od sdhd uoi triùeegõo ih kspiùdh `k
hds trilifds yi kxgstkotks), k goehugjds

g oehugjds dlris pulhgeiìs pdr `gmkrkotks k`gtdrgihks
ko kspiùdh piri usirhis edjd tkxtds jkotdrks. Oukstrd dlfktgvd kri biekr uoi
triùeegõo iutçotgei, pkrd sujio`d y rkstio`d skcöo mukri okeksirgd, piri quk og
sgqugkri uo bgspiodbilhiotk supgkri quk ksti ks uoi triùeegõo.
t riùeegõo.
[stk`
[stk` tgkok kh rksuhti`d ko sus jiods. Kspkrd quk kstk hglrd hk ibdrrk tgkjpd
ih tritir `k ipdyir i sus kstu`giotks edo uoi gostrueegõo rkhkviotk y kspkeê﬉ei,
yi ski quk kh kspiùdh ski su prgjkr d `çegjd g`gdji. Kspkrd quk kstk hglrd ski
prdvkebdsd
prdvkebdsd sgo gjpdrtir ko quç piês kstç koskùio`d y sgo gjpdrtir quç jçtd`d
`k hketdksergturi utghgek.
Lrkvk gotrdùeegõo i hds prgoegpgds,

hi govkstgciegõo y hi tkdrêi,
y eõjd usir kstk hglrd
Hi g`ki `k uo hglrd `k kstritkcgis `k ksergturi od ks oukvi. Kstk ks pdsglhk criegis i
hds kstupko`ds hglrds quk hd bio prkek`g`d. Kxgstko hglrds `k kstritkcgis `grgcg`ds
i ksergtdrks prdmksgdoihks y kstu`giotks uogvkrsgtirgds, tihks edjd hds `k Odib
Huakjio, \dy ^ktkr Ehira y Fiokt Lurrdwiy,
Lurrdwiy, kotrk dtrds. Kxgstko goedotilhks
kfkjphds `k kxekhkotks edjpghiegdoks `k kstritkcgis `k ksergturi
kse rgturi ko hglrds
piri jikstrds `k ksergturi, edjd hds `k hi Erim Ukrgks,
Ukrgks, `k Mhktebkr y ^drtihupg1
îri edjkozir 9


>2.ispx
Imkr ‘Pk Ko`‚ , `k Lirry Hiok (9775)1 hi skrgk Utritkcge Srgtgoc Edokrkoeks `k
Edokrkoeks `k
Eirh Io`krsdo (<>>2-<>>7)1 hds juebds hglrds `k @doih`
@ doih` Crivks1 Sdo`rdus Sdr`s
Sdr`s
(9777) y dtrds têtuhds `k Aitgk Sdd` \iy1 hds hglrds `k Aitbkrgok Ldjkr y `k
Ckdrcgi Bkir`1 Go tbk Jg``hk (<>90) y dtrds rkeursds `k Oioegk Itwkhh, hi skrgk `k
[ogì`ks `k kstu`gd `k Huey Eihagos y juebds jés. Jg gotkoegõo edo kstk hglrd ks
dmrkekrhk uoi edhkeegõo
e dhkeegõo `k jgs kstritkcgis mivdrgtis ‐iprdpgiìs
‐iprdpgiìs piri kstu`giotks
`k hds cri`ds A―2‐ quk ilireio td`ds hds ispketds `kh prdeksd `k ksergturi, td`ds
hds cçokrds y td`ds hds jd`ds `k ksergturi. Yugkrd dmrkekrhk uo pdqugtd `k td`d.
Ugjphg﬉quç kh hkocuifk y hds kfkjphds, y usç uo mdrjitd piri his kstritkcgis quk hk
pkrjgtgré i euihqugkr jikstrd itirki`d bihhir hi kstritkcgi go`geiì ko kh jdjkotd
prkegsd. ^dr supukstd,
supukstd, ustk` pd`ré
pd `ré ijphgir y jd`g﬉eir kh hkocuifk piri biekr suyi
eiì uoi `k kstis kstritkcgis.
^krd, ¡od ods i`khiotkjds! Iotks `k kotrir ko jitkrgi, jk pirkek gjpdrtiotk
quk `k`gquk uo ritd i hkkr ksti gotrdùeegõo ‘îri edjkozir‚, `do`k dltko`ré
uoi pkrspketgvi juy ötgh `kh rizdoijgkotd ko kh quk sk sustkotio his g`kis `k kstk
hglrd, isê edjd uo vgstizd ckokrih i su drciogziegõo. Iprko`kré sdlrk
sdlrk his kstritkcgis
y td`ds hds ispketds quk `keg`ê goehugr ih khildrirhis6 tkxtds jkotdrks, edoskfds
piri hds kstu`giotks, kfkjphds `k koskùiozi, suckrkoegis piri kh jikstrd y jés.
Iprko`kré
Iprko`kré i oivkcir pdr his pécgois `kh hglrd piri hdeihgzir
hd eihgzir hd quk ksté luseio`d `k
jiokri répgì y méegh, yi quk kstk od ks uo tgpd `k hglrd piri hkkr `k eild i rild (i
jkods quk isê hd qugkri). Dltko`ré uo eursd iekhkri`d sdlrk gjpdrtiotks tçrjgods
y edoekptds quk hd iyuìréo i iprdvkebir
iprdvkebir kstk hglrd ih jéxgjd1 pdr kfkjphd,
k fkjphd, g`kis
sdlrk hi ksergturi edjd uo prdeksd y jd`ds y cçokrds `k ksergturi. ^dr öhtgjd,
iprko`kré i iìptir hd quk biy ko kh hglrd ih tgkjpd quk `k`gquk ko su sihõo `k
ehisks i hi ksergturi, sgo gjpdrtir quç mdrji tdjk ksk tgkjpd.
󲀬
Eõjd oivkcir pdr kh hglrd
[stk` tgkok ko sus jiods uo hglrd `k jés `k 0>> pécgois, pkrd hk iskcurd quk uoi
vkz quk kotgkoì eõjd ksté drciogzi`d y eõjd oivkcir
oivkcir pdr khhis, pd`ré bihhir hd
quk ksté luseio`d ko eukstgõo `k jgoutds.
Euio`d edjkoeç i trilifir ko kstk hglrd ‐quk sgcugõ i su ‘bkrjiod‚,
‘bkrjiod‚, Kh hglrd `k
kstritkcgiss `k hketuri
kstritkcgi hketuri (Ukrrivihhd
(Ukrrivihhd <>97)‐, pkosç `ktkogìjkotk ko eõjd drciogzir
hds eipêtuhds. Edotkjphç hi g`ki `k drciogzir kh hglrd pdr ktipis ko kh prdeksd `k
ksergturi, edovkoegì `k quk od sdhd `klkjds koskùir i hds kstu`giotks i kserglgr
tkxtds sõhg`ds, sgod i silkr eõjd skcugr kh prdeksd piri `ksirrdhhir his g`kis quk
phisjiréo ko kh pipkh. Ih luseir kstritkcgis `k ksergturi
kser gturi ötghks, juebds ksergtdrks
y jikstrds `k ksergturi pd`réo prkcuotirsk ko quç pirtk `kh `ksirrdhhd `kh ksergtd
< KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I


>2.ispx
sk koeukotrio y qugzé qugkrio luseir g`kis quk hds ipdyko ùriotk ksi misk. ^krd
kotdoeks pkosç6 ‘Ód
‘Ód biy kstritkcgis quk sk ifustko i hds
hd s `gvkrsds jdjkotds `kh
prdeksd4‚.. Íeisd uo ksergtdr sdhd pgkosi ko hi drtdcrimêi ih k`gtir su tkxtd4 ^dr
prdeksd4‚
supukstd quk od. Íeisd uo ksergtdr sdhd edosg`kri hi gotrdùeegõo ih kserglgr su
ldrri`dr4 Od, tijlgço puk`k biekrhd ih phiog﬉eir d rkvgsir su ksergtd. ´Ko quç
jdjkotd kh ksergtdr `k uo eukotd iùi`k `géhdcds4 ûk`k skr ko kh jdjkotd `k
phiog﬉eir, pkrd tijlgço ùriotk hi misk `kh ldrri`dr d `k hi rkvgsgõo. Isê puks,
phiog﬉eir,
`kskebç hi g`ki `k drciogzir kh hglrd pdr prdeksds. (^krd od sk prkdeupk6 eiì
kstritkcgi tgkok rkedjkoìegdoks sdlrk kh prdeksd ko kh jircko. I pirtgr `k hi
pécgoi 99 pd`ré hkkr jés sdlrk kh prdeksd).
@kspuçs, edotkjphç hi g`ki `k drciogzir kh hglrd pdr cçokrds6 his hkeegdoks sdlrk
jkjdrgis ko uo eipêtuhd, his `k ﬉eegõo ko dtrd y his `k oirriegõo pkrsdoih ko dtrd.
Gjicgoç uo eipêtuhd piri hds tkxtds `k prdek`gjgkotd y dtrd piri hds gomdrjks
`k govkstgciegõo. Bilrêi uoi skeegõo `k pdksêi y dtri `k kosiyds. ^krd kotdoeks
i`vkrtê quk ksd tijlgço trikrêi sus prdpgds prdlhkjis. I vkeks hi hêoki ks
gjprkegsi6 uo pdkji, pdr kfkjphd, puk`k skr ksergtd piri rkhitir uo eukotd d
piri koskùir uo tkji. [o tkxtd `k od ﬉eegõo puk`k tdjir hi mdrji `k oirriegõo

(lgdcrimêi) d `k tkxtd kxpdsgtgvd (d`d sdlrk his lihhkois),
lihhkois), d skr uo bêlrg`d `k hds
`ds (rkhitds bgstõrgeds). Ksd sgo jkoegdoir quk biy kstritkcgis quk yd usirêi piri
`gvkrsds cçokrds6 pdr kfkjphd, hi g`ki `k uo hucir gjpdrtiotk pd`rêi hhkvirjk i
kserglgr uo eukotd sdlrk ihcd quk jk deurrgõ ihhê, d i uo tkxtd `k od ﬉eegõo edo
gomdrjiegõo sdlrk kh hucir, d goehusd i uo pdkji gospgri`d ko kh ijlgkotk `kh hucir.
Ih ﬉oih, rktdjç hi g`ki `k drciogzir kh hglrd pdr dlfktgvds
dlfktgvds,, hd quk od ks `k
sdrprko`kr. Euihqugkri quk biyi hkê`d ihcd `k hd quk bk ksergtd d quk biyi
kseuebi`d uoi `k jgs ebirhis ko hds öhtgjds egoed iùds, silk quk sukhd jkoegdoir
his govkstgciegdoks `k Bittgk (<>>7) sdlrk his préetgeis kmketgvis ko kh sihõo `k
ehisks. Kstdy edovkoegì `k quk sg iyuìjds i hds ogùds i irtgeuhir

irt geuhir dlfktgvds ehirds
piri su trilifd y hds ipdyijds edo kstritkcgis y edjkotirgds piri iheiozir ksds
dlfktgvds, hdcrirkjds uoi crio `gmkrkoegi ko su bilghgì` piri tkokr çxgtd. Ihcuods
`k hds dlfktgvds sdo tçrjgods quk qugzé edodzei `k dtrd jd`d, edjd his euihgì`ks
`k hi lukoi ksergturi (Io`krsdo <>>;1 Eihagos 9770), tçeogeis (Mhktebkr y ^drtihupg
<>>31 \iy 9777) d his eirietkrêstgeis `k hi ksergturi (Euhbij <>>5, <>>;) ‐tihks
edjd drciogziegõo, khildriegõo, khkeegõo `k pihilris y odrjis‐. Dtrds dlfktgvds
sdo jés lgko bélgtds `k uo ksergtdr
ksergtdr,, edjd kserglgr edo gotkrçs y ckokrir g`kis. W
dtrds kstéo mukri `k ksis `ds eitkcdrêis6 pdr kfkjphd, edjpdokr edo gjéckoks, d
edhildrir edo pirkfis d ehulks `k ksergturi. Hds `gkz dlfktgvds i hds quk bk hhkci`d
sdo hds quk, skcöo jg kxpkrgkoegi, dmrkeko jiydr ipdyd i hds ksergtdrks `k hds
cri`ds A―2.
îri edjkozir 5


>2.ispx
Éõjd `keg`gr edo quç dlfktgvd kjpkzir4

Eiì eipêtuhd `k kstk hglrd sk komdei ko uod `k hds `gkz dlfktgvds pdsglhks.
His prgjkris pécgois `k eiì eipêtuhd dmrkeko uoi sgodpsgs `kh dlfktgvd y `k su
gjpdrtioegi, isê edjd uoi lrkvk skeegõo sdlrk eõjd `ktkrjgoir sg ksk dlfktgvd
sk ifusti i `ktkrjgoi`d kstu`giotk.
k stu`giotk. Bicd
Bicd çomisgs ko hi gjpdrtioegi `k tdjirsk
kh tgkjpd okeksirgd piri khkcgr kh dlfktgvd quk cugiré hi koskùiozi `k eiì
kstu`giotk `k su ehisk. Khkcgr kh dlfktgvd i`keui`d rkqugkrk edodekr juy lgko

i hds kstu`giotks, hd euih sk hdcri od sdhd jk`giotk kvihuiegdoks, sgod bilhio`d
edo khhds y edodegço`dhds edjd pkrsdois. Ks edovkogkotk pisir tgkjpd
dlskrvéo`dhds jgkotris kserglko y rkuogrsk edo khhds ko edomkrkoegis piri edodekr
sus gotkrksks y su prdpõsgtd ih kserglgr. Pijlgço
Pijlgço edovgkok biekr dtris kvihuiegdoks
jés mdrjihks, edjd sdhgegtir quk kserglio
kser glio ihcd ‘i pktgegõo‚
pktgegõo‚ (edjphktir uo tkxtd ko
uoi sdhi sksgõo) y kvihuir sg kstds tkxtds pdskko his euihgì`ks quk ustk` kspkri
koskùir.. îri dltkokr jés gomdrjiegõo sdlrk kvihuiegdoks mdrjitgvis y his
koskùir h is
kxpketitgvis piri hds ksergtdrks cri`d pdr cri`d, rkedjgko`d hds sgcugkotks hglrds6
Isskssgoc Srgtkrs
Srgtkrs (Io`krsdo <>>;), Srgtgoc îtbwiys (Eihagos
îtbwiys (Eihagos <>90) y jg skrgk
Hgtkriey kiebkr‗s ^hiyldda piri

^hiyldda piri cri`ds A―< y 5―= (Ukrrivihhd <>95―<>90).
Hds `gkz dlfktgvds piri hi koskùiozi `k hi ksergturi kstéo drciogzi`ds ko uoi
kspkegk `k fkrirquêi ﬌kxglhk. Od ks uoi fkrirquêi `k hd jés gjpdrtiotk i hd jkods
gjpdrtiotk,
gjpdrtiotk, og `k hd jés skoeghhd i hd jés sd﬉stgei`d, sgod quk sk triti `k uoi
fkrirquêi `k ieegõo
ieegõo.. ^dr kfkjphd, sg i`vgkrtd quk uo ogùd okeksgti ipdyd ko `ds érkis
‐`gcijds kstrueturi y khildriegõo‐, jk goehgoirêi pdr edjkozir pdr hi prgjkri
(kstrueturi) k gr trilifio`d biegi hi skcuoì (khildriegõ
(khildriegõo).
o). ^gkosk ko ksk kfkjphd.
´^dr quç koskùir i uo ogùd i hhkoir su pécgoi edo `ktihhks sg hds `ktihhks eirkeko `k
drciogziegõo
drciogziegõo y kh tkxtd ks `gmêegh `k skcugr4 Ksti fkrirquêi ksté go﬌ukoegiì
go﬌ukoegiì ko crio
pirtk pdr jgs kstu`gds edo Eirh Io`krsdo y su hglrd Isskssg
hglrd Isskssgoc
oc Srgtkrs
Srgtkrs (<>>;).
(<>>;).
Kh prgjkr dlfktgvd ks ‘Edjpdokr edo gjéckoks‚, euyd ﬉o ks koskùir i hds ogùds
i usir `glufds répg`ds k ghustriegdoks piri edotir eukotds, koskùir d pkrsui`gr
pkrsui`gr..
Hi g`ki `ktrés `k kstk prgjkr dlfktgvd ks quk, goehusd iotks `k quk pukìo
kserglgr edovkoegdoihjkotk edo pihilris, hds ogùds sdo eipieks `k edjpdokr
‘ksergtds‚, edo hd quk puk`ko
‘ksergtds‚, quk puk`ko biekr6
biekr6 `glufio`d gjéckoks. I jk`gì quk hds ogùds
erkeko, hks skré `k juebd vihdr usir gjéckoks, yi ski piri prietgeir his euihgì`ks
`k hi lukoi ksergturi
k sergturi d piri phiokir sus ksergtds. ^dr hd tiotd, hds jikstrds vkréo
quk kstk ks uo dlfktgvd ötgh tiotd piri ksergtdrks fõvkoks edjd piri ksergtdrks jés
kxpkrgjkoti`ds quk sk puk`ko lkok﬉egir `k komdeirsk ko hds `glufds quk bieko
fuotd edo his pihilris quk kserglko.
I edotgouiegõo, sgcuk ‘Jdtgvi
‘Jdtgvirr kh gotkrçs
g otkrçs‚‚, pukstd quk i jkods quk hds
kstu`giotks sk vkio i sê jgsjds edjd ksergtdrks, tkocio hi pkrsgstkoegi okeksirgi
0 KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I


