Chapter 5

Transportation Engineering (TE)
GTU # 3150611
Unit-2
Bituminous Mix
Design
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki

Civil Engineering Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
ujjval.solanki@darshan.ac.in
9924100758
GTU Syllabus : 3150601_Transportation Engineering
Sr.No Contents No. of Sir
Lecture
01 Introduction:
Importance of Transportation, Different modes of transportation,
Overview of Road, Rail, Air and Water Transportation, Comparison of
various modes of Transportation. Organizations and their functions -
Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), Indian Road Congress (IRC),
Railway Board (RB), Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), Airport 2 DDD
Authority of India (AAI), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO),
Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).
02-A Introduction: Highway planning and development in India, Classification
of Rural and Urban roads, Highway alignment and surveys, Preparation of
Detailed Project Report. Highway Geometric Design: Importance, 30 DDD
highway cross section elements, sight distance, design of horizontal
alignment, design of vertical alignment, design of intersection.
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 2

Lecture
02-B Highway Materials: Components of highway pavement and materials UJS

used.
Soil: Importance, Desirable properties, Index properties, Compaction,
Strength evaluation tests
Aggregate: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on road aggregates
and quality control
Bituminous binders: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on
bitumen and quality control, Bitumen emulsion functions and
classification, Modified bituminous binder functions and classification
Bituminous Mix: Desirable properties and requirement of design mix,

general approach for design of bituminous mixes and introduction to
Marshall Mix Design Method
Lecture
02-C Design and Construction of Pavement: Pavement component UJS

functions, factors affecting pavement design and basic pavement
design of Flexible and Rigid pavement as per IRC guidelines, Steps for
construction of highway on embankment and in cutting. Construction
of embankment and subgrade, soil stabilization.
Flexible Pavement: Construction of Granular Sub-Base/Drainage layer,
Construction of Granular Base Course-WBM and WMM, Construction
of bituminous pavement layers- base course and surface course,
prime coat and tack coat.
Rigid Pavement: Types of cement concrete pavement, components of
cement concrete pavement and its functions, construction of cement
concrete pavement, joints in cement concrete pavement-function and
construction
Lecture
02-D Pavement Maintenance: Objective and classification of highway UJS
maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible
and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and
Structural
Highway Drainage, Arboriculture and Lighting: Requirements of
drainage system, Surface drainage system, Sub-surface drainage system,
Road Arboriculture, Highway lighting: Importance, Design factors and
lighting layout.
02-E Traffic Engineering: Traffic characteristics, Traffic studies: Traffic Volume DDD
study, Spot speed studies, Travel time - Delay study, PCU, Origin and
Destination studies, Parking studies, Road accident studies. Traffic
regulations and control devices. Types of Intersections. Road safety aspect

Lecture
3 Rail Transportation: 4 UJS
Role of Indian Railways in National Development, Basic requirement of railway alignment and
functions of Permanent Way, Types of components and functions: Gauge, Rail, Fittings,
Ballast, Embankments, Subgrade. Purpose: Coning of wheel, Super-elevation, points and
crossing, signalling and interlocking, yard, junction and terminal.
4 Water Transportation: 3 DDD
Harbour: Classification, components, site selection. Definitions: Harbour, Port, Plimsoll Line,
Beam, Draft, Hull, Structures and functions: Jetty, Breakwater, Wharf, Dock, Lock, Quay,
Mole, Dolphin. Mooring, Dredging. Natural Phenomenon: Tides, Waves, Wind, Currents.
Navigational Aids: Lighthouse, Lightships, Buoys.
5 Air Transportation: 3 DDD

Airport: Classification, Master plan, Site selection, Zoning laws, imaginary surfaces.
Aircraft Component parts, Importance and Purpose: Wind rose diagram, Runway
Orientation, Taxiway, Apron, terminal building, Marking and lighting on Runway, Taxiway
and Apron

Lecture 5
Chapter : 2-B

GTU Syllabus-3150611
Sr. Contents No. of Sir
No Lecture
02 -B Highway Materials: Components of highway pavement and materials UJS
used.
Soil: Importance, Desirable properties, Index properties, Compaction,
Strength evaluation tests.
Aggregate: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on road aggregates
and quality control.
Bituminous binders: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on
bitumen and quality control, Bitumen emulsion functions and
classification, Modified bituminous binder functions and classification.
Bituminous Mix: Desirable properties and requirement of design mix,
general approach for design of bituminous mixes and introduction to
Marshall Mix Design Method.