>2.ispx
@ktkrjgoir pdr `õo`k kjpkzir6

Fkrirquêi `k pdsglhks dlfktgvds
Edjpdokr edo gjéckoks
Jdtgvir kh gotkrçs
Ckokrir y rkuogr g`kis
Komdquk/Ugcog﬉ei`d
Drciogziegõo y kstrueturi
Khildriegõo Khkeegõo `k pihilris
Odrjis6 Drtdcrimêi y Odrjis6 Crijétgei y

mdrjiegõo `k hktris puotuiegõo
Edhildrir edo pirkfis y

ehulks `k ksergturi
piri skotirsk y kserglgr y sgkotio kh `kskd `k kserglgr, skré `gmêegh quk sk komdquko ko
his euihgì`ks. @klko prietgeir piri jkfdrir.
jkfdrir.
‘Ckokrir y rkuogr g`kis‚ ﬉curi kotrk hds prgjkrds dlfktgvds `k hi hgsti pdrquk ks
eruegih iyuìr i hds ogùds i `k﬉ogr sus prdpgds tkjis k g`kis piri sus ksergtds. Hi
goeipiegì` `k biekrhd tijlgço pd`rêi skr hi riêz `k hi mihti `k gotkrçs pdr kserglgr.
Iuoquk ko ihcuods eisds hds kstu`giotks tko`réo quk kserglgr i pirtgr `k uo tkji
`ktkrjgoi`d, sdstkocd quk od `klk
`kl k skr sgkjprk isê. Kstk eipêtuhd hd iyuìré i
mdrjir ksergtdrks edo uo lioed ghgjgti`d `k g`kis piri sus ksergtds.
Kh sgcugkotk dlfktgvd ks ‘Komdquk/Ugcog﬉ei`d‚,
‘Komdquk/Ugcog﬉ei`d‚, pdrquk ih `gspdokrsk i kserglgr uo
tkxtd, kh ksergtdr `klk tkokr ihcd quk hd iyu`k i skr edbksgvd. ûk`k skr uoi g`ki,
puk`k skr uo kouoegi`d `k tksgs, puk`k komdeirsk ko uo pkrgd`d `k tgkjpd (edjd
ks kh eisd `k ihcuods eukotds). ^krd od puk`ko `gvicir kotrk uoi y dtri edsi. Ugo uo
komdquk, ks `gmêegh silkr quç `ktihhks iùi`gr y quç `ktihhks kxehugr, isê edjd ks `gmêegh
tkokr uo prdpõsgtd d sgcog﬉ei`d quk cuêk hi ksergturi.
@kspuçs sgcuk ‘Drciogziegõo y kstrueturi‚. [o ksergtd
kse rgtd `klk kstir drciogzi`d
piri quk kh hketdr pukì skcugr kh eukotd, kh ircujkotd d his eitkcdrêis `k hd quk sk
ksté tritio`d `k koskùir
koskùir.. Pkokr uoi kstrueturi ehiri, isê edjd pirtks edosgstkotks
`kotrd `k ksi kstrueturi (gotrdùeegõo, `ksirrdhhd y ﬉oih, pdr kfkjphd), iyuì ih
ksergtdr i silkr eõjd usir hds `ktihhks `k mdrji k﬉eiz.
îri edjkozir ;


>2.ispx
Hds sgcugkotks
sgcugk otks `ds dlfktgvds,
dlf ktgvds, ‘Khildriegõo‚ y ‘Khkeegõo
‘Khkeeg õo `k pihilris‚, ipirkeko
pirihkhijkotk ko hi fkrirquêi. Ko edofuotd, kstds `ds dlfktgvds iyuìréo i hds
ksergtdrks i edjphktir hi kstrueturi quk bio erki`d. Hi khildriegõo edosgstk ko
iyuìr i hds ogùds i icrkcir hi eiotgì` i`keuiì y kh tgpd i`keui`d `k `ktihhks
rkhiegdoi`ds edo kh sgcog﬉ei`d, kh cçokrd y hi kstrueturi `k su ksergtd. Hi khkeegõo
`k pihilris sk rk﬉krk i quk kh kstu`giotk `klk tdjir uoi eugì`dsi `kegsgõo sdlrk his
pihilris quk vi i usir. Kstds `ds dlfktgvds kstéo kstrkebijkotk rkhiegdoi`ds, pkrd ih
trilifir edo hds kstu`giotks, qugzé hk pirkzei jés kmketgvd trilifirhds `k uod ko uod.
Hds sgcugkotks `ds dlfktgvds sdo sdlrk odrjis6 uod sdlrk drtdcrimêi y mdrjiegõo
`k hktris y kh dtrd sdlrk crijétgei. Kstds tijlgço deupio uo hucir pirihkhd ko hi
fkrirquêi. Iuoquk
Iuoquk hds bk ulgei`d eisg ih ﬉oih `k hi hgsti, od hds edosg`krd jkods
gjpdrtiotks, sgod quk sg vkd quk uo kstu`giotk okeksgti ipdyd ko dtrd dlfktgvd,
tgko`d i ìrhk prgdrgì` i ksk. Ug i hds kstu`giotks hks gotkrksi hd quk bio ksergtd
y bio goehug`d `ktihhks lgko drciogzi`ds ko su tkxtd, tko`réo jés kokrcêi piri
k`gtir su drtdcrimêi, d piri rkvgsir hi puotuiegõo, d piri vkrg﬉eir quk biyi
edoedrìoegi kotrk kh sufktd y kh vkrld.
Kh dlfktgvd ﬉oih sk komdei ko hi edhildriegõo edo pirkfis y ehulks `k ksergturi.

Kstk ks uo dlfktgvd quk ustk` prdlilhkjkotk kotrktkfkré i hd hircd `kh iùd piri
eiì kstu`giotk, sg ks quk `keg`k erkir kstk tgpd `k ksqukji ko su sihõo `k
ehisks (¡y kspkrd quk sê!). Ks pdsglhk quk biyi ihcuods kstu`giotks quk sk
lkok﬉egko `k uo komdquk pirtgeuhir y pkrsdoihgzi`d sdlrk eõjd edhildrir
`kotrd `k uo crupd.
Isê edjd kstdy skcuri `k quk ksti fkrirquêi koeiuzi ko crio pirtk his `kegsgdoks
quk tdjd ih trilifir edo jgs ksergtdrks, jkotgrêi sg `gfkri quk od biy kxekpegdoks.
^dr kfkjphd, qugzé kh vdhujko `k ksergturi `k uo kstu`giotk ski lifd pdrquk eirkek
`k g`kis. Ko tih eisd, edjkozirêi edo kh dlfktgvd `k ckokrir g`kis. D qugzé uo
kstu`giotk okeksgtk iyuì piri kstrueturir su ksergtd, pkrd tgkok tio pdeds `ktihhks
quk od biy mdrji `k kstrueturirhds. Ko tih eisd, hd govgtirêi i biekr uoi hhuvgi `k g`kis
piri ckokrir `ktihhks y hukcd rktdjirêijds hi drciogziegõo.
^dsglhkjkotk hk kxtriùk od vkr hds tçrjgods vdz y tçeogei
tçeogei.. Iuoquk od ipirkzeio
edjd têtuhds `k eipêtuhds og edjd dlfktgvds, his hkeegdoks `k juebds `k hds
eipêtuhds iyuìréo i hds ksergtdrks i erkir ksergtds edo vdz y tçeogei. Hi vdz `k uo
ksergtdr sk edjuogei i trivçs `k juebds ispketds `k hi ksergturi, tihks edjd khkcgr
hi sgotixgs (quk edrrkspdo`k ih dlfktgvd `k puotuiegõo y crijétgei) y khkcgr kh
vdeiluhirgd (quk edrrkspdo`k ih dlfktgvd `k khkeegõo `k pihilris).
pihilris). [o ksergtdr tdji
tdji
`kegsgdoks sdlrk hi tçeogei ko juebds puotds `kh prdeksd y ko juebds ispketds
`kh ksergtd, edjd hds `ktihhks quk `keg`k goehugr (hd quk edrrkspdo`k ih eipêtuhd `k
khildriegõo) y eõjd biekr quk kh tkxtd ﬌uyi (drciogziegõo y kstrueturi). @k egkrtd
= KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I


>2.ispx
jd`d, edosg`krd quk kserglgr lgko ks eukstgõo `k vdz y tçeogei, isê quk vkré ksds
tçrjgods ko juebds `k hds eipêtuhds.
Éõjd lused hi kstritkcgi i`keuiì `kotrd `k uo eipêtuhd4

îrtk G6 Ogvkhks
@kotrd `k eiì eipêtuhd, his kstritkcgis ipirkeko ko dr`ko, `ks`k his quk sdo jkfdrks
piri hds ksergtdrks jkods kxpkrgjkoti`ds, bisti his quk sdo jkfdrks piri hds jés
kxpkrgjkoti`ds. Pdìs his kstritkcgis tgkoko uo riocd rkedjkoì`d `k cri`ds
y ogvkhks, iuoquk kh usd `k hds cri`ds y ogvkhks puk`k skr kociùdsd, isê quk his
edrrkhiegdoks `klko vkrsk edjd uoi cuêi ﬌kxglhk. Hds cri`ds y ogvkhks fuotd i eiì
kstritkcgi rkprkskotio hds cri`ds y ogvkhks i hds quk yd prdlilhkjkotk koskùirêi
hi kstritkcgi, supdogko`d quk hds kstu`giotks `k ksk ogvkh tkocio uo `ksirrdhhd jés
d jkods têpged y iedr`k edo hds kstéoìrks piri su cri`d. ^dr supukstd, ks juy
prdlilhk quk od biyi uo sdhd sihõo `k ehisks ko hds Ksti`ds [og`ds `do`k td`ds
hds kstu`giotks sk ifustko i ksds piréjktrds. Isê quk jg edoskfd ks quk, piri hds
ksergtdrks
ksergtdrks edo jkods kxpkrgkoegi d piri iqukhhds quk kstço kserglgko`d pdr `klifd
`k hds piréjktrds `k su cri`d, lusquk kstritkcgis isgcoiìs i cri`ds y ogvkhks

gomkrgdrks i hd quk ustk` koskùi1 y sg ksté trilifio`d edo ksergtdrks kspkegihjkotk
iviozi`ds, usk kstritkcgis isgcoiìs i cri`ds y ogvkhks supkrgdrks i hd quk ustk`
koskùi (pdr kfkjphd, uo kstu`giotk jés iviozi`d `k hd quk sk edosg`krirêi
uo kstu`giotk têpged `k skcuo`d cri`d pd`rêi lkok﬉egirsk `k uoi kstritkcgi
rkedjkoìì piri euirtd i detivd cri`d). @k bkebd, goehusd `kotrd `k uo jgsjd
cri`d y ogvkh, his bilghgì`ks `k uo ogùd eijlgio `k skptgkjlrk i fuogd, isê quk
ih edjgkozd `kh iùd uo jikstrd `k ago`krcirtko pd`rêi goehgoirsk jés biegi his
kstritkcgis piri kh ogvkh ‘kjkrckotk‚, y biegi kh ﬉oih `kh iùd pd`rêi usir uoi jkzehi
`k kstritkcgis iprdpgiìs piri hds cri`ds A y 9. (]ki hi tilhi `k hi pécgoi 2.)

îrtk GG6 Cçokrd
I`kjés `k hds ogvkhks, tijlgço bk g`kotg﬉ei`d piri quç cçokrds puk`k skr jés
iprdpgiì
iprdpgiì eiì kstritkcgi. Ko ihcuods
ihcuod s eisds, vkré quk hi kstritkcgi tgkok kh rõtuhd
‘td`ds‚‚, hd quk sgcog﬉ei quk, edo pkqukùis
‘td`ds p kqukùis iìptiegdoks ko kh hkocuifk, pd`ré
ifustirhi i euihqugkr tgpd `k ksergtd6 tkxtd gomdrjitgvd/od ﬉eegõo, tkxtd `k dpgogõo/
pkrsuisgvd,, oirriegõo d pdksêi.
pkrsuisgvd pd ksêi. ^dr kfkjphd, ‘Kserglk uo pdkji
pd kji piri g`kotg﬉eir
kh komdquk‚ (pécgoi 907) ks uoi kstritkcgi
k stritkcgi quk ipirkek ko his prgjkris pécgois `kh
dlfktgvd sdlrk Komdquk/Ugcog﬉ei`d. Ko ksti kstritkcgi sk pg`k i hds kstu`giotks quk
tdjko kh tkxtd hircd quk bio ksergtd (gomdrjitgvd, dpgogõo d oirriegõo) y tritko `k
edo`kosir su kskoegi ko uo pdkji, piri hd euih tko`réo quk edosg`krir his pihilris
îri edjkozir 3


>2.ispx
ûk`k bihhir
edrrkhiegdoks pdr cri`ds
y ogvkhks piri eiì
kstritkcgi ko hi tilhi ih
edjgkozd `k eiì eipêtuhd.
Kstritkcgis piri edhildrir edo pirkfis y ehulks `k ksergturi

Cri`ds Cçokrds/
Kstritkcgi y ogvkhks Pgpds `k
`k tkxtd ^rdeksd
sds
s
9>.9
9>.9 Kseuebi hds sdog`ds `k his pihilris edo tu
tu pirkfi
pirkfi
A―9 Pd`ds K`gtir
`k ksergturi
9>.< Edhildrir ko pirkfis piri biekr quk kh tkxtd ski jés ehird A―< Pd`ds \kvgsir, k`gtir
9>.5 Eukoti uo eukotd edo `glufds répg`ds A―5 Oirriegõo Kosiyir, `ksirrdhhir
Kosiyir, ckokrir y rkuogr,

9>.0 Edjkoti hi g`ki y `kspuçs kserglk A―2 Pd`ds
`ksirrdhhir,, biekr uo ldrri`dr
`ksirrdhhir
9>.; Biz prdjksis (quk pukìs eujphgr) A―2 Pd`ds Pd`ds
9>.= Pu pirkfi tk prkcuoti (piri biekrtk pkosir) 9―2 Pd`ds \kvgsir
9>.3 @gjk6 ´Pgkok skotg`d4

@g 9―2 Pd`ds \kvgsir
9>.2 \goeõo piri pirkfis `k ksergturi <―2 Pd`ds Pd`ds
9>.7 Uk lusei/Uk dmrkek iyuì

Uk <―2 Pd`ds Pd`ds
@ksirrdhhir, biekr uo ldrri`dr,

9>.9> K^
K^^ (Khdcgir, ^rkcuotir, ûhgr) <―2 Pd`ds
rkvgsir, k`gtir
9>.99 @g
@gjk6 ´Koeifi edo jg gotkoegõo4 5―2 Pd`ds \kvgsir
9>.9< Gotkrrujpk i tu pirkfi `k ksergturi 5―2 Oirriegõo Kosiyir, `ksirrdhhir

9>.95 Lusei `ktihhks `k ﬉eegõo edo tu pirkfi `k ksergturi 5―2 Oirriegõo
rkvgsir
9>.90 Erki uo ehul 0―2 Pd`ds Pd`ds
9>.9;
9>.9; Eukoti uo eukotd piri `keg`gr kh puotd `k vgsti y hi
0―2 Oirriegõo @ksirrdhhir, rkvgsir
pkrspketgvi
9>.9= @gjk6 Éõjd tk imketi4 0―2 Pd`ds \kvgsir
9>.93 Ed`g﬉ei kh tkxtd 0―2 Pd`ds \kvgsir

9>.92 \kspuksti pdr ksergtd 0―2 Pd`ds
rkvgsir, k`gtir
9>.97 Eijlgds y dpegdoks ;―2 Pd`ds \kvgsir


>2.ispx
jés gjpdrtiotks y kh sgcog﬉ei`d jés gjpdrtiotk quk qugkrko triosjgtgr. ¡Kstd

muoegdoi piri td`ds hds cçokrds!
Dtris kstritkcgis sdo rkihjkotk kxehusgvis piri kh cçokrd, tih edjd hi kstritkcgi
‘¡Db, od!... ¡[y!... ¡[m
¡[m !‚ `kh dlfktgvd `k Drciogziegõo y kstrueturi (pécgoi 937), quk
`grgck i hds ogùds i ipr
iprko`kr
ko`kr i kstrueturir uoi oirriegõo edo uo prdlhkji prgoegpih
quk kjpkdri bisti quk sk rksukhvk ih ﬉oih. Dtrd kfkjphd kspkeê﬉ed ih cçokrd ks hi
hkeegõo sdlrk khildrir uo kouoegi`d `k tksgs quk rkihjkotk sdhd ks iprdpgi`d piri
*
tkxtds pkrsuisgvds.
@gebd kstd, biy oujkrdsds kfkjphds quk sk goehgoio kotrk uod y dtrd cçokrd.
@gvg`gr his edsis pdr cçokrd i vkeks rksuhti irtg﬉egih. Hi ﬉eegõo ods puk`k koskùir
sdlrk kh juo`d y hi ckotk `k hi vgì rkih1 od ks ihcd kxehusgvd `k hds tkxtds
gomdrjitgvds. Hi pdksêi puk`k skr oirritgvi (edjd ko Yugkrk i ksk
pkrrd QErkkeb
pkrrd QErkkeb <>9>Z) d koskùirods uo prdek`gjgkotd (edjd hds
`k﬉ogegdoks
hglrds `k Fdrck Ircukti, Cuieijdhk. [o pdkji piri edegoir
Q<>9=lZ y Irrdz
y Irrdz edo
edo hkebk. [o pdkji piri
piri edegoir
edegoir Q<>9=iZ).
Q<>9=iZ).
Hk
Hi oirriegõo, i su vkz, puk`k i`qugrgr hi mdrji `k pdkji koskùi
(edjd ko Hi cihhgoi Ededrgoi Qîvõo

Ededrgoi Qîvõo <>99Z). ih hketdr
ìtds d bkebds
îri silkr quç kstritkcgis isgcoir, skré gjpdrtiotk ckokrihks sdlrk uo
kfkjphds `k cçokrds
tkji1 kh tkxtd sk lisi
g`kotg﬉eir kh tgpd `k tkxtd quk sus kstu`giotks khgfio, prgoegpihjkotk ko hds
edodegjgkotds `kh
d kh tgpd quk ustk` ksté koskùio`d ko ehisk. Ko his iutdr, pkrd puk`k
cré﬉eis `k his pécgois 7 i 99, dmrkzed kfkjphds `k goehugr ihcd `k Pd`d sdlrk
govkstgciegõo.
jd`ds, cçokrds y `k﬉ogegdoks `k cçokrds piri
uo tkji jd`d
iyuìrhd i phiog﬉eir, eitkcdrgzir y edotkxtuihgzir
Hk koskùi ih
Gomdrjk `k
tkxtd
his kstritkcgis. hketdr gomdrjiegõo
sdlrk uo tkji1 kh
tkxtd sk lisi ko
govkstgciegõo gomdrjitgvd/
govkstgciegõo
govkstgciegõo pdr
pirtk `kh iutdr. od ﬉eegõo
‘Eõjd
biekr ihcd‚
Lgdcrimêi
\khiti hi bgstdrgi
`k uoi pkrsdoi `k
gjpdrtioegi bgstõrgei.
Edgoeg`k edo hi
oirriegõo.
îri edjkozir 7


>2.ispx
`k﬉ogegdoks
Oirriegõo
pkrsdoih
jd`d
oirriegõo Mgeegõo
rkihgsti
Jkjdrgis
Mgeegõo
bgstõrgei
Eukotd
govkoti`d edo
ihcuods `ktihhks
bgstõrgeds
Mdrji
﬉`k`gcods.
`k kvihuiegõo
ko hi quk kh iutdr
fuzci hds jçrgtds `kh
sufktd `k hi rkskùi
liséo`dsk ko ergtkrgds
iprdpgi`ds. ^dr kfkjphd, hi
rkskùi `k uo rkstiuriotk K`gtdrgih
pd`rêi goehugr odtis d Pkxtd
g`kis sdlrk kh ijlgkotk, ircujkotitgvd
hi edjgì y kh skrvgegd.
\kskùi
Kxpdsgegõo `kh tkxtd `k

pkosijgkotd `kh iutdr,
pdr hd ckokrih edo uoi
dpgogõo/
pdsgegõo, g`ki d tksgs
ehirijkotk irtgeuhiì.
Kosiyd
pkrsuisgvd
^d`rêi edgoeg`gr edo
kh tkxtd gomdrjitgvd
d hi oirriegõo, jd`d
`kpko`gko`d `k hi
mdrji quk tdjk kh
kosiyd. @gseursd
9> `k﬉ogegdoks


>2.ispx
`k﬉ogegdoks
]krsd hglrk
jd`d
pdksêi ^dksêi
oirritgvi
Bigau
^dkji `k
rkedrtks
^dkji quk usi his pihilris

`k uo tkxtd ko prdsi d
`k dtrd tgpd `k tkxtd,
ifustéo`dhis i hi mdrji
pdçtgei.

îrtk GGG6 ^rdeksd
Od kxgstk uo öoged prdeksd piri kserglgr. Ug hkkjds d kseuebijds kotrkvgstis edo
`gstgotds iutdrks, vkrkjds quk eiì uod dmrkek uoi rkspuksti `gstgoti i hi prkcuoti `k
eõjd oieko sus hglrds. Ihcuods sgjphkjkotk kserglko uo ldrri`dr
ldrri`dr.. Dtrds bieko uo
ldrri`dr y hd rkvgsio virgis vkeks. Dtrds jés bieko uo phio jgouegdsd iotks `k gogegir
kh ldrri`dr. Ihcuods ìo hircis eijgoitis y prietgeio ko su jkotk hd quk kserglgréo y,
euio`d kstéo hgstds, sk sgkotio i phisjir sus g`kis ko kh pipkh. Hds ksergtdrks tijlgço
usio `gvkrsds tçrjgods ih bilhir `kh jgsjd prdeksd6 pdr kfkjphd, ietgvgì
ietgvgì`ks
`ks prkvgis
i hi ksergturi, kosiyir y `ksirrdhhir
`ksirrdhhir uoi g`ki puk`ko
g`ki puk`ko skr sgoõogjds. Uki edjd ski, erkd
quk ks `gmêegh koedotrir uo ksergtdr quk od sgci uo prdeksd, tih edjd hd phiotki @doih`
Jurriy6
Jurriy6 ‘^kosir ko hi ksergturi `k uo tkxtd edjd uo prdeksd ks iekptir hi g`ki `k quk
hds ksergtdrks bieko ihcd jés quk rkcgstrir sueksds d ìtds. ^gkosio mrkotk i hi pécgoi,
`kseulrko quç qugkrko `kegr y tiotkio edo his pihilris ih gr kserglgko`d. Kh rksuhti`d
﬉oih eisg ouoei ks hd quk phiokir
phiokirdo.
do. Kstd sgcog﬉ei quk hi ksergturi ks ihcd quk `klk
*
koskùirsk, od sgjphkjkotk isgcoirsk‚ (972;, 0, `kh hglrd ko gochçs).
îri edjkozir 99


>2.ispx
Edovgkok koskùir i hds ksergtdrks ko `ksirrdhhd uo

uo prdeksd,
prdeksd, silgko`d quk edo kh
tgkjpd iìptiréo hd quk sk hks bi koskùi`d y `ksirrdhhiréo uo prdeksd pkrsdoih y
i`keui`d piri khhds.
I juebds ogùds `k hds cri`ds A―< sk hks koskùi i skcugr uo prdeksd ko kh quk
edjgkozio pdr ckokrir uo tkji y hukcd sk hks pg`k quk bilhko y/d bicio `glufds
répg`ds piri `ksirrdhhir
`ksirrdhhir iöo jés su g`ki. @kspuçs `k ksd,
k sd, kserglko uo ldrri`dr
l drri`dr,, quk ih
prgoegpgd edosgstk prgoegpihjkotk
prgoegpihjkotk ko `glufds d ldsqukfds
l dsqukfds i hds quk jés i`khiotk sk hks
sujio pihilris. I jkou`d biréo virgds kfkjphds `kh tgpd `k ksergtd quk qugkrko biekr
iotks `k rkcrksir y khkcgr uod d `ds piri rkvgsir y k`gtir
k `gtir (Eihagos 9770). Kh `gicriji
`k ilifd ks uo kfkjphd vgsuih `kh prdeksd. Bk odti`d quk hi mukrzi y pkrsgstkoegi `k
hds ogùds i ksti kì` ks jiydr ùriotk his misks ko his quk sk `k`geio i biekr oukvds
ksergtds, yi ski phiog﬉eio`d hd quk vio i kserglgr d kserglgko`d kh ldrri`dr.
ldrri`dr.
Ko hds prgjkrds cri`ds `k hi koskùiozi prgjirgi, hi jiydrêi `k hds jikstrds
iyuì i hds ogùds i prkpirir eirpktis `k ksergturi y hks dmrkeko virgis dpegdoks
`k pipkh piri ipdyir su trilifd ùriotk hi bdri `k ksergturi. Hds
H ds kstu`giotks
khkcgréo `k jiokri go`kpko`gkotk
go`kpko `gkotk pécgois sukhtis d hglrgtds edo bdfis prkvgijkotk
kocripiìs. (Ko hi skeegõo sdlrk ekotrds `k ksergturi, pécgois <5 i <;, pd`ré hkkr
jés sdlrk hi khkeegõo `kh tgpd `k pipkh).
* khkcgr uoi g`ki
ckokrir y
rkuogr g`kis
kosiyir/
phiog﬉eir
(bilhir
y/d biekr
`glufds
pulhgeir répg`ds)
(biekr uoi
eulgkrti,, edhdrkir
eulgkrti
hds `glufds,
edjpirtgr y/d
ekhklrir) biekr uo
ldrri`dr
(biekr `glufds
répg`ds y/d
kserglgr)
k`gtir rkvgsir
(`glufds y/d
pihilris)
^rdeksd quk juebds kstu`giotks `k A―< sgcuko ih khildrir sus ksergtds.
9< KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I


>2.ispx
Kh pipkh piri
ogùds `k
ago`krcirtko
d piri hds quk
edjgkozio kh
prgjkr cri`d
dmrkek uo
rkeui`rd crio`k
piri `glufir y
pdokrhk rõtuhds
ih `glufd.
Kstk tgpd `k pipkh piri kserglgr hk pkrjgtk ih

Pdìs his
kstu`giotk biekr uo ldsqukfd ko kh rkeui`rd `k 9.
dpegdoks `k pipkh
irrgli y hukcd kserglgr ko hds rkochdoks `k ilifd. piri kserglgr quk
Hds jikstrds puk`ko dmrkekr `gstgotis dpegdoks,
ipirkeko iquê sk puk`ko
yi ski rkeui`rds jés crio`ks d pkqukùds, jés
`kseircir `k
d jkods rkochdoks, bdfis sukhtis d hglrgtds edo
bttp6//bkgo.pul/
bdfis prkvgijkotk kocripiìs.
KstritkcgisKsergturi.
<.
5.
5.
Kh pipkh piri kserglgr

tkxtds `k
`k prdek`gjgkotd
prdek`gjgkotd
d piri phiog﬉eir uoi
oirriegõo
oirriegõo ko skeukoegi
pd`rêi goehugr pisds
oujkri`ds.
Kh pipkh piri kserglgr

pdksêi puk`k tkokr
Kh pipkh piri
`gvkrsds kserglgr
`gskùds `k tihtkxtds
jd`dgomdrjitgvds tgkok
quk kh ksergtdr rkochdoks edrtds piri
cugir ih ksergtdr ko kh
pukì khkcgr eõjd prkskotir hi gomdrjiegõo.
edrtk `k hds rkochdoks.
îri edjkozir 95


>2.ispx
I`kjés `k hi eirpkti `k ksergturi, ihcuods jikstrds `k hds cri`ds A―< iogjio

i hds ogùds i tkokr uoi pkqukùi y skoeghhi hglrkti ‐bkebi edo uoi pghi pkqukùi `k
pipkhks kocripi`ds
kocripi`ds d uoi hglrkti tijiùd ldhsghhd edjpriì ko uoi tgkoì‐ piri
iodtir pdsglhks g`kis y tkjis `k ksergturi.
Ksti eirpkti `k ksergturi `k uo kstu`giotk `k prgjkr cri`d jukstri ko uo hi`d kh trilifd ko eursd
y, ko kh dtrd hi`d, hds trilifds tkrjgoi`ds pdr ibdri. @k jiokri go`kpko`gkotk, kh kstu`giotk
lusei jés pipkh euio`d ksté hgstd piri gogegir uo oukvd ksergtd y rköok ko hi eirpkti hds trilifds
piri skr rkvgsi`ds y k`gti`ds jés i`khiotk. Kh jipi ko mdrji `k edrizõo (Bkir` <>9=) quk
sdlrksihk `k hi eirpkti rkeukrì ih kstu`giotk hds pdsglhks tkjis `k ksergturi.
I pirtgr `kh tkrekr cri`d, hds jikstrds sukhko khkcgr eui`krods `k ksergturi jés
mdrjihks. Ko kstds eui`krods, hds kstu`giotks iodtio sus g`kis ko `ksirrdhhd, pdsglhks
tkjis `k ksergturi k g`kis tkotitgvis piri uo ldrri`dr. Juebds ksergtdrks usio sus
eui`krods piri biekr hgstis `k tkjis pdsglhks, piri rkuogr mricjkotds quk pgkosio
usir jés i`khiotk y piri kxpkrgjkotir edo ispketds `k sus ksergtds, tihks edjd
prdlir `gmkrkotks ksqukjis piri drciogzir su ksergtd, kosiyir `gstgotis

pdsglghgì`ks piri hi gotrdùeegõo d erkir rk`ks `k pihilris piri `ksirrdhhir
sus pkrsdoifks (Mhktebkr <>>5). Iotks `kh tkrekr cri`d (k goehusd ko kh jgsjd
tkrekr cri`d), hds ogùds od sukhko tkokr kh `ksirrdhhd okeksirgd piri tiotkir
g`kis ko uo eui`krod, hd quk rktirì hi ktipi `kh prdeksd `k ksergturi ko kh
quk edjgkozio i kserglgr su ldrri`dr. Kstds ksergtdrks jés fõvkoks sukhko
lkok﬉egirsk `kh ipdyd quk dmrkek kserglgr `grketijkotk i hd hircd `k virgis
pécgois `k uo hglrgtd, y pd`rêio tkokr `g﬉euhti` piri trishiìr skeegdoks `k
tkxtd `k uo eui`krod ih ldrri`dr euio`d hhkcuk kh jdjkotd.
^dr hd tiotd, piri hds cri`ds 5 ko i`khiotk, kh prdeksd skré hgckrijkotk
Ko su eui`krod `k ksergturi, uo ogùd `k
euirtd cri`d rköok g`kis, phioks y pruklis `gmkrkotk quk kh `k hds prgjkrds cri`ds `k hi koskùiozi prgjirgi, ihcd
iotks `kh ldrri`dr. Ko hi eirpkti, cuirì pirkeg`d i hd quk sk jukstri ko kh `gicriji `k hi pécgoi 9;.
ldrri`drks ko eursd.


>2.ispx
Pkoci ko eukoti quk hds kstu`giotks od sk rkcgréo kxietijkotk pdr kh prdeksd

quk ustk` hks prkskotk1 hd gjpdrtiotk ks quk sgcio ihcöo tgpd `k prdeksd quk hks
pkrjgti dltkokr, kxphdrir y `ksirrdhhir sus g`kis. Jurriy hd `gek silgijkotk6 ‘Kh
prdeksd od ks hgokih, sgod rkeursgvd. Kh ksergtdr sgcuk kh prdeksd uoi d virgis vkeks,
biegko`d çomisgs ko `gmkrkotks
`g mkrkotks ktipis ùriotk
ùriotk eiì pisifk. Od biy uo sdhd prdeksd,
sgod juebds‚ (triùeegõo hglrk `kh hglrd ko gochçs `k Jurriy 972;, 0).
*
khkcgr
`ksirrdhhir
ckokrir y
g`kis
rkuogr g`kis (tiotkir
g`kis ko kh
eui`krod)
kosiyir/
phiog﬉eir
pulhgeir
(bilhir/biekr
`glufds
répg`ds)
biekr uo
k`gtir
ldrri`dr
rkvgsir
Juebds kstu`giotks `kh tkrekr cri`d ko i`khiotk skcugréo uo prdeksd sgjghir i kstk.
îri edjkozir 9;


>2.ispx
[oi kstritkcgi ks uo ‘eõjd biekr

ihcd‚ pisd i pisd. Hi kstritkcgi sk puk`k iphgeir ih
edotkog`d `k euihqugkr mdrjitd `k gostrueegõo, edjd
edomkrkoegis, crupds pkqukùds, jgog-hkeegdoks,
sksgdoks `k ksergturi gotkrietgvi d edjpirtgì, kte.
Kh ‘eõjd biekr ihcd‚ hks dmrkek i hds kstu`giotks
=.55 Éõjd bilhi tu pkrsdoifk4
=.55 hi dpdrtuogì` `k prietgeir uoi `kstrkzi quk iöo
od puk`ko biekr iutdjétgeijkotk. îri hkkr jés
sdlrk kstritkcgis, edosuhtk his pécgois 92 i <>.
´îri
´îri qugço ks4 Kstritkcgi ^gkosi ko tus pkrsdoifks edjd sg mukrio rkihks. ^gkosi ko hds
h ds `ktihhks
`k eõjd bilhio (vdz, ei`koegi, fkrci, `gihketd, iekotd). ^hiogmgei d rkvgsi kstds
`ktihhks ko hds `géhdcds piri biekr quk tu pkrsdoifk ski öoged.
OG]KHKU
0―2 Kfkjphd `k koskùiozi Eiì uod `k tus pkrsdoifks `klk tkokr uoi vdz `gstgotgvi,
tio ehiri y öogei quk kh hketdr ski eipiz `k `kegr qugço ksté bilhio`d ko eiì jdjkotd,
sgo okeksgì` `k hkkr hds goegsds `kh oirri`dr. ûk`ks pkosir ko `gmkrkotks eirietkrêstgeis
Kh kfkjphd `k koskùiozi quk puk`k tkokr hi vdz `k tu pkrsdoifk. [oi[oi ks hi ei`koegi. ^gkosi ko sg kh pkrsdoifk
CÇOK\D /
go`gei `k quç jd`d yd kxphgeirêi d sukhk `kegr mrisks edrtis d hircis y rkpktgtgvis. Dtri eirietkrêstgei
eirietkrêstgei ks hi fkrci. ^gkosi ko
PG^D @K PKRPD
`kjdstrirêi hi kstritkcgi ùriotk his kxprksgdoks quk tu pkrsdoifk pd`rêi usir, d pihilris y mrisks quk usk i jkou`d
oirriegõo
hi gostrueegõo. Kstds kfkjphds hd ko sgtuiegdoks edjuoks. Pijlgço puk`ks komdeirtk ko kh `gihketd d iekotd `k tu pkrsdoifk
iyuìréo i ustk` edjd jikstrd k goehugr ihcuois pihilris `khktrkiìs mdoçtgeijkotk piri rk﬌kfir su mdrji `k bilhir.
i kotko`kr jkfdr hi kstritkcgi
y hk ìréo uoi g`ki `k hd quk Uuckrkoegi piri kh jikstrd Pkoci ko eukoti quk ksti kstritkcgi pd`rêi
pd`rêi `kegrhks i sus kstu`giotks. `gvg`grsk ko virgis hkeegdoks `gmkrkotks6 uoi sdlrk hi ei`koegi, dtri sdlrk hi fkrci,
^\DEKUDU
^rdeurk iìptir kh hkocuifk piri
`ksirrdhhir, dtri sdlrk kh iekotd, kte.
biekrhd prdpgd y dmrkekr sus prdpgds biekr
kfkjphds `k ksergturiuokoldrri`dr,
hucir `k rkvgsir [sir uo jkotdr [o luko kfkjphd ks @do Mieuo`d Grieuo`d, kh vkegod `kh
usir hds jêds. Isgjgsjd, goedrpdrk skcuo`d (Ihgici <>9=). @do Mieuo`d Grieuo`d ks uoBkioegiod suckrkoegis y
iùi`g`d jihbujdri`d
rkmkrkoegis i tkxtds quk sus eiì vkz quk bilhi hd biek edo uo tdod cruùõo y `ksicriìlhk. @ks`k ko
piri kh jikstrd khhucirks
gogegd quk
kstu`giotks edodzeio ko hucir `k `k hi bgstdrgi pd`kjds `kùegr quk od sk triti `k uojkrkeêio
pkrsdoifkuoisgjpétged
kxphgeiegõo euio`d
i`gegdoih.
hds quk yd sucgkrd. @k ksk jd`d, `gek6 ‘‐¡Yuç pdei vkrcøkozi! ‐crgtili, edo su vdz `k hiti‐. ¡I hi pdhgeêi! ¡]dy ¡]dy
Ko deisgdoks, ksti skeegõo dmrkek
i hhijir i hi pdhgeêi! ¡W i hds ickotks `k skcurgì`!‚. Kh ioegiod sgkjprk sk jukstri
sus kfkjphds sk ifustiréo jkfdr piutis i`gegdoihks, pdr kfkjphd,
crdskrd edo hds `kjés, y kh tdod
i hi kì` y i hds edodegjgkotds edo quk kh iutdr kserglk hds `géhdcds eõjd iìptir hi kstritkcgi i `gstgotds
prkvgds `k sus kstu`giotks. euio`d @do Mieuo`d bilhi ks cçokrds d jd`ds `k ksergturi, d eõjd
edbkrkotkk i hd hircd
edbkrkot h ircd `k hi bgstdrgi6 iìptirhi i ksergtdrks quk tgkoko
‘‐¡Hi`rõo! ¡Uukhtk ibdri jgsjd i jés d jkods kxpkrgkoegi.
jg Cdhgit! ‐hk crgtõ, ijkoizéo`dhd
ijkoizéo`dhd
edo kh piricuis‐. ¡Jihbkebdr!
¡Ukeukstri`dr `k iogjihks
go`kmkosds!‚.
Edoskfds
• ^gkosi ko eõjd bilhi kh pkrsdoifk.
• ]ukhvk i hkkr kh `géhdcd
quk kserglgstk.
¡Jk qugtd kh • Ýuç eijlgds birêis ko kh
Ko eiì`géhdcd
kstritkcgi ipirkeko
piri quk hi vdz `kh
sdjlrkrd! edoskfds quk sucgkrko kh hkocuifk
(hketuri rkedjkoì
rkedjkoìì)6
ì)6 pkrsdoifk ski ehiri y `gstgotgvi4
Lrkitbgoc Go, Lrkitbgoc quk ustk` pd`rêi usir ih cugir i
Dut6 Akkpgoc i Srgtkr‗s hds kstu`giotks jgkotris prietgeio
Odtkldda (Mhktebkr 977=) hi kstritkcgi. Kstds edoskfds sdo
kjpufdoegtds piri iogjir i hds ogùds
i quk gotkotko ihcd jgkotris trilifio,
<02 KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I
d lgko, edjkotirgds sdlrk hd quk kstéo
tritio`d `k hdcrir.
<9 koedotriré jésKo his pécgois
gomdrjiegõo <> y
sdlrk
hds edoskfds piri hds kstu`giotks.
9= KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I