Points to be discussed in Chapter 2-B
1. Highway materials
A. Sub grade soil
B. Aggregates/Metal/Black trap metal (BT-Metal) (Kapchi)
C. Binder/ Bitumen/Asphalt
2. Bituminous Paving mixes ( Bituminous mix)
3. Cement and Cement concrete – their engineering and physical properties, basic tests….will
learn in Concrete Technology Subject in this current semester 5.. Will not discuss

Highway Construction material
Soil Aggregate Bitumen Cement

Cross section of Flexible pavement
Carriage way
Shoulder Shoulder
Wearing Course
Binder Course
Base Course
Sub-base Course
Compacted Sub-grade/Borrowed Sub-grade
– Min. 500 mm for NH and 300 mm for Rural Road
Embankment/ Existing Soil
Cross section of Flexible pavement
Shoulder Carriage way Shoulder
Shoulder- Provide
Shoulder- Provide support
support and
and confinement
confinement
Provide Wearing surface
Bituminous Layer
Layer Wearing Course
Bituminous Binder Course Binder course load transfer
Base-Load transfer
Base Course
Non-bituminous layer
Upper subbase-
Granular sub-base : Open Graded- Grade III or IV Drainage layer
Lower
Granular sub-base : Close Graded- Grade I or II sub-base-separation
Compacted Sub-grade/Borrowed Sub-grade layer
Min. 500 mm for NH and 300 mm for Rural Road
Embankment
Surface/Wearing course -Name Binder course-Name Base course
BC-Bituminous Concrete BM-Bituminous macadam
WBM-Water bound Macadam
SDBC-Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete DBM-Dense Bituminous Macadam
OGPC- Open graded pre-mix carpet WMM-Wet Mix Macadam
BUSG- Built Up Spray Grout
PC-Premix carpet
Cross section of flexible pavement
Tack coat Slope –known as camber Prime coat

Cross section of flexible pavement

Materials required for pavement construction
1. Subgrade -Soil- Borrowed subgrade/ Compacted subgrade /Existing soil
2. Sub-base- Granular soil or crushed aggregates
3. Base course - Crushed stone aggregates (Kapchi /Metal/ Black trap metal) and fine
aggregates/ Stone dust / Sand
4. Binder course and Wearing course - Crushed stone aggregates (Kapchi /Metal/ Black trap
metal) and fine aggregates/ Stone dust / Sand + Bitumen (binder) in Flexible pavement +
Cement in concrete pavement

Earthwork : Desirable properties of Soil
•Adequate stability to •Minimum variation in •Should retain desired
resist permanent volume, ensures minimum subgrade support i.e.
deformation under loads differential expansion and resistance to weathering
strength values
1 2 3 Permanency of
Stability Incompressibility Strength
•Under adverse conditions •Essential to avoid •Ensures higher dry density

of weather and ground excessive moisture and strength under
water minimum change in retention and to reduce particular type and
volume the potential frost action amount of compaction
4 Minimum changes 5 6
in volume Good drainage Ease of compaction
Desirable property and corresponding test on aggregates
•Crushing Test •• Los Angeles Abrasion test •Impact value test
•10% Fines value test
•Specific gravity
1 2 3
Strength and Quality Hardness Toughness
•Water absorption and • Grain size analysis •Stripping value test