>2.ispx
Ko kh jircko `k eiì pécgoi koedotriré rõtuhds

quk go`geio piri qugço ks jés i`keuiì hi kstritkcgi.
Bk goehug`d uo riocd têpged `k cri`ds y ogvkhks ko hds
=.50 Iìpti hi mdrji `k bilhir `k tus
=.50 quk prdlilhkjkotk koskùirêi eiì kstritkcgi, iuoquk
hds ogvkhks `k `ksirrdhhd `k ksergturi `k hds kstu`giotks
pkrsdoifks ih pkrgd`d bgstõrged
skcurijkotk virgiréo ko eiì cri`d y ogvkh, y pdr hd
tiotd, ksti `klk skr uoi cuêi mhkxglhk. Pijlgço bk goehug`d
pisds rkedjkoì`ds `kh prdeksd `k ksergturi y pdsglhks
cçokrds. îri dltkokr jés gomdrjiegõo sdlrk eõjd khkcgr hi
Kstritkcgi Hkk dtris oirriegdoks quk tkocio
kstritkcgi hucir
piri eiì ko kh jgsjd
kstu`giotk, vki hispkrgd`d
pécgois bgstõrged
92 i <>. ´îri
´îri qugço ks4
`kh euih kstés kserglgko`d. Iodti kh vdeiluhirgd y hi jiokri `k bilhir `k hds
pkrsdoifks ko kh tkxtd. Ih kserglgr hds `géhdcds `k tu ksergtd, triti `k goedrpdrir hi
jgsji mdrji `k bilhir y kh jgsjd tgpd `k vdeiluhirgd piri quk tus pkrsdoifks skio OG]KHKU
iutçotgeds. 0―2
[sir uo jkotdr Iskcörksk `k khkcgr uo tkxtd jkotdr quk tkoci `géhdcds quk

jukstrko ehirijkotk
ehirijkotk kh pkrgd`d bgstõrged ko quk ksté ksergti hi h i oirriegõo. [o CÇOK\DU /
luko kfkjphd ks hi iìptiegõo piri ogùds `kh ehésged @do Yugfdtk `k hi Jioebi Jioebi PG^DU @K PKRPD
`k (Ekrviotks Uiivk`ri <>9;)6 Hi skeegõo tgtuhiì [sir uo jkotdr dmrkek
oirriegõo `k od
‘Ouoei mukri eilihhkrd, `k ìjisrkedjkoìegdoks
tio lgko skrvg`d,`k tkxtds,
edjd egtis,
mukri @doiutdrks, dtrds
Yugfdtk euio`d `k mgeegõo, mgeegõo
su ih`ki vgod.‚ (90) jikstrds k, goehusd, ijgcds quk puk`ko skrvgr `k bgstõrgei
kfkjphd
‘Icri`kzed ih egkhd ksti deisgõo piri piri hds
sdedrrkr kstu`giotks
i ihcugko quk hdsdlrk hi tçeogei
okeksgti.‚ (9=)`k
ksergturi
‘¡@gebdsi krks, @uhegoki, puks tgkoks ko ieegõo.
hi `gebi `k skr Od ù`kpdr
ijiì ko usir hds quk yd
uo eilihhkrd sucgkrd
edjd yd,
quk bi `kmko`g`d edo vihdr i kskd tgkrod
khgfi ihcuods `k (92)
gomiotk!‚ sus jkotdrks mivdrgtds. îri dltkokr ^\DEKUDU
jés
‘´@õo`k kstés, skùdri jêi, quk od gomdrjiegõo
tk ùkhk sdlrk
jg jih4 D odjkotdrks,
hd silks,vki hi skeegõo
skùdri, d krksquk
mihsi y
`ksirrdhhir, rkvgsir
`kshkih.‚ (<9)
edjgkozi ko hi pécgoi <2.
Kh ksergtdr quk kstu`gi kstds mric-m ric-

jkotds vkré quk kh hkocuifk pkrtkokek
i dtri çpdei. Kh prdticdogsti usi
uo vdeiluhirgd mdrjih y iotgeui`d
iotgeui`d..
Hi sgotixgs ods jukstri kh pkrgd`d
bgstõrged ko quk sk sgtöi hi odvkhi, Ko eisg tdìs his pécgois
isê edjd kh éjlgtd `k hi oirriegõo6 `k kstk hglrd koedotriré uoi d
kh juo`d `k hds eilihhkrds. jés hketuris rkedjkoììs lifd
Eiì hkeegõo ksté iedjpiùiì kh koeilkzi`d ¡Jk qugtd kh
`k khkjkotds vgsuihks. sdjlrkrd! Ihhê bicd rkmkrkoeg
rkmkrkoegii
Edoskfds
@kpko`gko`d `k hi hkeegõo,
• ´Ko quç pkrgd`d i vkeks
bgstõrged i hds tkxtds ko hds quk jk lisç
goehuyd uo eirtkh
sk sgtöi `g`éetged y dtris
tu oirriegõo4 piri his g`kis `k his kstritkcgis
vkeks uoiihcuods
• Lusei tirfkti `kkfkjphds
dlfktgvd `k dtris
pkrsdoihgziì piri kotrkcirhi
bgstdrgis ksergtis ih
ko ksk pkrgd`d. dgospgriegõo.
hds iutdrks quk jk sgrvgkrdo `k
• Ibdri quk bis vgstd ihcuods
kstu`giotk. Ko dtrds eisds, dmrkzed
uokfkjphds,
kfkjphd `kh´quç pihilris
trilifd `k uo
y kxprksgdoks usirêio hds
kstu`giotk d goehusd mdtdcrimêis
pkrsdoifks `k ksk pkrgd`d4
`k kstu`giotks jgkotris prietgeio
• Ibdri triti `k icrkcir ksk ¡Jk qugtd kh
hi vdeiluhirgd
kstritkcgi. Jikstrds
y mdrji
mdrji`k td`d
`k
kh bilhir
piês ilrgkrdo ckokrdsijkotk
sdjlrkrd!
i tu ldrri`dr. (hketuri rkedjkoì`
rkedjkoìì)6
i)6
su sihõo `k ehisks piri pdokr i Mgo`goc tbk Bkirt dm
prukli his hkeegdoks pghdtd y kovgir Odomgetgdo6 Pkiebgoc
kfkjphds `k su trilifd. Ko his 3 Ksskotgih Erimt Pddhs
wgtb Jkotdr Pkxts
pécgois <; i <2, pd`ré koedotrir (Bkir` <>95)
jés gomdrjiegõo sdlrk his tilhis y
bkrrijgkotis.
Khildriegõo <07
îri edjkozir 93


>2.ispx
󲀬
Koskùir hds dlfktgvds `k ksergturi
i hd hircd `kh tgkjpd
[oi vkz quk biyi kstilhkeg`d kh dlfktgvd `k ksergturi `kh kstu`giotk ‐i pirtgr `k
virgds tkxtds quk bi ksergtd d i pirtgr
pirtgr `k uo kfkjphd
kfkjphd `k ksergtur
ksergturii jés mdrji
mdrjihh erki`d
erki`d
‘i pktgegõo‚ i pirtgr `k uo tkji `ktkrjgoi`d‐, ustk` `klkré edosg`krir eõjd ipdyir
kh dlfktgvd `kh kstu`giotk i hd hircd `kh tgkjpd. Ko his sgcugkotks skeegdoks, kxphged
his kstritkcgis, hi rktrdihgjkotiegõo y his piutis edo jés `ktihhk piri iyuìrhd i
vgsuihgzir
vgsuihgzir eõjd
eõjd sk hhkvi i eild hi gostrueeg
gostrueegõo
õo `k hi
hi kstritkcgi
kstritkcgi ko
ko kh sihõo
sihõo `k ehisks.
ehisks.
Iekrei `k his kstritkcgis

^d`kjds pkosir ko hds dlfktgvds edjd kh quç y
y ko his kstritkcgis edjd kh eõjd
eõjd.. Eiì
kstritkcgi `ksedjpdok kh trilifd `k hi `kstrkzi d hi tçeogei `k ksergturi ko uoi skrgk
`k pisds préetgeds. His
H is kstritkcgis iyuìo i tdjir ihcd quk hds ksergtdrks
k sergtdrks edjpktkotks
bieko `k jd`d oiturih, iutdjétged y sgo ksmukrzd edosegkotk, y hd vukhvko vgsglhk,
ehird y vgilhk piri kh ksergtdr ko mdrjiegõo. @keg`gr koskùir kstritkcgis sgcog﬉ei quk
kstijds `khglkriìjkotk koskùio`d ih ksergtdr , od sdhd jkfdrio`d kh ksergtd
ksergtd.. Od
irrkchijds uo ksergtd ko pirtgeuhir, sgod jés lgko kjpd`krijds ih kstu`giotk edo kh
edodegjgkotd okeksirgd piri trilifir pdr sê jgsjd ko su tkxtd y ko muturds ksergtds
(Eihagos 97701 Crivks 9725). Hi koskùiozi `k kstritkcgis `k ksergturi bi `kjdstri`d
skr uoi `k his préetgeis `k gostrueegõo jés kmketgvis ko hi koskùiozi `k hi ksergturi
y ko his ehisks `k rkmukrzd `k ksergturi (Cribij kt ih. <>9<1
ih. <>9<1 @uak <>90).
[oi kstritkcgi ks uoi kspkegk `k ioìjgd tkjpdrih quk hk pkrjgtk ih kstu`giotk
prietgeir uoi `kstrkzi. ^dr hd ckokrih, kh ‘eõjd biekr ihcd‚ sk
sk hk dmrkek ùriotk uoi
hkeegõo, quk hukcd prietgeiré fuotd ih jikstrd. [oi vkz quk iprkoì uoi kstritkcgi,
kh ogùd `klk kotko`kr quk okeksgti skcugr prietgeéo`
prietgeéo`dhi
dhi `k jd`d go`kpko`gkotk.
^dr hd tiotd, ks gjpdrtiotk koskùir uoi kstritkcgi `k mdrji su﬉egkotkjkotk ehiri
piri quk ski pdrtétgh y su﬉egkotkjkotk ckokrih piri quk ski triosmkrglhk1 kh kstu`giotk
`klk pd`kr hhkvirhi edosgcd y usirhi od sdhd bdy, sgod jiùioi ko uod y dtrd ksergtd.
@kspuçs `k usirhi virgis vkeks, edo﬉ijds ko quk hds pisds `k hi kstritkcgi sk vukhvio
tio iutdjétgeds quk kh kstu`giotk yi od okeksgtk iphgeirhi `k jiokri edosegkotk.
Ko dtris pihilris, hi kstritkcgi sk vukhvk sulyiekotk y hi `kstrkzi pkrjiokotk.
I euihqugkr ksergtdr sk hk puk`ko deurrgr egkotds `k kstritkcgis piri euihqugkr
`kstrkzi, bélgtd, edjpdrtijgkotd d tçeogei `k ksergturi.
kse rgturi. Ko kstk hglrd goehuyd jés
`k trksegkotis `k jgs kstritkcgis mivdrgtis, pkrd uoi vkz quk ustk` sk mijghgirgek
edo kh hkocuifk y his mrisks, od ù`d `k quk g`kiré sus prdpgis kstritkcgis.
I jk`gì quk hds kstu`giotks trilifio ko uo dlfktgvd ùriotk egkrtd pkrgd`d `k
tgkjpd, sgo ùì ustk` hks dmrkekré virgis kstritkcgis piri prietgeir.
prietgeir. @gebd `k dtrd


>2.ispx
jd`d, ogocuoi kstritkcgi pdr sê sdhi

s dhi skré su﬉egkotk piri hdcrir kh dlfktgvd.
dlfk tgvd. Mgfir uo
dlfktgvd sgcog﬉ei tkokr uoi virgkì` `k kstritkcgis piri usir y iphgeir ko `gmkrkotks
egreuostioegis.
`géhdcd dlfktgvd6 `k﬉ogegdoks
0 i = skjiois
khildriegõo tkxtd
oirriegõo
juçstrihd,
gomdrjitgvd
od hd ioihdcêis
`gcis
riscds `kh
`ktihhks
pkrsdoifk
`kh
ioçe`dtis
ijlgkotk
^dr kfkjphd, pgkosk ko uo ogùd quk okeksgti ipdyd ko hi khildriegõo.
(^dr egkrtd, eisg td`ds hd okeksgtio). Kh kstu`giotk tgkok lukois g`kis y kserglk edo
drciogziegõo, pkrd su ksergtd ks tio edrtd y pdlrk quk kh hketdr sgkotk quk `kfõ
`k hi`d juebi gomdrjiegõo gjpdrtiotk. ^rdlilhkjkotk ustk` trilifiré edo ksk
kstu`giotk y hk go`geiré eõjd icrkcir `ktihhks ih ksergtd ko kh quk ksté trilifio`d
k, goehusd, ih sgcugkotk tkxtd ko kh quk viyi i trilifir, quk pd`rêi skr `k uo cçokrd
`gstgotd. Edosg`krk kh kfkjphd `k hi tilhi ko hi sgcugkotk pécgoi quk jukstri
hi triyketdrgi `k uo kstu`giotk piri `ksirrdhhir uo rkpkrtdrgd `k kstritkcgis
ko kh dlfktgvd `k khildriegõo ùriotk kh trioseursd `k skgs skjiois.
Edjd vk, hi kxpkrgkoegi `k uo kstu`giotk ko tdrod i uo dlfktgvd puk`k goehugr
virgis kstritkcgis k goehusd
goehusd virgds cçokrds. Iuoquk
Iuoquk od sgkjprk skré kh eisd,
eisd,
ks pdsglhk quk uo kstu`giotk quk okeksgti ipdyd piri khildrir uo tkxtd oirritgvd
tijlgço okeksgtk ksk jgsjd dlfktgvd piri uo tkxtd gomdrjitgvd. Euio`d sk hk
koskùi i uo kstu`giotk i trilifir ko uo dlfktgvd, kh jikstrd d hi jikstri `klkré
rkihgzir uoi kvihuiegõo edotgoui piri `ktkrjgoir ko quç jdjkotd kh kstu`giotk
ks eipiz `k prietgeir `k mdrji go`kpko`gkotk
go`k pko`gkotk hi kstritkcgi prkvgijkotk prkskotiì
y puk`k isujgr uoi oukvi.
@ir edoskfds y cugir i hds ksergtdrks

@kotrd `k eiì hkeegõo, hds kstu`giotks sk lkok﬉egiréo od sdhd `k uoi `kjdstriegõo
d kfkjphd `k hi kstritkcgi, sgod tijlgço `k su rktrdihgjkotiegõo, edoskfds y ipdyd
jgkotris prietgeio hi kstritkcgi piri quk hukcd pukìo prietgeirhi pdr su eukoti.
Ukcöo his govkstgciegdoks `k Bittgk (<>>7), hi rktrdihgjkotiegõo rkhiegdoiì
îri edjkozir 97