•Soundness • Flakiness test and
• Elongation test
• Combined FI + EI test
• Angularity test
4 5 6
Durability Size and Shape of Aggregate Adhesion with bitumen
Desirable properties of bitumen
1. It should be FLUID ENOUGH at the time of mixing to coat the aggregate evenly by a thin film.
2. It should have LOW TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY
3. It should show UNIFORM VISCOSITY characteristics
4. Bitumen should have GOOD AMOUNT OF VOLATILES in it
5. The bitumen should be DUCTILE AND NOT BRITTLE
6. The bitumen should be CAPABLE OF BEING HEATED to the temperature at which it can be
easily mixed WITHOUT ANY FIRE HAZARDS
7. The bitumen should have GOOD AFFINITY TO THE AGGREGATE and should not be stripped off
in the continued presence off water
Desirable Properties of Bitumen-in Nut shell
1. Fluid Enough
2. Low Temperature Susceptibility
3. Uniform Viscosity
4. Good Amount of Volatiles
5. Ductile And Not Brittle
6. Capable Of being heated Without any Fire Hazards
7. Good affinity to the Aggregate

Bituminous Mix
Would you
believe any
issue in
bituminous
mix design?

Bituminous Mix Design cost
The cost of bituminous Mix Design at IIT-Bombay – Rs 3,00,000/- (3 Lac)
The cost of bituminous Mix Design at CRRI > Rs 3,00,000/-
The cost of bituminous Mix Design at GERI – Rs 87,840/- ( GERI SOR-2018-19)
The cost of bituminous Mix Design at Darshan– Rs 25000/-

What is bituminous Mix?
HMA* Surface /wearing Course

HMA Base Course
Aggregate Base
Subgrade
Pavement Materials
Aggregates
Bitumen
Emulsion
Asphalt Mixes
*HMA = Hot Mix Asphalt
Classification of Mixes
Dense Graded Open Graded Mix Gap Graded Mix

Mix Single size and Stone matrix
Well graded fines very less Asphalt-SMA
aggregate

Mix Classification and its Blending
Dense Graded Open Graded Gap Graded Fine Gap Graded
Coarse
aggregate
Fine aggregate
Filler
Bitumen
Air voids
Characteristics of different mix
DENSE GRADED MIX OPEN GRADED MIX GAP GRADED MIX /STONE MATRIX
• Well distributed • Gap graded or
• Have large
aggregate Stone matrix
gradation volume of air
voids (typically asphalt
throughout entire • High coarse
range of sieves 18 to 22%)
aggregate
used
• Water will drain content(70 to 80%)
• Used in binder
through • High asphalt
and surface
content > 6%
course
• Superpave, • Used as open • High filler
Marshal and graded friction content @ 10% by
Haveem course (OGFC) weight
methods • Durable mix
designing • Provide skid • stone to stone
dense-graded resistant content
mixes
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation
• Rut resistant mix 25
Bituminous Mix Materials and its source
Aggregates Bitumen Emulsion
MATERIAL SOURCE
Bitumen and Emulsion

Petroleum Refinery Aggregate crushing Plant
Bituminous Mix
Bituminous mix is a mixture of following materials Design of Bituminous
Mix as per
MS-2-7th Edition
No IRC Code
Aggregate of
Mineral Filler Bitumen
different size
Important task of Bituminous Mix design is to optimize Bitumen

content (%) Find Optimum Binder Content –OBC %
As we optimize Cement in Concrete Mix design
How Mix is prepared in field
Hot Mix Plant
Drum Mix Batch Mix

Plant Plant
Hot Mix Plant-Drum Mix plant
DRUM

Hot Mix Plant-Batch Mix plant

What do I Design ?
Decide material composition
1. Aggregate Gradation
2. Percentage of Aggregate
3. Bitumen Type
4. Percentage of Bitumen

Desirable Properties of Bituminous Mix
1. Adequate Stability
2. Adequate Flexibility
3. Adequate resistance to permanent deformation
4. Adequate resistance to low temperature cracking
5. Durability to sustain in adverse weather and repeated traffic load
6. Posses sufficient Air Voids to prevent bleeding
7. Adequate resistance to Moisture induced damage
8. Adequate skid resistance
9. Adequate workability