>2.ispx
Prilifõ ko uo tkxtd `k oirriegõo `k ﬉eegõo. Iprko`gõ y prietgeõ his

Ukjioi 9 kstritkcgis =.55 (‘Éõjd bilhi tu pkrsdoifk4‚) y =.90 (‘Juçstrihd, od hd
`gcis6 his kjdegdoks‚).
Prilifõ ko uo tkxtd `k oirriegõo `k ﬉eegõo. Iprko`gõ y prietgeõ

kstritkcgis piri `ksirrdhhir hds `ktihhks `kh ijlgkotk, kstritkcgi =.<=
Ukjioi <
(‘Kxphdri dpegdoks piri kh ijlgkotk‚) y kstritkcgi =.95 (‘Juçstrihd, od
hd `gcis6 usi hds skotg`ds piri `kserglgr ksekois‚).
Prilifõ ko uo tkxtd `k oirriegõo `k ﬉eegõo. ^rgjkri edomkrkoegi `k

hi skjioi piri rkvgsir hi kstritkcgi sdlrk `ktihhks `kh ijlgkotk.
Ukjioi 5 Jés i`khiotk ko hi skjioi, iprko`gõ y prietgeõ uoi kstritkcgi piri
`ksirrdhhir hds riscds `k pkrsdoihgì` `kh pkrsdoifk, kstritkcgi =.<>
(‘@kserglk eõjd sk vk tu pkrsdoifk‚).
Pkrjgoõ y rkvgsõ hi oirriegõo `k ﬉eegõo, usio`d tdìs his kstritkcgis edo

Ukjioi 0 kh ipdyd `k hi jikstri. Edjkozõ i trilifir ko uo kosiyd gomdrjitgvd.
gomdrjitgvd.
Iprko`gõ y prietgeõ hi kstritkcgi sdlrk eõjd icrkcir ìtds, kstritkcgi =.<5.
Edotgouõ edo kh kosiyd gomdrjitgvd. Iprko`gõ y prietgeõ hi kstritkcgi

Ukjioi ;
piri rkspihìr hds ìtds edo gomdrjiegõo i`gegdoih, kstritkcgi =.<<.
Edotgouõ edo kh kosiyd gomdrjitgvd. Prilifõ ko kh usd `k oirriegõo/

Ukjioi =
ioçe`dtis edjd pirtk `k hi tçeogei `k khildriegõo, kstritkcgi =.09.
edo uo dlfktgvd tgkok kh pdtkoegih `k ckokrir uo kxekhkotk erkegjgkotd piri kh

kstu`giotk. Isê puks, od ks su﬉egkotk edo go`geirhk ih kstu`giotk quç biekr d eõjd
biekrhd. @klkjds ipdyirhd jgkotris prietgei, biegço`dhk silkr `k quç jd`d sus
iprdxgjiegdoks
iprdxgjiegdoks sk iekreio i his kxpketitgvis
kxp ketitgvis y iyu`éo`dhd i rksdhvkr his `g﬉euhti`ks
quk koeukotri jgkotris prietgei hi kstritkcgi.
Ih ìr edoskfds y biekr edjkotirgds ih kstu`giotk, jk iskcurd `k od `kegr jés
`k hi eukoti. Kxgstk hi tkotiegõo `k isujgr kh edotrdh y suckrgr pérrimds d biekr
`kjdstriegdoks hircis. Ugo kjlircd, bk i`vkrtg`d quk euio`d
e uio`d pdocd ih kstu`giotk
‘ih vdhiotk‚
vdhiotk‚ y jk hgjgtd i `kegr mrisks u driegdoks edrtis, edosgcd
e dosgcd quk trilifk
jés y, edoskeukotkjkotk, quk `gsmrutk jés `kh iprko`gzifk. I jk`gì quk cuêk y
iedoskfk i sus ksergtdrks biegço`dhks edjkotirgds sdlrk su trilifd, tkoci ko eukoti
kh dlfktgvd ﬉oih `k erkir ksergtdrks go`kpko`gkotks quk od okeksgtko quk ustk` kstç i
su hi`d piri usir his kstritkcgis quk hks ksté koskùio`d.
I`kjés `k skr lrkvks, hds edoskfds kstéo ehirijkotk rkhiegdoi`ds edo hi
kstritkcgi. Yugkrd iskcurirjk `k ìr ipdyd i hi kstritkcgi quk ieild `k koskùir
k oskùir.. Isê
quk, euio`d uo kstu`giotk ksté prietgeio`d uoi kstritkcgi piri ckokrir g`kis ko su
eui`krod, od vdy i edjkozir i cugirhd piri quk `khktrkk uoi pihilri edjphgeiì.
I`kjés `k biekr quk kh hkocuifk edrrkspdoì edo hi kstritkcgi, tijlgço tkocd
<> KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.edj/prdùets/K999>2.ispx
eugì`d `k od sujkrcgrjk ko kh edotkog`d kspkeê﬉ed `kh

tkxtd quk ksté kserglgko`d kh ogùd. Iuoquk ks tkoti`dr Hi rktrdihgjkotiegõo quk
biekrhd, hd öoged quk hdcrd edo ksd ks irrkchir kh ksergtd dmrkzed i hds kstu`giotks
kspkeê﬉ed ko kh quk ksté trilifio`d kh ogùd, y qugzé çh od tdji egkrtis mdrjis prk`keglhks6
biré hi edokxgõo `k quk puk`k skcugr ksk jgsjd prdeksd • khdcgir6 jkoegdoir ihcd quk kh kstu`giotk
ih trilifir ko dtrds ksergtds. ^dr kfkjphd, ilstçocisk biek lgko (pdr kfkjphd6
kf kjphd6 ‘¡Jgristk kh jurd
`k `kegr ihcd isê6 ‘Jk pirkek lgko quk kserglis sdlrk tu `k pihilris piri silkr eõjd sk kserglk ksi
pkrrd. ^gkosi ko ihcöo rkeukr`d quk qugkris edjpirtgr, pihilri sgo tkokr quk `khktrkirhi!‚).
pdr kfkjphd, kh `êi ko quk hhkcõ i tu eisi d ihcd quk • `grgcgr6 pk`gr ih ogùd quk gotkotk ihcd (pdr
pisõ jgkotris hd sieilis i piskir‚.
piskir‚. Ko eijlgd, `gci ihcd kfkjphd6 ‘]ukhvk
‘]ukhvk i hkkr kh ﬉oih. Iskcöritk
isê6 ‘Ibdri
‘Ibdri quk yi tgkoks
tgkok s uo tkji, pgkosi ko rkeukr`ds `k `kfir pkosio`d ih hketdr‚).
kspkeê﬉eds quk sk rkhiegdoko edo ksk tkji‚. Ijlds • koeiuzir6 jkoegdoir hd quk kh ogùd ksté
kfkjphds ìo edoskfds piri hi kstritkcgi `k ckokrir g`kis biegko`d ko ksk jdjkotd y koeiuzirhd
liséo`dsk ko puotds gjpdrtiotks, pkrd kh skcuo`d kfkjphd biegi uoi `grkeegõo hgckrijkotk `gstgoti
ksté kxprksi`d `k tih jiokri quk kh ogùd pukì eiptirhd y (pdr kfkjphd6 ‘Kstés biegko`d uoi hgsti
iphgeirhd ih prõxgjd tkji, y ih sgcugkotk, y ih `k `kspuçs. `k ìtds kspkeê﬉eds quk edodeks. Gotkoti
prgjkrd biekr uoi hgsti `k hds odjlrks `k

hds eipêtuhds quk pd`rêis kserglgr y hukcd
sgcuk edo hds ìtds
ìtds‚).
‚).
󲀬
^rkpirir kh sihõo • prkcuotir6 (pdr kfkjphd6 ‘´^d`rêis
`k ehisks piri mdjkotir kserglgr uoi `k﬉ogegõo piri ìr jés
hi go`kpko`koegi `ktihhks4‚).
• prkskotir edjgkozds `k driegõo6
Hds ogùds okeksgtiréo juebd tgkjpd piri prietgeir kh
dmrkekr ih ogùd kh hkocuifk go`gei`d ks
prdeksd `k ksergturi y kserglgr. Okeksgtiréo
Okeksgtiréo ipdyd `k
kspkegihjkotk ötgh ih `grgcgrhd piri edotir
su pirtk ko hi mdrji `k koskùiozi piri tdì hi ehisk,
uo eukotd d piri edhildrir edo uoi
hkeegdoks ko crupds pkqukùds y edomkrkoegis go`gvgùihks.
Ko hds sihdoks `k ehisks `do`k kh vdhujko, hi kokrcêi y hi pirkfi d uo ehul `k ksergturi1 kh kstu`giotk
rkpktgré kh edjgkozd `k driegõo y hukcd
prdùetgvgì` sdo ihtds y `do`k hds
hd s kstu`giotks trilifio
hi edjphktiré vkrlihjkotk (pdr kfkjphd6
hildrgdsijkotk ko sus ksergtds, hds jikstrds tko`réo hi
‘[oi vkz… W `kspuçs… Jés tir`k…‚).
hglkrti` `k rkuogrsk edo hds kstu`giotks skcöo sus dlfktgvds
`k ksergturi. ^krd kstd od deurrk `k jiokri mdrtugti6 kh
jikstrd d hi jikstri `klk
`kl k phiog﬉eir eugì`dsijkotk kh ijlgkotk `k ksergturi,
kstilhkekr kxpketitgvis ehiris `k hd quk vi i pisir ùriotk hi bdri `k ksergturi
y pdokr rkeursds y jitkrgihks i `gspdsgegõo `k hds kstu`giotks piri quk pukìo
rksdhvkr sus `g﬉euhti`ks `k jiokri go`kpko`gkotk. Euio`d od sk hks koskùi i hds
ogùds i skr iutõodjds, tgko`ko i hdcrir jkods vdhujko `k ksergturi y sukhko
kspkrir ko ﬉hi mrkotk ih ksergtdrgd `k hi jikstri ko lusei `k iprdliegõo, edrrkeegõo
d sdhuegõo `k uoi `g﬉euhti`.
îri edjkozir <9


>2.ispx
@ir vgsglghgì` i hds dlfktgvds

[oi vkz quk tkoci ko jkotk euéh skré kh dlfktgvd `k su kstu`giotk, hk rkedjgko`d
tkokr uoi edomkrkoegi edo çh d khhi piri ﬉fir y edjkotir kh dlfktgvd (Ukrrivihhd
<>97i, <>97l). Ko `gebi edomkrkoegi, ustk` puk`k pdokr ko hi jksi uod `k hds
ksergtds `kh kstu`giotk y, jk`giotk uoi skrgk `k prkcuotis cugiìs, pk`grhk quk
rk﬌kxgdok sdlrk sus mdrtihkzis y hds pdsglhks pisds quk `klk tdjir i edotgouiegõo.
Yugzé kh kstu`giotk okeksgtk kfkjphds `kh trilifd `k dtrds iutdrks edo kh ﬉o `k biekr
edjpiriegdoks, d goehusd uoi rölrgei d hgsti `k edjprdliegõo `k his euihgì`ks `k
hi lukoi ksergturi ko kh cçokrd `kh tkxtd ko eukstgõo. D, sg qugkrk trilifir edo uo
ogùd ko uo dlfktgvd piri jdtgvir hi mukrzi y pkrsgstkoegi d kh vdhujko `k ksergturi,
pd`rêi dmrkekrhk hi dpdrtuogì` `k jgrir uo govkotirgd `k gotkrçs (vki hi pécgoi
=<). Ko `k﬉ogtgvi ks gjpdrtiotk quk skhkeegdok edo eugì`d hd quk vi i pdokr
mrkotk ih kstu`giotk piri iyuìrhd i vkr hd quk ustk` vgd. Ukcöo his govkstgciegdoks,
sg ustk` puk`k biekr quk kh kstu`giotk irtgeuhk hi kstritkcgi (ko hucir `k `kegrhk
`grketijkotk ko quç `klk trilifir), ks jés prdlilhk quk sk sgkoti jdtgvi`d i
trilifir piri hdcrirhd (^goa <>99).
@irhks vgsglghgì` i hds dlfktgvds y i his kstritkcgis ùriotk hi bdri `k ksergturi iyuìré i hds
kstu`giotks i hdcrir go`kpko`koegi y tkokr çxgtd.
<< KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I


>2.ispx
@uriotk hi edomkrkoegi piri ﬉fir kh dlfktgvd, puk`k dmrkekr ih ogùd uo jirei-

pécgois goiucurih d egkrtd tgpd `k tirfkti `k dlfktgvd piri sgjldhgzir kh edjgkozd `kh
oukvd trilifd quk kh kstu`giotk isujgré. Ko ksti tirfkti sk puk`k irtgeuhir kh dlfktgvd
`kh kstu`giotk (pdr kfkjphd6 ‘Prilifir ko icrkcir jés `ktihhks ötghks‚) y tijlgço
puk`k kserglgr his kstritkcgis quk ustk` hk dmrkzei edo kh tgkjpd i jk`gì quk hd iyuì
edo su oukvd dlfktgvd. Hi oukvi kstritkcgi hi puk`k iodtir kh jikstrd d kh kstu`giotk.
Ekotrds `k ksergturi
Ih erkir uo ekotrd `k ksergturi ko su sihõo `k ehisks, ustk` dmrkekré i hds ogùds
ieeksd i hds jitkrgihks quk okeksgtio y hks pkrjgtgré rksdhvkr ihcuois `k sus
`g﬉euhti`ks `k jiokri go`kpko`gkotk. Kstk ekotrd `k ksergturi od skré kh hucir
`do`k hds ogùds kserglio, sgod uoi kspkegk `k hglrkrd d rkpgsi piri edhdeir hds
jitkrgihks `k ksergturi quk pukìo okeksgtir
okeksgtir.. Hd quk ustk` goehuyi `kpko`kré `k
hd quk bi koskùi`d i hds ogùds i usir y `k hi kì` y kh ogvkh `k `ksirrdhhd `k hds
ksergtdrks. Kstis sdo ihcuois dpegdoks quk pd`rêi edosg`krir6
• `gvkrsds tgpds `k pipkh piri kserglgr (ko hi pécgoi 95 ipirkeko ihcuods
kfkjphds `k pipkh piri hds cri`ds A―<1 piri hds cri`ds 5―;, pd`rêi
goehugr hglrktis `k pipkh ijirghhd piri biekr ldrri`drks,
l drri`drks, bdfis sukhtis
`k pipkh piri rkvgsir hds skcuo`ds ldrri`drks y pipkh edo ldr`ks
`kedritgvds piri pulhgeir sus ksergtds)
• jitkrgihks piri biekr eulgkrtis `k hglrds (eirtuhgoi, kte.)
• cripi`dris
• pkcijkotd ko lirri d cdji piri rkiedjdìr uo ldrri`dr rkedrti`d
d piri pkcir rkeui`rds `k ghustriegdoks
g hustriegdoks u dtris eirietkrêstgeis i his
pécgois `kh ldrri`dr
• tgris `k rkvgsgõo (tgris ﬉ois `k pipkh edo ihcuods rkochdoks quk puk`ko skr
pkciìs edo egoti i`bksgvi d pkcijkotd ko kh jircko d ko hi pirtk gomkrgdr
`k hi pécgoi piri icrkcir kspiegd piri kserglgr)
• `geegdoirgds ckokrihks
• `geegdoirgds `k sgoõogjds y iotõogjds
• tilhkti d edjputi`dri pdrtétgh edo ieeksd i rkeursds ko hêoki y `gvkrsds [\H
`k sgtgds wkl ehirijkotk hgsti`ds ko kh jirei`d
jirei`drr `kh oivkci`dr `k Gotkrokt
• tilhis prkvgijkotk usiìs, irebgviìs ko uoi eirpkti `k rkeursds
• hglrds `k edosuhti piri ksergtdrks, tihks edjd Kserglgr, erkir,
erkir, edotir6 His
H is
ehivks piri edovkrtgrsk ko ksergtdr (Gostgtutd Ekrviotks <>90) y rueds piri
kserglgr jkfdr (Uihis
(Uihis <>95)
• rksihti`drks
îri edjkozir <5


>2.ispx
Ekotrd `k ksergturi `k prgjkr cri`d

Eifis d eioistis edo rkedrìtdrgds `k ihcuois
kstritkcgis piri quk hds kstu`giotks pukìo
kserglgr `k jiokri go`kpko`gkotk.
[tkosghgds `k ksergturi ih iheioek `k hds ogùds,

tihks edjd ldhêcrimds vkr`ks y izuhks piri
rkvgsgõo y k`gegõo, tgfkris piri rkedrtir bdfis
`k ldrri`drks, y jirei`drks y eriydoks piri

icrkcir edhdr i hds tkxtds pulhgei`ds.
Cripi`dris piri quk hds kstu`giotks pukìo

icrkcir oukvis pécgois d tgris `k rkvgsgõo `k
jiokri go`kpko`gkotk.
@gvkrsds tgpds `k pipkh `k ksergturi, tihks

edjd bdfis sukhtis y hglrgtds edo bdfis
prkvgijkotk kocripiìs, ihcuods edo
rkeui`rds crio`ks y pdeds rkochdoks y dtrds
edo rkeui`rds pkqukùds piri `glufir y jés
rkochdoks piri kserglgr.
Bkrrijgkotis `k ksergturi ih iheioek `k

hds ogùds, tihks edjd tilhis, hgstis `k
edjprdliegõo u drciogzi`drks cré﬉eds
prkskoti`ds prkvgijkotk.
Ekotrd `k ksergturi `k euirtd cri`d

Bkrrijgkotis `k ksergturi, edjd vkrsgdoks `k
tilhis prkvgijkotk prkskotiìs y rkedrìtdrgds
ötghks piri ipdyir i hds kstu`giotks i sdhuegdoir sus
`g﬉euhti`ks `k jiokri go`kpko`gkotk.
[tkosghgds `k ksergturi, tihks edjd ldhêcrimds `k

`gstgotds edhdrks piri k`gtir y rkvgsir, isê edjd
odtis i`bksgvis piri icrkcir rkvgsgdoks, piri
quk hds kstu`giotks sgcio kh prdeksd `k ksergturi
go`kpko`gkotkjkotk.
[tkosghgds ih iheioek `k hds ogùds, tihks edjd

jirei`drks y hépgeks `k edhdrks piri `kedrir
y pulhgeir hds ksergtds, isê edjd tgfkris y egoti
i`bksgvi piri edrtir y rkedo﬉curir hds ldrri`drks.
Pkxtds jkotdrks, jitkrgihks `k edosuhti piri iyuìr

edo hi k`gegõo y hglrds quk sgrvko `k gospgriegõo i hds
ksergtdrks.
@gstgotds tgpds `k pipkh piri `gvkrsis pirtks `kh

prdeksd `k ksergturi.
Eirpktis piri cuirìr hds ldrri`drks `k hds

kstu`giotks, drciogziìs pdr jksis.


>2.ispx
• tgfkris
• ldhêcrimds `k `gstgotds edhdrks piri rkvgsir d k`gtir
• odtis i`bksgvis
• hgstis `k hucirks `do`k pulhgeir tkxtds d iouoegds `k prdpukstis piri
rkvgstis kstu`giotghks
• phiotghhis `k pécgois iekrei `kh iutdr
• pipkh kstijpi`d u dtrd tgpd `k pipkh `kedritgvd piri his eulgkrtis
• egoti `k kjlihifk `k `gstgotds edhdrks piri biekr kh hdjd `k hds hglrds
• rõtuhds `k `gstgotds tijiùds piri icrkcir têtuhds y odjlrks `kh iutdr ko his
eulgkrtis
• sufkti`drks `k pipkh
• hglrds ko lhioed
• pkrmdri`dri `k trks icufkrds
• hgstis `k edjprdliegõo y dtrds rkedrìtdrgds `k kstritkcgis prkvgijkotk
koskùiìs
Pilhis y bkrrijgkotis
Argstg Jriz y Jirfdrgk Jirtgokhhg, ko su skrgk `k hglrds Ujirtkr Ebirts (<>9<,
Ebirts (<>9<,
<>90) y ko su eursd @gcgtih Eijpus (Jirtgokhhg
Eijpus (Jirtgokhhg y Jriz <>90), dmrkeko kvg`koegi
edovgoekotk `k quk euio`d sk edjphkjkoti euihqugkr tkxtd ksergtd d `gseursd
edo khkjkotds vgsuihks, kh rkekptdr tgko`k
tgk o`k i rkedrìrhd jkfdr. Ug hd pgkosi, erkd
quk ustk` kstiré `k ieukr`d
ieuk r`d edo ksti i﬉rjiegõo. Gospgriì pdr tihks iutdris, bk
goedrpdri`d khkjkotds vgsuihks ko tdìs his kstritkcgis `k kstk hglrd6 ihcuods sdo
kfkjphds `kh trilifd `k hds kstu`giotks, dtrds sdo tilhis y dtrds sdo bkrrijgkotis
bk rrijgkotis
d tirfktis `k kstritkcgi piri kotrkcir i hds kstu`giotks ùriotk his edomkrkoegis.
Edo kstd, tkocd `ds gotkoegdoks. ^dr uoi pirtk, qugkrd iyuìrhd i ustk`, jg hketdr
hk etdr
d hketdri, i bdfkir kh hglrd répgìjkotk y ieek`kr i hd quk okeksgti jk`giotk
uo kfkjphd vgsuih prkegsd quk hd iyuìré i kotko`kr jkfdr hd quk ustk` ksté
ksté
iprko`gko`d edo kstk hglrd. Jg skcuoì gotkoegõo ks quk kstds khkjkotds vgsuihks
sgrvio edjd kfkjphd ‐`kh tgpd `k ksergtds quk sus kstu`giotks biréo d `kh tgpd `k
tilhis quk ustk` pd`rêi edhcir ko su sihõo `k ehisks‐ piri quk hds ogùds pukìo
ieek`kr y rkedrìr jkfdr hd quk khhds
khhds kstéo
kstéo iprko`gko`d `k ustk` .
Ug od tgkok juebi kxpkrgkoegi edo hi erkiegõo `k tilhis, eirtkhks y dtrds
khkjkotds vgsuihks piri kh sihõo `k ehisks, hk rkedjgko`d edosuhtir kh trilifd
`k Argstg y Jirfdrgk. I jiokri `k i`khiotd, vdy i `k`geir uois euiotis hêokis i
kxphgeir pdr quç his tilhis y bkrrijgkotis sdo ötghks y i jdstrir ihcuods kfkjphds
`k hds tgpds `k tilhis y bkrrijgkotis quk koedotriré ko kstk hglrd.
îri edjkozir <;

îri edjkozir <;

>2.ispx
Pilhis `k kfkjphd. Kstis

tilhiss goehuyko
tilhi goehuyko uo tkxtd
tkxtd edo
edo
iodtiegdoks, tihks edjd uo
mricjkotd `kh trilifd `k uo
tkxtd jkotd
jkotdrr, uoi pécgoi `k uo
tkxtd kserg
ksergtd
td pdr
pdr uo kstu`g
kstu`giotk
iotk
`k su ehisk d su prdpgd tkxtd
`k `kjdstriegõo. Hds rõtuhds d His bkrrijgkotis tgkoko hi gotkoegõo `k dmrkekr
iodtiegdoks quk ustk` icrkcuk ihcd ih kstu`giotk quk hk sgrvi `k ipdyd jgkotris
puk`ko rksihtir kh usd `k uoi edotgoöi prietgeio`d hi kstritkcgi. Kh kstu`giotk
kstritkcgi. Kstk tgpd `k tilhi sk puk`k cuirìrhis ko su eirpkti `k ksergturi d ko [oi tilh
tilhi
i `k prdeksd ks uoi rkmkrkoegi ötgh `k hds
prdeksd
puk`k erkir edo hi iyuì `k hds hi eulgkrti `k su eui`krod y sieirhis euio`d kstç pisds `k hi kstritkcgi. Edovgkok goehugr `glufds d
kstu`giotks1 kh jikstrd puk`k prietgeio`d hi kstritkcgi `k jiokri go`kpko`gkotk, êedods fuotd edo his pihilris `k hi kstritkcgi. Hi
prkpirir hi tilhi edo hi skhkeegõo edo su pirkfi `k ksergturi d ko crupd. [stk` jiydrêi `k hds jikstrds khkcgréo pihilris ehivk
y hds kstu`giotks puk`ko suckrgr puk`k erkir kstis bkrrijgkotis edo iotgegpiegõo d `k eiì pisd `k hi kstritkcgi ko hucir `k kserglgr
iodtiegdoks quk kh jikstrd biekrhis edo kh kstu`giotk ùriotk uoi edomkrkoegi his driegdoks edjphktis `k hi kstritkcgi ko hi
kserglk. `k ksergturi. tilhi.
Eirietkrêstgeis `k uoi tilhi d bkrrijgkoti ötgh
* tilhis `kh sihõo `k ehisks, tdjirdo mdtds `k sus kstu`giotks ko ieegõo, pusgkrdo ko
îri hi erkiegõo `kh hglrd ko gochçs, `dekois `k ckokrdsds jikstrds jk kovgirdo
préetgei jgs hkeegdoks pghdtd y erkirdo jitkrgih piri iedjpiùirhis. I`kjés,

I`kjés, sk
rkuogkrdo mukri `k his bdris ksedhirks piri ckokrir g`kis y khildrir tilhis quk hukcd
edjpirtgkrdo edojgcd. (Uus odjlrks ipirkeko
ipirkeko ko hi pécgoi `k icri`kegjgkotds `k
kstk hglrd). îri hi vkrsgõo ko kspiùdh, bkjds triùeg`d y iìpti`d kstis tilhis edo
hi ﬉oihgì` `k biekrhks hhkcir kh jés ﬉kh rk﬌kfd pdsglhk `k his tilhis drgcgoihks. @k
td`d kh jitkrgih quk rkedhketç, kstds sdo hds ispketds ko edjöo6
• Udo juy ehirds y vgsuihjkotk skoeghhds.
• Pgkoko pded tkxtd, `kotrd `k hd pdsglhk.
• Pgkoko êedods, `glufds d eõ`gcds `k edhdrks piri iyuìr i hi pkrsdoi quk hds
usi i eiptir hi gomdrjiegõo kskoegih répgìjkotk.
• Udo iprdpgi`ds piri hi kì` (y kh ogvkh `k hketuri) `kh usuirgd prkvgstd.
• Pgkoko uo têtuhd ehird piri go`geir ih usuirgd `k quç triti hi tilhi.
<= KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I

>2.ispx
[oi tilhi `k rkpkrtd rgd ks uoi edhkeegõo `k

rkpkrtdrgd
kstritkcgis edo uo koeilkzi`d `kh cçokrd d hi
euihgì` `k hi lukoi ksergturi quk sk kstu`gi
(‘Kserglgr uo kosiyd lgko drciogzi`d‚) u dtri
ktipi `kh prdeksd `k ksergturi (‘Euio`d
erkijds pkrsdoifks `k ﬉eegõo…‚). Kstis His tilhis `k edotkog`d dmrkeko ih
tilhis iyuìo
iyuìo ih kstu`giotk
kstu`giotk i rkedrìr
rkedrìr his kstu`giotk uoi jiokri `k edosuhtir
kstritkcgis quk bi g`d iprko`gko`d piri quk gomdrjiegõo quk usiré ko sus prdpgds
sk bici rkspdosilhk `k goedrpdrirhis ko kh ksergtds, tihks edjd lioeds `k sêjldhds
jdjkotd iprdpgi`d. Kstk tgpd `k tilhi tijlgço edjöojkotk usi`ds ko hds tkxtds Hds eui`krods `k `kjdstriegõo
puk`k skr ötgh euio`d his pirk`ks `kh sihõo `k jkotdrks mivdrgtds quk qugzé qugkri dmrkeko uo khkjkotd vgsuih `k
ehisks sk kstéo hhkoio`d1 his tilhis `ktihhiìs goedrpdrir ko sus prdpgds ksergtds, d uo rkmkrkoegi y uoi `kjdstriegõo
sdlrk uo sdhd isuotd sk puk`ko rktgrir piri ìr drciogzi`dr cré﬉ed quk jukstrk eõjd répgì d tkxtd `k préetgei ko uoi
pisd i uoi tilhi `k rkpkrtdrgd sgotktgziì. drciogzir kh cçokrd quk ksté kstu`gio`d. pécgoi (\dlkrts y \dlkrts <>9=).
Od ù`k ko tdjir prkstiìs his tilhis y bkrrijgkotis quk ipirkeko ko kstk

hglrd d usirhis edjd gospgriegõo piri iìptirhis y biekrhis prdpgis. ^dr kfkjphd,
edosg`krk icrkcir kfkjphds `k hds tkxtds ksergtds

kse rgtds pdr sus prdpgds kstu`giotks ko
hucir `k hds tkxtds quk ipirkeko ko hds kfkjphds. Jkoegdok hds tkxtds jkotdrks
quk su ehisk edodek lgko. Eijlgk his gjéckoks vgsuihks piri quk sk ifustko jkfdr
ih cri`d y ogvkh ko quk koskùi. Euiotd jés ifustk his tilhis ih edotkxtd `k su sihõo
`k ehisks y euiotd
e uiotd jés pirtgegpko hds kstu`giotks ko su erkiegõo, jés his usiréo.
Ug okeksgti jés g`kis quk hk sgrvio
sgr vio `k gospgriegõo piri erkir sus prdpgis tilhis,
edosuhtk kh hglrd `k Aitk y Jiccgk \dlkrts, @GW Hgtkriey (<>9=).
(<>9=). Ukcöo his iutdris,
¡og sgqugkri sk okeksgti tkokr lukoi hktri piri biekrhis!
Pgpds `k tilhis y bkrrijgkotis

@ç uo vgstizd i ihcuods `k hds tgpds `k tilhis y bkrrijgkotis quk sk goehuyko ko his
jés `k 5>> kstritkcgis `k kstk
k stk hglrd. Iuoquk
Iuoquk biy uoi virgkì` `k tgpds, edosg`krk
eiì uoi edjd uo sgjphk kfkjphd. Ko uoi pécgoi ko hi quk goehuyd uoi tilhi `k
îri edjkozir <3

>2.ispx
prdeksd, ustk` pd`rêi méeghjkotk koskùir hi hkeegõo y biekr uoi tilhi `k edotkog`d.
Hds tgpds `k tilhis y bkrrijgkotis quk ipirkeko ko kstk hglrd edrrkspdo`ko i skgs
eitkcdrêis. Ko his pécgois <= y <3 pd`ré vkr kfkjphds y `ksergpegdoks `k eiì uoi.
Kstds sdo hds tgpds `k tilhis6
• tilhis `k kfkjphd
• bkrrijgkotis
• tilhis `k prdeksd
• tilhis `k rkpkrtdrgd
• tilhis `k edotkog`d
• eui`krods `k `kjdstriegõo
Pkxtds jkotdrks
Euio`d tkrjgoç `k kserglgr jg prgjkr hglrd y hd pisç i jg k`gtdri, khhi jk prkcuotõ
sg qukrêi goehugr uoi pécgoi
p écgoi `k icri`kegjgkotds. ¡^dr supukstd
supukstd quk sê! Yukrêi
icri`kekr i juebi ckotk. ^krd, i `kegr vkrì`, ouoei hd bilêi bkebd, isê quk
siquç `k jg kstiotk uoi pghi `k egoed hglrds `k Bkgokjioo piri hkkr hi pécgoi
`k icri`kegjgkotds. Od hd bgek piri edpgir hi hgsti `k pkrsdois i his quk qukrêi
icri`kekr,, sgod piri vkr eõjd kstili ksergti ksi pécgoi.
icri`kekr pécgoi . Jk ﬉fç ko hi kstrueturi, hi
kxtkosgõo, kh tdod y kh rgtjd. @kspuçs `k hkkr uods euiotds, g`kotg﬉quç ihcuods
riscds ehivk `k uoi pécgoi prdmksgdoih `k icri`kegjgkotds
icri`kegjgkotds piri uo hglrd y jk pusk i
trilifir ko hi jêi.
‘Kserglgr lgko edosgstk ko iprko`kr i prkstir itkoegõo ih d﬉egd
d﬉egd `k
`k kserglgr,
iprko`kr i rkihgzir kh sd﬉stgei`d trilifd `k skpirir sdlrk quç triti `k
`k eõjd
eõjd ksté
ksergtd‚‚ (`kh hglrd ko gochçs `k \iy 9777, 9>). Ug kstd ks ihcd quk hds ksergtdrks
ksergtd
biekjds ko kh juo`d rkih, ód ks hõcged koskùirhd tijlgço i hds ogùds4 Euio`d
koskùijds i hds ogùds i kstu`gir kh trilifd `k dtrds iutdrks (‘iutdrks
(‘iutdrks jkotdrks‚)
jkotdrks‚)
quk sk pirkek ko su mdrji d cçokrd i hd quk khhds qugkrko kserglgr, puk`ko kstu`girhd
y hkkrhd ‘edo dfds `k ksergtdr‚ piri iprko`kr his tçeogeis `k khildriegõo y his
kstritkcgis quk kh ksergtdr kjphkõ piri kserglgrhd.
k serglgrhd. @kspuçs, puk`ko triosmkrgr ksds
bihhizcds i su prdpgd ksergtd. Edjd Mrioa Ujgtb kserglk6 ‘Hds jikstrds tijlgço
`klko prdeurir quk hds ogùds tkocio ieeksd i jitkrgihks `k hketuri quk skio
rkhkviotks piri kh tgpd `k ksergtdr quk khhds qugsgkrio hhkcir i skr ko uo jdjkotd
ko pirtgeuhir. Hds jikstrds `klko rkehutir i hds iutdrks quk sk edovkrtgréo ko hds
edhildri`drks govdhuotirgds
govdhuotirgds `k hds ogùds‚ (`kh hglrd ko gochçs `k Ujgtb 9722, <=).
I hd hircd `k his kstritkcgis `k kstk hglrd, dmrkzed suckrkoegis sdlrk `gmkrkotks
tgpds `k tkxtds jkotdrks ko hds quk ustk` pd`rêi ipdyirsk i jk`gì quk koskùi i
sus kstu`giotks kstritkcgis `k ksergturi
kser gturi rkhiegdoiìs edo sus dlfktgvds. ^dr kfkjphd,
kxgstko juebds kfkjphds `k hglrds edjphktds `k`gei`ds i suckrgr tkxtds piri ogùds

>2.ispx
quk edrrkspdo`ko i uois euihgì`ks y tçeogeis `k ksergturi kspkeê﬉eis, tihks edjd