Sr. Desirable Why Required How it can be achieved
No property of
Mix
01 Adequate To withstand the stress By selecting
stability and deformation due to • Suitable type & gradation of aggregate
repeated application of • Appropriate binder and its proportion
traffic load
02 Adequate To withstand fatigue By selection of
Flexibility effects and • Proper mix of aggregate and binder
development of cracks
03 Adequate To prevent rutting due By selection of
resistance to to movement of heavy • Good quality of aggregate
permanent wheel load during hot • Appropriate gradation
• Densification of mix during compaction
deformation
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki weather #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 33
No property of
Mix
04 Adequate To withstand the change By selecting
resistance to in temperature daily and • Suitable type & grade of bituminous
low temp. seasonal binder
cracking
05 Durability To sustain in By selecting
Adverse weather and • Correct grade of bituminous binder
repeated traffic load
06 Posses To prevent bleeding By selecting
sufficient Air To prevent reduction of • Appropriate shape and gradation of agg.
Voids skid resistance in wet and binder content
• Ensure adequate air void during mix
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ design
Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 34
No property of
Mix
07 Adequate To prevent stripping of • By adequate compaction minimizing
resistance to aggregate from bitumen permeability of compacted mix
Moisture in the presence of water • Selection of appropriate binder content
induced binder quality and aggregate quality
damage
08 Adequate skid To provide sufficient By selecting
resistance friction for application of • Aggregate with suitable texture, shape,
brake that prevent and gradation
accident • Aggregate with resistance to polishing
09 Adequate For mixing, laying and By selecting
workability compaction • Aggregate with suitable texture, shape,
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ gradation, binder type and content 35
Unit 2 – Highway Transportation
Bituminous Mix Design Methods
1. Marshal method
2. Hveem stabilometer method
3. Hubbard Field test method
4. Super pave mix design method
Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements …..USA…….May be implemented in India
…Near Future
Marshal method is specified by IRC and MORTH specification as per MS-2

Marshal Test method…Equipment required
Marshal stability Testing head with Pedestal for Weight balance for
machine- Loading frame dial gauge to compaction -75 weight in air and water
with proving rind measure flow blow both face
Marshal Mould –with Flask and vacuum

Hammer – 4.5 Kg
collar 101 mm dia, 65
weight -457 mm drop pump to find Gmm
mm height
Steps to design bituminous mix
1. Aggregate Selection
2. Selection of aggregate grading and Blending
3. Determination of specific gravity of aggregate
4. Bitumen Selection
5. Sample preparation ( Mixing and Compaction)
6. Determination of specific gravity of compacted specimen
7. Determination of volume of air voids, voids in mineral aggregate and voids filled with bitumen
8. Test on compacted specimen-Marshall Test
9. Optimum bitumen content selection

1. Aggregate selection
Gradation Requirement of Coarse Agg for
Material : Physical requirement of Coarse Aggregate Bituminous Concrete - BC
Grading 1 2
for DBM and BC
Nominal aggregate size 19 mm 13.2 mm
Property Test Specification
Layer thickness 50 mm 30-40 mm
Cleanliness Max 5% passing 0.075 mm
Grain size analysis IS Sieve (mm) % passing % passing
(dust) sieve For
Combined Flakiness and BC 26.5 100
Particle shape Max 35%
Elongation Indices* 19 90-100 100
Los Angeles Abrasion Max 35% Max 30% 13.2 59-79 90-100
Strength
Aggregate Impact Value Max 27% Max 24% 9.5 52-72 70-88
Soundness either: 4.75 35-55 53-71
Durability Max 12% or Max 18%
Na2SO4 or MgSO4 2.36 28-44 42-58
Water 1.18 20-34 34-48
Water Absorption Max 2%
Absorption 0.6 15-27 26-38
Coating and Stripping of 0.3 10-20 18-28
Stripping Max. retained coating 95%
Bitumen Aggregate Mix 0.15 5-13 12-20
Water
Retained Tensile strength** Min 80% 0.075 2-8 4-10
sensitivity
Bitumen content % by
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation Min 5.2 39Min 5.4**
2. Aggregate Grading and blending
Cumulative % Passing by
Sieve weight of Total aggregate Sieve Analysis and
Obtained Gradation
size in 6 mm gradation
proportioning/blending of aggregate
10 mm Stone required
mm and mixture
and down dust as per
down
Table 500-17
% of
MORTH –V
Aggrega 30% 25% 45% 100% revision
te
19 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100