Sdo`rdus Sdr`s (\iy
Sdr`s (\iy 9777), Pk Srgtgoc Pgk (Euhbij
(Euhbij <>90), Jkotdr
<>90), Jkotdr kxts
kxts io`
Odo﬉etgdo Jkotdr kxts (@drmjio
kxts (@drmjio y Eippkhhg <>>3, <>>7) y juebds dtrds.
Ih phiokir kh usd `k tkxtds jkotdrks, edosg`krk `gmkrkotks jçtd`ds `k koskùiozi
piri kxphdrirhds edo sus kstu`giotks. [oi dpegõo ks kstilhkekr hi kstritkcgi quk
pgkosi koskùir, `kspuçs jdstrir kh kfkjphd `kh tkxtd jkotdr y hukcd biekr uoi
`kjdstriegõo répgì `k eõjd iìpti ustk` hi kstritkcgi y kh kfkjphd piri biekrhds
prdpgds. [oi skcuoì dpegõo ks usir hi goìciegõo edjd jçtd`d. îri biekrhd, ustk`
`klk
`klk jdstrir
jdstrir i sus kstu`giotks uod d virgds kfkjphds `k uoi tçeogei `k ksergturi y
pk`grhks quk hds kxphdrko edo uoi prkcuoti kspkeê﬉ei ko jkotk, edjd, pdr kfkjphd,
‘´@k quç jd`d hi iutdri usi his edjis4 Éuéh ks kh prdpõsgtd `k goehugrhis edjd
khhi hd biek4‚ d ‘Mêfkosk ko kh jd`d ko quk hds iutdrks `k kstds trks irtêeuhds `k
prkosi khildrirdo hi gotrdùeegõo. Ukcöo ksd, éuéhks skrêio hds khkjkotds `k uoi
gotrdùeegõo lgko bkebi y kmketgvi4‚. Kotdoeks, hds kstu`giotks puk`ko trilifir
`k mdrji edhildritgvi ko pirkfis d crupds, fuotd i ustk` d go`kpko`gkotkjkotk,
piri `kseulrgr, odtir y jkoegdoir. Jk`giotk kstk prdeksd `k `kseulrgr y jkoegdoir,
hds kstu`giotks sukhko `ksirrdhhir uoi edjprkosgõo ‐y pdsglhkjkotk tijlgço
uoi iprkegiegõo‐ jés prdmuoì `k uoi tçeogei `k ksergturi ko pirtgeuhir (\iy 9777).
Ks juy prdlilhk quk ustk` sk rk﬉kri i kstds tkxtds jkotdrks uoi y dtri vkz.
ûk`k `ksgcoirhks uo hucir kspkegih ko kh ekotrd `k ksergturi, hhkvir ihcuods euio`d
sk rköoi edo hds kstu`giotks ko edomkrkoegis y ko sksgdoks `k crupds pkqukùds
y edhdeir ihcuods ko uoi rkpgsi ekrei `k su jksi piri tkokrhds i hi jiod ih biekr
sus `kjdstriegdoks.
󲀬
@k quç jd`d his kstritkcgis `k kstk hglrd
sk puk`ko ifustir i su sihõo `k ehisks
Ko jg hildr edjd jikstri, sdy kotusgisti skcug`dri `k hds tihhkrks `k hketuri
y ksergturi, edjd hds `k Oioegk Itwkhh, @doih` Crivks, @doih` Jurriy y Huey
Eihagos, isê edjd `kh Pkiebkrs Edhhkck \ki`goc io` Srgtgoc
Srgtgoc ^rdfket. Pijlgço
erkd quk uo tihhkr `k ksergturi ks jés kmketgvd `kotrd `k uo prdcriji `k
hketdksergturi kqughglri`d. Wd
Wd gotkotirêi goehugr kh edotkog`d `k kstk hglrd ko td`ds
hds edjpdokotks ‐jgog-hkeegdoks, ksergturi edjpirtgì, ksergturi gotkrietgvi,
kte.‐,
kte.‐, isê edjd hd usirêi piri `grgcgr jg gostrueegõo `gmkrkoegiì ih ipdyir i
hds kstu`giotks ko sus dlfktgvds go`gvgùihks jk`giotk
jk`g iotk edomkrkoegis y `géhdcds
y koskùiozi ko crupds pkqukùds. Ug qugkrk iprko`kr jés sdlrk kstk komdquk piri
koskùir ksergturi, hk rkedjgko`d bdfkir kh ehésged Pk Irt d kiebgoc Srgtgoc
(Eihagos 9770), kebirhk uo vgstizd i [ogts d Utu`y dr kiebgoc Srgtgoc, Cri`ks 5―;
5―;
îri edjkozir <7

>2.ispx
(Eihagos <>>=) d edosuhtir ihcuods hglrds sdlrk his riêeks `kh komdquk `k tihhkrks
`k ksergturi, edjd Srgtkrs6 kiebkrs io` Ebgh`rko it Sdra (Crivks
Sdra (Crivks 9725), I
9725), I Srgtkr
Srgtkr
kiebks Srgtgoc (Jurriy
(Jurriy 972;) d Go tbk Jg``hk (Itwkhh
Jg``hk (Itwkhh <>90).
His sgcugkotks `ds skeegdoks hk pd`réo gotkrksir sg lusei jiokris `k g`kir uogì`ks
`k kstu`gd y jiokfir hi koskùiozi `gmkrkoegiì. Ug usi uo komdquk `gmkrko
`gmkrkotk
tk ih `k
tihhkrks `k ksergturi, edosuhtk hi tilhi `k hi skeegõo ‘[sir his kstritkcgis fuotd edo
`gvkrsds ksqukjis `k hketdksergturi‚ (pécgois 50 i 5=), ko hi quk `dy dtris suckrkoegis
piri usir his kstritkcgis `k kstk hglrd.
^hiokir uoi uogì` `k kstu`gd

@uriotk kh eursd `kh iùd ksedhir, hds kstu`giotks `k su ehisk sk lkok﬉egiréo
lkok ﬉egiréo
`k uogì`ks kstrueturiìs ko his quk ustk` prkskotk uo cçokrd, uoi euihgì`
`k hi lukoi ksergturi d uo bélgtd `k ksergturi jk`giotk uoi skrgk `k hkeegdoks
drciogziìs ihrk`k`dr `k dlfktgvds edjuoks. Eiì uogì`, pdr
p dr hd edjöo, tko`ré
uoi ùriegõo `k euitrd skjiois d `k 9= i << `êis `k koskùiozi, y iyuìré i hds
kstu`giotks i trilifir ko kh prdeksd `k ksergturi uoi d jés vkeks. Ih ﬉oih `k hi
uogì`, hds kstu`giotks pd`réo ekhklrir hi ﬉oihgziegõo `k pdr hd jkods uo ksergtd

quk jukstrk kvg`koegi `k hd quk bio iprko`g`d.
îri `gskùir uoi uogì`, ks ötgh skcugr uoi skrgk `k pisds6
• ^rgjkrd, tritk `k irtgeuhir hd quk qugkrk quk iprkoìo hds kstu`giotks.
Kstds rksuhti`ds `k iprko`gzifk sk puk`ko kxprksir edjd dlfktgvds,
prkcuotis kskoegihks, edjprkosgõo pkrjiokotk d `kstrkzis (Sgccgos y
JePgcbk <>99).
• Ukcuo`d, khgfi uod d jés kfkjphds `k tkxtds jkotdrks quk sgrvio `k
jd`khd piri hds kstu`giotks. Ko hi skeegõo iotkrgdr koedotriré jés
gomdrjiegõo sdlrk tkxtds jkotdrks (pécgois <2 y <7).
• P
Pkrekrd,
krekrd, hk iedoskfd trilifir ko kh prdeksd usio`d kh cçokrd quk vi
i koskùir d prietgeio`d kh edjpdrtijgkotd d his euihgì`ks `k hi
lukoi ksergturi quk `kstieiré ko hi uogì`. Kstd hk skré `k utghgì`
`k his sgcugkotks jiokris6 (9) ustk` dltko`ré uoi odegõo `k hds rktds
pdtkoegihks piri isê pd`kr kxphgeir jkfdr i hds ogùds eõjd rksdhvkr
his `g﬉euhti`ks quk koeukotrko, y (<) ustk` tko`ré hds tkxtds `k
`kjdstriegõo i jiod.
• Euirtd, `gskùk uoi kvihuiegõo prkvgi y pdstkrgdr, quk puk`k skr tio skoeghhi
edjd pk`gr i hds kstu`giotks quk kserglio sdlrk uo tkji `ktkrjgoi`d
ko uoi sdhi sksgõo, ko kh cçokrd quk vio i prietgeir. Kstd hd iyuìré i
i`vkrtgr his tko`koegis `k sus kstu`giotks ko his `kstrkzis y su edjpr
edjprkosgõo
kosgõo
piri isê `gskùir jkfdr his hkeegdoks piri tdì hi ehisk. I`kjés, edo ksti
5> KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I

>2.ispx
gomdrjiegõo, ustk` pd`ré g`kotg﬉eir his okeksgì`ks go`gvgùihks quk `klk

ipdyir ùriotk
ùriotk his edomkrkoegis y his sksgdoks `k crupds pkqukùds.
Kh sgcugkotk pisd skré erkir uo jipi `kh prdeksd quk ustk` qugkrk quk sus
ksergtdrks sgcio, isê edjd `kh rgtjd ko kh quk prkskotiré his kstritkcgis piri eiì
oukvd pisd `kh prdeksd. Ug ustk` ks jikstri `k euirtd cri`d, su jipi gogegih puk`k
huegr jés d jkods isê6
Ckokrir Ckokrir Ckokrir Ckokrir

Ukjioi 9 Khkcgr
y rkuogr y rkuogr y rkuogr y rkuogr
Kosiyir y biekr Biekr uo

Ukjioi < @ksirrdhhir @ksirrdhhir \kvgsir
uo ldrri`dr ldrri`dr
Kosiyir y biekr
Ukjioi 5 \kvgsir Khkcgr @ksirrdhhir @ksirrdhhir
uo ldrri`dr
Ukjioi 0 \kvgsir K`gtir K`gtir ûlhgeir ¡Ekhklrir!
Ko kh kfkjphd iotkrgdr, jk prdpdocd

prdpdocd `grgcgr i hds ogùds i trivçs `k uoi skrgk `k
hkeegdoks quk hds iyuìréo i ckokrir y rkuogr juebis g`kis piri sus tkjis. @kspuçs,
biegi kh qugotd `êi, khkcgréo uoi g`ki ko hi quk qugkrio trilifir.
trilifir. @k`geiréo uo pir `k
`êis i tiotkir his g`kis ko sus eui`krods y hukcd dtrd pir `k `êis i biekr kh ldrri`dr.
ldrri`dr.
Ckokrir Ckokrir Ckokrir Ckokrir Khkcgr

y rkuogr y rkuogr y rkuogr y rkuogr 0.3 Biztk
5.9 ^krsdois 5.< 5.; Biz uo jipi 5.9> \köok prkcuotis piri
Ukjioi 9
gjpdrtiotks Jdjkotds `k `k tu edrizõo rkeukr`ds `k tu komdeirtk
skotgjgkotds vgì (y kserglk
gotkosds `kspuçs)
@ksirrdhhir @ksirrdhhir Kosiyir y biekr Biekr uo \kvgsir

;.2 ¡Db, ;.<7 Biz uo uo ldrri`dr ldrri`dr =.95 Juçstrihd,
Ukjioi < od!...¡[y!... cugdo cré﬉ed edo =.0 Ietöihd… =.7 ‘Ýuç jés od hd `gcis6 usi
¡[m! virgis ksekois hukcd kserêlkhd deurrgõ4‚ hds skotg`ds piri
`kserglgr ksekois
\kvgsir Khkcgr @ksirrdhhir @ksirrdhhir Kosiyir y biekr

=.55 Éõjd 0.9; Komõeitk ;.5; Egkrri kh ;.5= Kstrueturi uo ldrri`dr
bilhi tu ko uoi gjicko eêreuhd ihtkroi ;.57 Kserglk
Ukjioi 5
pkrsdoifk4 kh ksqukhktd y
`kspuçs rkhhkoi
hds kspiegds
\kvgsir K`gtir K`gtir ûlhgeir ¡Ekhklrir!

=.05 Jgkotk 2.<= \keurrk 7.2 ´@k qugço 0.0 Kserglk uo (vki kh Ipço`gek)
(piri `kegr hi ih edrrketdr d `k quç sk têtuhd
Ukjioi 0 vkrì`) drtdcré﬉ed triti4 ¡Driegõo
edjphkti!
îri edjkozir 59

>2.ispx
Koskùirç uo pir `k hkeegdoks `k rkvgsgõo y hds ihkotirç i

gotkotir ksi kstritkcgi y dtris quk edodzeio piri jkfdrir su
ksergtd. Ihcuods ogùds iöo od bilréo tkrjgoi`d su ldrri`dr
ldrri`dr,,
jgkotris quk dtrds kstiréo hgstds piri rkvgsirhd. @kspuçs, hks
pk`grç quk khgfio uoi skcuoì g`ki piri sdjktkrhi ih jgsjd
prdeksd6 `ksirrdhhir, kosiyir, biekr uo ldrri`dr, rkvgsir. Isê
tko`réo `ds tkxtds ko hds quk pd`réo prietgeir his kstritkcgis
quk iprko`gkrdo
iprko`gkrdo y `ds tkxtds piri k`gtir edo his suckrkoegis quk
dmrkzed. Ko kh öhtgjd `êi, ods `k`geirkjds i biekr hi eulgkrti,
khkcgr uo têtuhd y tih vkz biekr uo `glufd piri ghustrir kh ksergtd.
Ih `êi sgcugkotk, ekhklrirkjds
ekhklrirkjds oukstrds ksmukrzds.
[oi vkz quk biyi phiog﬉ei`d hi mdrji `k su uogì`, ustk`
pd`ré ìr uo vgstizd i kstk hglrd y sus `kjés rkeursds `k
ksergturi ko lusei `k hkeegdoks quk sk ifustko i hi pkrmkeegõo.
^dr kfkjphd, sg qugkrd koskùir uoi uogì` sdlrk kserglgr
kse rglgr uoi
[oi bdfi edo kh pkr﬉h `k hi ehisk pkrjgtk ih jikstrd oirriegõo `k ﬉eegõo, pd`rêi skcugr kh phio quk ipirkek ko hi
vkr pitrdoks piri drgkotir hi koskùiozi i td`d kh pirtk gomkrgdr `k hi pécgoi 59.
crupd y ko crupds pkqukùds.
Eõjd jiokfir his edomkrkoegis y

his sksgdoks `k crupds pkqukùds
Jgkotris sus kstu`giotks
kstu`giotks sk `k`geio i
kserglgr ùriotk hi bdri `k ksergturi
go`kpko`gkotk, ustk` pd`ré rkedrrkr kh
sihõo `k ehisks piri trilifir edo ihcuods `k
khhds ko edomkrkoegis go`gvgùihks d lgko ko
crupds pkqukùds sg tgkoko uo dlfktgvd ko
edjöo y sk puk`ko lkok﬉egir `k hi jgsji

kstritkcgi. Kstis rkuogdoks edo go`gvgùds
y crupds hk pkrjgtgréo `gmkrkoegir hd quk
[o eihkoìrgd skjioih `k edomkrkoegis y sksgdoks `k crupds pkqukùds
ustk` ksté koskùio`d, isgcoir kstritkcgis quk
jk pkrjgtk dptgjgzir jg tgkjpd piri `gmkrkoegir hi koskùiozi jgkotris edrrkspdoìo
edrrkspdoìo ih dlfktgvd `k eiì kstu`giotk y
hds kstu`giotks kserglko go`kpko`gkotkjkotk. ìrhks hi dpdrtuogì` `k prietgeir lifd su cuêi.
îri tih ﬉o, skrêi edovkogkotk tkokr `ds edsis i hi jiod6 prgjkrd, uo eihkoìrgd piri
iskcurirsk `k quk pd`ré rkuogrsk edo eiì uod `k hds kstu`giotks pdr hd jkods uoi d
`ds vkeks i hi skjioi, y, skcuo`d, uo sgstkji `k rkcgstrd ioke`õtged.
Erkir uo eihkoìrgd piri edomkrkoegis

edomkrkoegis y sksgdoks `k crupds pkqukùds
Jg prgjkr pisd ih erkir uo eihkoìrgd ks biekr uoi hgsti `k hi ehisk quk jk pkrjgti
vkr kh odjlr
odjlrkk `k hds kstu`
kstu`giot
giotks,
ks, sus
sus dlfktg
dlfktgvds
vds y his
his pdsglhk
pdsglhkss kstrit
kstritkcgis
kcgis quk pgkosd
pgkosd
5< KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I

>2.ispx
koskùirhks. Kstd jk iyuìré i i`vkrtgr quç kstu`giotks puk`ko icrupirsk y lkok﬉egirsk

l kok﬉egirsk
`k uoi kstritkcgi edjöo y qugçoks sdo itêpgeds (pdrquk kstéo trilifio`d
trilifio`d ko uo cçokrd
`gmkrkotk, tgkoko uo dlfktgvd sgocuhir quk od sk ihgoki edo hds dlfktgvds `k hds dtrds
d kstéo kserglgko`d i uo ogvkh `gmkrkotk y okeksgtio uoi kstritkcgi jés skoeghhi d jés
sd﬉stgeiì). ]ki
]ki uo kfkjphd ko hi pirtk supkrgdr gzqugkrì `k hi pécgoi 5<.
[oi vkz quk tkocd uoi odegõo `k quç crupds puk`d edomdrjir, pdocd hds
odjlrks `k hds kstu`giotks ko jg eihkoìrgd piri kh trilifd ko crupd (vki uo
kfkjphd ko hi pirtk gomkrgdr gzqugkrì `k hi pécgoi 5<). \kskrvd uods `gkz jgoutds
`k jg tgkjpd i eiì crupd `k trks kstu`giotks, jés d jkods. Hds `kjés kstu`giotks
kstiréo ko jg eihkoìrgd piri edomkrkoegis. Eiì edomkrkoegi sukhk tirìr uods
egoed jgoutds. îri dltkokr jés gomdrjiegõo sdlrk his rkuogdoks piri `gihdcir edo
hds ksergtdrks, edosuhtk kh hglrd Bdw‗s Gt Cdgoc4 `k
`k Eirh Io`krsdo (<>>>).
I `kegr vkrì`, ks juy gjprdlilhk
gjprdlilhk quk sgci jg eihkoìrgd ih pgk `k hi hktri. @k
bkebd, ko juebds eisds tkocd quk biekr rkvgsgdoks i jg phio skjioih pdrquk surck
ihcd gokspkri`d. ^dr kfkjphd,
kfkjphd, i`vgkrtd quk uo ogùd okeksgti jés ipdyd piri prietgeir
uoi kstritkcgi, d vkd quk dtrd od okeksgti hi kstritkcgi quk
hk bilêi isgcoi`d pdrquk ih kserglgr `kjukstri quk puk`k
biekrhd. His rkvgsgdoks quk bicd i jg phio jukstrio quk
kstdy ko sgotdoêi edo his okeksgì`ks `k jg ehisk. Iuoquk
sç quk birç iìptiegdoks i jg phio, kh tkokr ihcd ksergtd edo
iotgegpiegõo
iotgegpiegõo jk iyuì i skr jés k﬉egkotk ùriotk his bdris ko
quk jgs kstu`giotks kstéo kserglgko`d go`kpko`gkotkjkotk.
Ug uo kstu`giotk ksté iuskotk,
iuskotk, d sg uoi sksgõo ko crupd sk
ihirci jés `k hi eukoti, sgjphkjkotk iodtd hds eijlgds
quk `kld biekr ih `êi sgcugkotk piri rktdjir kh eursd. ^dr hd
ckokrih, rkskrvd uo hipsd `k egoed i `gkz jgoutds ih `êi piri
rkspdo`kr i hd gokspkri`d.
Kstilhkekr uo sgstkji `k rkcgstrd

rkc gstrd ioke`õtged
I jkods quk ustk` tkoci jkjdrgi mdtdcré﬉ei edjd Eij
Fiosko (hi pkrspgeiz prdticdogsti `k hi skrgk `k eukotds
`k jgstkrgd), ks préetgeijkotk gjpdsglhk quk rkeukr`k
eiì `ktihhk y jitgz `k eiì edomkrkoegi y sksgõo `k
crupds pkqukùds, y `k his kstritkcgis quk koskùõ y eõjd
rkspdo`gkrdo hds kstu`giotks. ^dr ksd, hk rkedjgko`d hhkvir Kstk kfkjphd `k mdrjuhirgd jk pkrjgtk hhkvir uo rkcgstrd
ihcöo tgpd `k rkcgstrd. `kh prdcrksd `k uo kstu`giotk i hd hircd `k hds `êis i
Hi ﬉curi `k hi `krkebi ks uo kfkjphd `kh mdrjuhirgd jk`gì quk hk prkskotd oukvis kstritkcgis y hd ipdyd piri
quk edotgoök prietgeio`d his kstritkcgis quk hk koskùç
skoeghhd quk sdhêi usir ko jg sihõo `k ehisks. Hhkvili uoi prkvgijkotk.
îri edjkozir 55

>2.ispx
pécgoi pdr eiì kstu`giotk quk jk go`geili su prdcrksd i hd hircd `k hds `êis. Kh
dlfktgvd `kh kstu`giotk ipirkeêi ko hi pirtk supkrgdr `k hi pécgoi. Ih gr trilifio`d
edo kh kstu`giotk, kserglêi hi mkebi y iodtili his mdrtihkzis quk kh kstu`giotk kstili
`kjdstrio`d (ko hi gzqugkrì) y kh ipdyd quk okeksgtili (ko hi `krkebi). Hd quk
tkrjgoili pdr koskùir ksk `êi hd skùihili edo uoi K ko uo eêreuhd. Ih ﬉oih `k
hi edomkrkoegi d `k hi sksgõo `k crupds pkqukùds, trizili uoi hêoki bdrgzdotih.
@uriotk hi sgcugkotk edomkrkoegi d sksgõo `k crupds pkqukùds, pd`êi edosuhtir
répgìjkotkk jgs iodtiegdoks iotkrgdrks y edotgouir edo hi kstritkcgi prkvgijkotk
répgìjkot
koskùiì piri vkr sg kh kstu`giotk okeksgtili ipdyd i`gegdoih d sg kstili hgstd piri
pisir i uoi oukvi kstritkcgi. [stk` puk`k hhkvir kstis iodtiegdoks ko euihqugkr
mdrjitd quk hk pirkzei hõcged1 sg hk custio hds mdrjitds `gcgtihks puk`k usir
Kvkrodtk d Cddchk@des. Ug ustk` ks `k hi vgkfi kseukhi, usk uo irebgvi`dr, eui`krod
d eirpkti `k `ds ldhsghhds pdr eiì kstu`giotk. Hd jés gjpdrtiotk ks quk ski
pdrtétgh, préetged y k﬉eiz piri ustk`.
[sir his kstritkcgis fuotd edo `gvkrsds ksqukjis `k hketdksergturi

Wi ski quk su kseukhi usk uo komdquk `gmkrkotk ih `k tihhkrks `k ksergturi, yi ski quk
ustk` yi tkoci uo eurrêeuhuj lisi`d ko tihhkrks `k ksergturi d `kli skcugr dtrd
prdcriji `ktkrjgoi`d, his kstritkcgis `k kstk hglrd hk skréo juy ötghks piri mdrjir
ksergtdrks go`kpko`gkotks y bélghks. Ko hi tilhi quk sgcuk, prkskotd uoi hgsti edrti
`k jiokris ko his quk ustk` pd`rêi usir hd quk biy ko kstk hglrd piri dptgjgzir su
bdri `k ksergturi sgo gjpdrtir quç jçtd`d sgci.

>2.ispx
Komdquk d prdcriji `k Eõjd pd`rêi usir kstk hglrd

ksergturi
His uogì`ks `k kstu`gd skréo uoi cuêi govihuilhk piri hi koskùiozi `k tdì
su ehisk, edo ihcuois g`kis i`gegdoihks piri hi koskùiozi ko edomkrkoegis y ko
[ogì`ks `k kstu`gd piri sksgdoks `k crupds pkqukùds quk sk ihgokio edo hds dlfktgvds `k hi uogì`. Ugo
kjlircd, ogocöo iutdr `k uo eurrêeuhuj edodek i hds kstu`giotks edo hds quk
ksergturi
ustk` trilifi og hd quk sus jés rkegkotks kvihuiegdoks jukstrio sdlrk kh tgpd `k
iyuì y ipdyd quk okeksgtio. Kstk hglrd puk`k iyuìrhd i phiokir uoi koskùiozi
rkekptgvi y `gmkrkoegiì lisiì ko hds dlfktgvds go`gvgùihks.
@uriotk kstis sksgdoks ihtijkotk go`kpko`gkotks ko his quk hds kstu`giotks

Komdquk `k ksergturi kstéo kserglgko`d piri edotgouir edo hds tkxtds quk gogegirdo ko dtrd jdjkotd
`kh `êi d piri trilifir ko prdyketds `k su prdpgi khkeegõo, his kstritkcgis y hds
go`kpko`gkotk @ighy ; khkjkotds vgsuihks `k kstk hglrd hds iyuìréo i prietgeir y triosmkrgr his `kstrkzis
quk ustk` bi koskùi`d prkvgijkotk.
Edo uo prdcriji gospgri`d ko hds tihhkrks `k ksergturi edo uo ihtd ogvkh `k ipdyd,
kh jikstrd sgcuk uo phio `k uogì` ehird edo hkeegdoks y ietgvgì`ks y puk`k
biekr usd `k hds tkxtds jkotdrks quk sk dmrkeko. Ihcuods jikstrds koeukotrio
quk ipdyir i hds kstu`giotks edo kstritkcgis quk sk `ksedjpdoko ko pisds
edoerktds y ehirds puk`k iyuìrhds i ieek`kr jkfdr i hds dlfktgvds `k his
hkeegdoks. Dtrds jikstrds pd`rêio iprkegir his suckrkoegis `k tkxtds jkotdrks
^rdcrijis gotkcrihks `k ihtkrods piri `kstieir his tçeogeis `k ksergturi ko his hkeegdoks. Ko kstds
ksergturi, edjd Uebddhwg`k, prdcrijis, juebis `k his tirkis `k ksergturi dmrkeko i hds kstu`giotks dpegdoks
hgjgtiìs d uoi suckrkoegi juy `k﬉ogì sdlrk kh tkji piri kserglgr1 kstk hglrd,
Lkgoc i Srgtkr
Srgtkr,, Kjpdwkrgoc
K jpdwkrgoc
ko pirtgeuhir kh dlfktgvd sdlrk ckokrir g`kis, iyuìré i hds kstu`giotks i sieir i
Srgtkrs d P
Prigts
rigts Srgtgoc ﬌dtk ihcuois `k his g`kis quk puk`ko tkokr ko su gotkrgdr.
Hi prgoegpih jiokri ko hi quk prdlilhkjkotk yd usirêi kstk hglrd fuotd edo

kstds prdcrijis skrêi edjd uoi edhkeegõo jéstkr `k kstritkcgis piri cugir jg
gostrueegõo `gmkrkoegiì ‐ko crupds pkqukùds y edomkrkoegis‐ ùriotk hi bdri
`k ksergturi go`kpko`gkotk.
Ug ustk` tgko`k i isgcoir i sus kstu`giotks tkjis `ktkrjgoi`ds `k ksergturi,

kstk hglrd pd`rêi dmrkekrhk ihcuois g`kis `k kstritkcgis piri iyuìrhd i
`ksedjpdokr hi tirki ko pisds jés edoerktds y jiokfilhks. ^dr kfkjphd, ko
Kserglgr i pirtgr `k tkjis hucir `k pk`gr i hds ogùds quk ‘khildrko
‘khildrko uo kouoegi`d `k tksgs
t ksgs piri uo kosiyd
hgtkrirgd‚, pd`rêi luseir ko kh hglrd uoi kstritkcgi quk dmrkzei edoskfds sdlrk
`ktkrjgoi`ds d isgcoi`ds eõjd biekrhd pisd
pisd pdr pisd. I`kjés, hds tkjis `ktkrjgoi`ds, pdr hd ckokrih,
sdhd go`geio sdlrk quç edjkozir
edjkozir i kserglgr. Ko kstk hglrd koedotriré juebis
kstritkcgis quk iyuìréo i hds kstu`giotks i jkfdrir hi eihgì` `k hd quk
kserglko.
Edotgoöi
îri edjkozir 5;

>2.ispx
Komdquk d prdcriji `k Eõjd pd`rêi usir kstk hglrd

ksergturi
Hds kfkregegds `k ksergturi quk ipirkeko ko hds prdcrijis lisi`ds ko tkxtds

ksedhirks sukhko dmrkekr i hds ogùds g`kis sdlrk quç kserglgr, jés quk eõjd
Kfkregegds `k ksergturi
kserglgr.
kserg lgr. His kstritkcgis
kstrit kcgis `k kstk
kst k hglrd hd ipdyiréo
ipdyir éo ko hi koskùiozi
koskùio zi `kh ‘eõjd‚.
goehug`ds ko kh edotkxtd `k Pijlgço ks pdsglhk quk hds ksergtds `k sus kstu`giotks lisi`ds ko kh tkxtd
prdcrijis `k hketdksergt
hketdksergturi
uri ksedhir skio jiydrjkotk ldrri`drks, edo ihcd `k rkvgsgõo d k`gegõo. His
kstritkcgis `k kstk hglrd pd`rêio iyuìrhd i ijphgir hds bdrgzdotks `k sus
lisi`ds ko tkxtds ksedhirks kstu`giotks ko tçrjgods `kh prdeksd `k ksergturi, kspkegihjkotk his kstritkcgis
sdlrk eõjd ckokrir sus prdpgds tkjis `k ksergturi.
Ug ustk` bi kstilhkeg`d kh bélgtd `k quk sus kstu`giotks kserglio ko sus `girgds

eiì `êi, edosg`krk kebir uo vgstizd ih tgpd `k tkxtd quk kstéo kserglgko`d y hi
eihgì` `k hd quk kserglko piri vkr sg puk`k dmrkekrhks kstritkcgis piri khkvir
su ogvkh. Ugo uoi koskùiozi kspkeê﬉ei, i jkou`d his kotriìs `k `girgd `k hds
@girgds
kstu`giotks skréo sgjghirks ko kstghd, kstrueturi y khildriegõo `ks`k kh prgoegpgd
`kh iùd bisti kh ﬉oih. [sio`d ihcuois kstritkcgis `k kstk hglrd, hds kstu`giotks
pd`rêio kserglgr edo tkjis jés virgi`ds, kstrueturis ihtkrois, `gvkrsds tgpds `k
`ktihhks y odrjis `k drtdcrimêi y crijétgei jés gotkoegdoihks.
Euio`d sk usi hi ksergturi edjd pirtk `k uoi tirki `k egkoegis, kstu`gds

sdegihks d jitkjétgeis, kh komdquk sukhk skr kh edotkog`d ko sê jgsjd (hi
Kserglgr piri érkis `k Cukrri `k Go`kpko`koegi, kh egehd `kh icui, kh tkdrkji `k ^gtécdris), biegko`d
edotkog`d d govkstgciegõ
govkstgciegõo
o quk his `kstrkzis y kstritkcgis `k ksergturi pisko i skcuo`d phiod. Edosg`krk
usir his g`kis `k kstk hglrd piri kqughglrir hi koskùiozi `kh edotkog`d edo hi
cugiì
koskùiozi `k eõjd khildrir uo tkxtd lgko ksergtd, `k tih jd`d quk sk rkihek hi
edjprkosgõo `kh edotkog`d.
Ks pdsglhk quk `k tiotd ko tiotd ustk` goehuyi uo kfkregegd `k ksergturi, dmrkzei i

Ugo uo komdquk mdrjih `k sus kstu`giotks uo drciogzi`dr cré﬉ed d hks `ç tgkjpd piri pir i ‘kserglgr
‘kserglgr hglrkjkotk‚
h glrkjkotk‚
.
Kstk hglrd hd iyuìré i ipdyir i sus ksergtdrks jgkotris `gskùi uo eursd `k
ksergturi kstu`gd (vki
( vki ‘^hiokir uoi
u oi uogì` `k
` k kstu`gd‚, pécgois
pécgoi s 5> i 5<) d i koskùirhk
kosk ùirhkss
kstritkcgis quk pukìo goedrpdrir i sus prdyketds go`kpko`gkotks.
5= KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I

>2.ispx
His kstritkcgis iyuìo
i tdjir ihcd quk hds
ksergtdrks edjpktkotks
bieko `k jd`d oiturih,
iutdjétged y sgo ksmukrzd
edosegkotk, y hd vukhvko
vgsglhk, ehird y vgilhk piri kh
ksergtdr ko mdrjiegõo.
‐ Fkoogmkr Ukrr
Ukrrivihhd
ivihhd

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Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

D﬉egois y ickotks ko td`d kh juo`d

© <>97 pdr Fkoogmkr Ukrrivihhd

Pd`ds hds `krkebds rkskrvi`ds.

Hds iutdrks `k Bkgokjioo bio `k`gei`d td`i su eirrkri i `ksirrdhhir edotkog`ds

Hi iutdri y hi k`gtdrgih `kskio

Kh ^hio `k hi skjioi y kh ^kr﬉h `k hi ehisk mukrdo Kh Govkotirgd `k gotkrçs muk tri`ueg`d `k Pk

@gskùd `k hi eulgkrti6 Uuziook Bkgskr,

Gjprksd ko hds Ksti`ds [og`ds `k Ijçrgei ko pipkh sgo éeg`ds

9st prgotgoc ]^ <>97

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

^iri Huey y Eirh.

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

5.9= Isêcoitk uoi tirki 995 0.2 Koeukotri tu pisgõo

5.93 Uiei g`kis `kh ijlgkotk 990 0.7 ^gkosi ko tu iu`gkoegi

5.<5 [oi y dtri vkz 9<> 0.9= Koeukotri uo tkji ko tu edhkeegõo

5.50 Hkk sdlrk uo tkji `ksedodeg`d 959

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

;.90 ^irtks `k uo tkji6 Edjpdokotks

;.53 Edoehuyk edo

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

3 Khkeegõo `k pihilris 2.<

3.5> Kspkeê﬉ed, ehird, edoerktd6

3.59 Djgtk his pihilris gookeksirgis <73

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

(pulhgei`i ko <>93) pdr kstds itkotds y ckokrdsds k`uei`drks6

Fdbo Ieijpdri Fkoogmkr Mrgsb Sko`y Adhkr Hiurko Uoy`kr

Criegis i his k`uei`dris bgspiodbilhiotks

Jg jés sgoekrd icri`kegjgkot

Criegis i Bkgokjioo ^ulhgsbgoc, kspkegihjkotk i \d`krgea Upkhjio, pdr `irhk uoi

W i jg mijghgi6 Fko, Hdhi y ]gvgk, quk sdo jg edrizõo

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

Ko <>><, edoskcuê jg skcuo`d trilifd edjd jikstri ko uoi kseukhi pölhgei `k hi

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

ko hi jgsji sgtuiegõo quk jgs edhkcis `k hi ^U 9=; y yd ko <>><6 k`uei`drks quk

Iuoquk kstk hglrd sk bi tri`ueg`d i uo ebgod sgjphg﬉ei`d y ih mrioeçs, ksis

hds trilifds yi kxgstkotks), k goehugjds

Lrkvk gotrd`ueegõo i hds prgoegpgds,

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

< KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

piri koskùir uo tkji. [o tkxtd `k od ﬉eegõo puk`k tdjir hi mdrji `k oirriegõo

ehisks. Kstdy edovkoeg`i `k quk sg iyu`ijds i hds ogùds i irtgeuhir

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

´Eõjd `keg`gr edo quç dlfktgvd kjpkzir4

kstu`giotk `k su ehisk. Khkcgr kh dlfktgvd i`keui`d rkqugkrk edodekr juy lgko

Hgtkriey kiebkr‗s ^hiyldda piri

0 KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

@ktkrjgoir pdr `õo`k kjpkzir6

Edjpdokr edo gjéckoks

Ckokrir y rkuogr g`kis

Khildriegõo Khkeegõo `k pihilris

Odrjis6 Drtdcrimêi y Odrjis6 Crijétgei y

Edhildrir edo pirkfis y

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

Kh dlfktgvd ﬉oih sk komdei ko hi edhildriegõo edo pirkfis y ehulks `k ksergturi.

= KH HGL\D @K KUP\IPKCGIU @K KUE\GP[\I

Mdr jdrk gomdrjitgdo ildut tbgs Bkgokjioo rksdurek, vgsgt bttp6//bkgokjioo.

´Eõjd lused hi kstritkcgi i`keui`i `kotrd `k uo eipêtuhd4

`k hds piréjktrds `k su cri`d, lusquk kstritkcgis isgcoi`is i cri`ds y ogvkhks