13.2 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 90-100
9.5 59.86 100.00 100.00 87.96 70-88
4.75 2.35 62.80 100.00 61.41 53-71
2.36 0.00 22.78 98.65 50.09 42-58
1.18 0.00 12.22 76.07 37.29 34-48
0.6 0.00 8.13 65.24 31.39 26-38
0.3 0.00 6.12 42.92 20.84 18-28
0.15 0.00
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki 5.81 26.59 13.42 #3150601 (TE)12-20
⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 40
3. Determination of specific gravity of aggregate and binder
Sr. By Pycnometer By Wire Basket
Specific gravity of bitumen
1 Mass of Pycnometer bottle – M1 g Mass of empty basket
2 Mass of Pycnometer bottle + sand M2 g Mass of empty basket +
Aggregate
3 Mass of Pycnometer bottle + sand + M3 g Mass of empty basket +
Water Aggregate in water
4 Mass of Pycnometer bottle + Water M4 g Mass of Empty basket in water
5

4. Bitumen Selection

Lowest Daily Mean Highest Daily Mean Air Temperature, ⁰C
Air Temperature, ⁰C Less than 20 ⁰C 20 to 30 ⁰C More than 30 ⁰C
More than -10 ⁰C VG-10 VG-20 VG-30
-10 ⁰C or Lower VG-10 VG-10 VG-20
Selection of Binder for Bituminous Mixes & its Applications in India (IRC:111-2009)
Equivalent
Viscosity Maximum average
Penetration Traffic (CVPD) Bituminous Course
Grade air temperature °C
Grade
VG 10 80/100 ≤ 30 °C ≤ 1500 CVPD BM, DBM and BC
VG 20 60/80 ≤ 30 °C ≤ 1500 CVPD BM, DBM and BC
VG 30 60/70 ≤ 40 °C For all types of traffic BM, DBM, SDBC and BC
VG 40 30/40 ≥ 40 °C Heavy loads, Expressways, MSA > 30 DBM,SDBC and BC

5. Sample preparation, mixing and Compaction
1. Take 1200 gram total aggregate (10mm and down ,6mm and down and dust) heat 175 ° to 190° C
2. Compaction mould assembly and rammer also kept preheated at a temp 95 ° to 150° C.
3. Required quantity of bitumen is heated 120° to 165°C.
4. Bitumen selected in 0.5% increment, at least two bitumen content above estimated “optimum”
and two below (e.g BC-Grade-II, specification suggest bitumen content 5.4% Now need to
prepare mould at bitumen content – 4.4% ,4.9%,5.4%,5.9% and 6.4%
5. Mix thoroughly at Mixing temp for VG 30 @ 160°C
6. Mix placed in preheated Mould and compact by rammer applying 75 blow on both side….
Allowed to cool at room temperature ( Put filter paper on both face before applying blow)
7. Prepared at least three specimen for each trial – 3- mould for each binder content – e.g. -4.4%,
4.9%, 5.4% , 5.9% and 6.4% like that as per design ( 5 trial * 3 Mould for each trial = 15 Mould)

6. Determination of specific gravity of compacted specimen


7. Determination of volume of air voids, voids in mineral aggregate
and voids filled with bitumen


7. Determination of volume of air voids, voids in mineral aggregate and voids
filled with bitumen

Wb = % Weight of bitumen Three phase diagram
Ws =%Weight of solid (Agg)
Weight Volume
W =Weight of specimen
Va = Volume of air
AIR va VMA Vb = Volume of bitumen
Asphalt
Wb Specific gravity =Ga vb VFB Vs = Volume of Solid
(Agg)
W AGGREGATE
% W1 =10 mm down
% W2 =6 mm and down
v

Ws % W3 = Dust
vs
Specific Gravity
G1 = 10 mm down
G2 = 6 mm and down
VMA = Va + Vb G3 = Dust

Example on calculation of Combined (Gc) and Theoretical Sp.gr(Gt)
Calculate Combined Gc and Theoretical Sp. Gr. Gt , Following blending of different Agg. and
sp.gr is observed, Bitumen is added 5% having sp.gr 1.01
Aggregate Size % Proportion Sp.gr -G
20 mm & down 30 2.74
10 mm & down 25 2.71
6 mm & down 45 2.70
Bitumen 5 1.01
Calculate Gc Calculate Gt


7. Determination of volume of air voids, voids in mineral aggregate and voids
filled with bitumen
Gb = 2.285 Gt = 2.392


Compact samples for different bitumen content at 0.5% increments
4.4% ,4.9%,5.4%,5.9% and 6.4% = 6 Trial
At least three specimens at each bitumen content ( 5 *3 = 15 Mould)

The Specimen to be tested are kept immersed in water in a thermostatically
controlled water bath at 60 ± 1oC for 30 to 40 minutes.

Stability and Flow
Stability : Available from load measuring
device- proving ring / load cell
Load is applied on the breaking head by
the loading machine at the rate of 50
mm/minute
Stability value = Load taken by the
specimen at failure in kN or Kg
Flow : Available from dial gauge kept at
testing head
Flow value = Deformation of the
specimen at failure in mm

9. Optimum bitumen content selection
Prepare Graphical Plots:
1. Binder content versus corrected Marshall Stability in kN
2. Binder content versus Marshall Flow in mm
3. Binder content versus percentage of air void (Vv) in the total mix
4. Binder content versus voids filled with bitumen (VFB)
5. Binder content versus unit weight or bulk specific gravity (Gb)
6. Binder content versus voids in mineral aggregate (VMA)
Method -1

Method -2
Find bitumen content at exact 4% air voids and check suitability in other parameter
Optimum
Bitumen Marshall Graphs
Content 2.4
U nit w e ig ht g/cc
20
18 2.35
-Method 1
Stability (kN)
16
14 2.3
12
2.25
10
8 2.2
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Bitumen (%)
Bitumen
content
16.00 Optimum bitumen content of the mix
(5.0+6.0+6.34)/3= 5.8%
(5.0+6.0+6.
% V o id s in m ix
12.00
8.00
4.00
0.00
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Bitumen content 6.34
•
Bitumen content corresponding to maximum stability Bitumen content = 5.0 %
• = 6.0%
corresponding
• to maximum bulk density = 6.34
Bitumen content corresponding to 4% air voids
Optimum Bitumen content = (5 + 6 + 6.34)/3= 5.78%
Optimum
Bitumen Other Check
Limit VFB- 65-75 % Limit Flow (mm) -2-4
Content 100.00 5
-Method 1 75(%)
80.00 3.8
4
Flow Value
60.00
Flow limit
3
VFB
40.00 2- 5 mm
2
20.00
1
0.00 0
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Bitumen Content (% ) 5.78% Bitumen Content (%) 5.78%
20
19
VMA limit-13-14 18
17
Based on MSA
VMA (%)
16
15
13.5 14
13
12
11
10
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Bitumen Content (%) 5.78%
Optimum Bitumen Content -Method 2….@ 4% Air voids
5.6 %

Optimum Bitumen Content -Method 2….@ 4% Air voids
4 % Air
voids
5.6 %
5.6 % 5.6 %
5.6 % 5.6 %
5.6 %

Volumetric Requirements
MORTH - Specifications for Bituminous Concrete -Grade-II
Property Mix Design Specification Test Method
result of MORTH
Minimum Stability (60 C, kN) 17.8 9 ASTM D6927
Flow (mm) 3.8 2-5 ASTM D6927
Marshall Quotient (stability/flow) = 4.68 2-5 ASTM D6927

17.8/3.8 =
Air Voids 4.0 3-5 ASTM D2041
Voids filled with Bitumen (%)-VFB 71.67 65-75 MS-2
Fines to Bitumen (F/B) (%) 0.86 MS-2

Voids in Mineral Aggregates 15.78 Minimum 13 %
(VMA)
% Binder content 5.6 Minimum -5.4%

Volumetric issues and challenges
Sr. Issues and challenges Possible recommendation
No
01 VMA did not meet the criteria Change gradation
02 VFB did not meet the criteria VFB Low : Issue in adequate film thickness, without it, asphalt can
oxidized
film may penetrate by water, tensile strength weak.
VFB High = decrease Binder Content or coarse gradation
03 Stability Low Change aggregate gradation, aggregates types (angular)

04 Flow High Change Aggregate types, gradation or source
05 Air Voids High/Low Air voids High :Increase fines or fine gradation/
Air voids Low : decrease fines or coarse gradation
06 Binder Content High Change to coarse gradation/reduce fines

No property of
Mix
01 Adequate To withstand the stress By selecting
stability and deformation due to • Suitable type & gradation of aggregate
repeated application of • Appropriate binder and its proportion
traffic load
02 Adequate To withstand fatigue By selection of
Flexibility effects and • Proper mix of aggregate and binder
development of cracks
03 Adequate To prevent rutting due By selection of
resistance to to movement of heavy • Good quality of aggregate
permanent wheel load during hot • Appropriate gradation
• Densification of mix during compaction
deformation
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki weather #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 58
No property of
Mix
04 Adequate To withstand the change By selecting
resistance to in temperature daily and • Suitable type & grade of bituminous
low temp. seasonal binder
cracking
05 Durability To sustain in By selecting
Adverse weather and • Correct grade of bituminous binder
repeated traffic load
06 Posses To prevent bleeding By selecting
sufficient Air To prevent reduction of • Appropriate shape and gradation of agg.
Voids skid resistance in wet and binder content
• Ensure adequate air void during mix
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ design
Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 59
No property of
Mix
07 Adequate To prevent stripping of • By adequate compaction minimizing
resistance to aggregate from bitumen permeability of compacted mix
Moisture in the presence of water • Selection of appropriate binder content
induced binder quality and aggregate quality
damage
08 Adequate skid To provide sufficient By selecting
resistance friction for application of • Aggregate with suitable texture, shape,
brake that prevent and gradation
accident • Aggregate with resistance to polishing
09 Adequate For mixing, laying and By selecting
workability compaction • Aggregate with suitable texture, shape,
Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ gradation, binder type and content 60
Unit 2 – Highway Transportation
Thank you

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Transportation Engineering (TE)

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 2

02-B Highway Materials: Components of highway pavement and materials UJS

Bituminous Mix: Desirable properties and requirement of design mix,

02-C Design and Construction of Pavement: Pavement component UJS

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 5

5 Air Transportation: 3 DDD

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 6

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 7

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 8

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 9

Soil Aggregate Bitumen Cement

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 10

Tack coat Slope –known as camber Prime coat

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•Under adverse conditions •Essential to avoid •Ensures higher dry density

•Water absorption and • Grain size analysis •Stripping value test

2. It should have LOW TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY

3. It should show UNIFORM VISCOSITY characteristics

4. Bitumen should have GOOD AMOUNT OF VOLATILES in it

5. The bitumen should be DUCTILE AND NOT BRITTLE

2. Low Temperature Susceptibility

4. Good Amount of Volatiles

5. Ductile And Not Brittle

6. Capable Of being heated Without any Fire Hazards

7. Good affinity to the Aggregate

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Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 21

HMA* Surface /wearing Course

Dense Graded Open Graded Mix Gap Graded Mix

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 23

Aggregates Bitumen Emulsion

Bitumen and Emulsion

Important task of Bituminous Mix design is to optimize Bitumen

Hot Mix Plant

Drum Mix Batch Mix

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Marshal method is specified by IRC and MORTH specification as per MS-2

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 36

Marshal Mould –with Flask and vacuum

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 38

19 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100

Prof. Ujjval J. Solanki #3150601 (TE) ⬥ Unit 2 – Highway Transportation 41

VG 40 30/40 ≥ 40 °C Heavy loads, Expressways, MSA > 30 DBM,SDBC and BC

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At least three specimens at each bitumen content ( 5 *3 = 15 Mould)

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Flow (mm) 3.8 2-5 ASTM D6927