The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 led to major political, social, and cultural changes. The Normans introduced feudalism and built castles to demonstrate their power. Under feudalism, land was divided in a hierarchy with the king at the top distributing land to barons in exchange for services, who then gave land to knights in exchange for military service. Peasants were mostly serfs bound to the lord of the manor where they were born. In 1085, William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book survey to record what the land was like and who lived on it, enabling him to calculate tax revenues. Medieval society was divided into three estates - nobility, clergy, and peasants.
The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 led to major political, social, and cultural changes. The Normans introduced feudalism and built castles to demonstrate their power. Under feudalism, land was divided in a hierarchy with the king at the top distributing land to barons in exchange for services, who then gave land to knights in exchange for military service. Peasants were mostly serfs bound to the lord of the manor where they were born. In 1085, William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book survey to record what the land was like and who lived on it, enabling him to calculate tax revenues. Medieval society was divided into three estates - nobility, clergy, and peasants.
The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 led to major political, social, and cultural changes. The Normans introduced feudalism and built castles to demonstrate their power. Under feudalism, land was divided in a hierarchy with the king at the top distributing land to barons in exchange for services, who then gave land to knights in exchange for military service. Peasants were mostly serfs bound to the lord of the manor where they were born. In 1085, William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book survey to record what the land was like and who lived on it, enabling him to calculate tax revenues. Medieval society was divided into three estates - nobility, clergy, and peasants.
The Norman Conquest brought about profound political, social and cultural changes. They built castles to demonstrate and maintain their power. The Normans also introduced the feudal system. Who was the owner of all the land? Feudal society had a hierarchical structure based on a chain of loyalty agreements. The owner of the land was the king. What did the barons receive for their service? The King portioned out the land to the barons in return for goods and service. What did the knights give in exchange for land? The knights gave military service in exchange for land. Who were the peasants? The peasants were mostly serfs who were bound to their lord and not allowed to leave the land where they had been born. What was the Domesday Book? William in 1085 he sent his men all over England to carry out a survey. He wanted to know what the land was like and who lived on it. The results of the survaey were recorded in the Domesday Book. This document also enabled the king to calculate how much money he could raise in taxes. The English called the book Domesday because they felt it was like having their souls weighed up on Judgement Day, or 'doomsday'.
MEDIEVAL SOCIETY: THE THREE ORDERS
In the Middle Ages, society was divided into three orders. These were: the nobles, the clergy and the peasants. The nobles were at the top of the social order. They were aristocratic lords and ladies who lived on manors. The higher nobles had vassals, lower nobles who had sworn loyalty to them. In exchange for protection, these vassals promised to fight on the lord's behalf as knights and grant him a certain number of days of military service per year. The peasants were at the bottom of the social order. Peasants were most likely born on the manor of a lord and were bound to him as serfs. Serfdom also meant that they might be subject to a number of taxes, and that many things would have been subject to their lord's approval. In the XIV century, when Black Death killed more than a third of population, there began to be some real upward mobility in the third order. Many commoners achieved lives of wealth that had previously been only possible for the nobility. Many nobles found themselves rich in title but poor in cash.
WARS AND SOCIAL REVOLTS
What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War? In 1337 Edward III claimed the crown of France because his mother was the French King's sister. This was the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, which was to last until 1453. There were also a commercial reason for the war: the French were threatening Flanders, which was the chief market tor English wool. How did the Black Death speed up the decline of feudalism? The Hundred Years' War was interrupted in 1348 by the Black Death. Some villages were completely depopulated and left deserted. Bacause of the labour shortage, labourers could demand higher wages. Paying money for agricoltural labour was a radical change from feudalism. The old relationships and ties of loyalty were completely transformed. The peasants could bargain with their lords for their freedom and move to the towns more easely. What did the Lollards condemn? The last year of Edward III's reign were marked by the rise of a religious reform movement called Lollardy. The leader of the movement was Oxford scholar John Wycliffe. The Lollards criticised the corruption in monastic orders and the feudal monasteries' policy of lending money at interest. What was the poll tax? On the death of Edward III the crown passed to his ten-years.old grandson Richard II. He become very unpopular in 1381 when he introduced the “poll tax”, a tax imposed on very adult regardless of income. What led to the Peasants’ Revolt? The Poll Tax was was beginning of the Peasants' Revolt, the first popular rebellion in English history. How did the Wars of the Roses get their name? The Hundred Years' War ended in 1453 but in England there was a civil war between the rivals families of Lancester and York. These civil war called Wars of the Roses because of the symbol of the contending houses the white rose of York and the red roses of Lancester. The wars ended in 1485 when Richard III the last Yorkist King, was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor.
ALL ABOUT GEOFFREY CHAUCER
Geoffrey Chaucer was born around 1343, the son of a rich wine merchant in London. He and his family belonged to the noble order of the society. His family’s wealth allowed him to receive a fine education. Where was he buried? He was the first poet to be buried in what is known as poets corner in Westminster Abbey. Why is he regarded as the father of English literature? Chaucer is known as the father of English literature because he portrayed the English society of his time and wrote his masterpiece in the dialect of his native London. What were his contributions to the English Language? Chaucer contributed to the English language by demonstrating that English literature could be just as beautiful, complex and profound. He coined about 2000 words and phrases, including words like plumage, twitter, feminility, womanhood, galaxy, vulgar, crude and scissors, and phrases like 'love is blind' and 'shaking like a leaf. Language he used went on to become the basis of Modern English.
Chaucer's works are usually divided into three periods.
1. The French period includes poems modelled on French romance style such as The Romaunt of the Rose; 2. The Italian period shows greater maturity and skill in the use of metre. This period include: The Parlement of Foules, The Legende of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde; 3. The English period is marked by greater realism and includes his most famous work, The Canterbury Tales.
ALL ABOUT THE CANTERBURY TALES
Where do the characters meet and why? Thirty pilgrims are going on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. It is April and they meet at the Tabard Inn in Southwark. To make the journey less boring, the Host suggests having a contest where each pilgrim tells two stories. Where do the characters meet and why? Chaucer wanted to give a portrait of contemporary English society, so he used the pilgrimage as a device to bring together people from different walks of life. He began with knight, then moved to the clergy, describing the character of the prioress and making fun of monks, friars and pardoners. Chaucer also portrayed members of the emerging 'middle class' of merchants and craftsmen. He didn't describe the high aristocracy or peasants. How did Chaucer present women? Chaucer mixes male and female characters. This underlines the new importance of women within the growing class of merchants and tradesmen. Some of the women Chaucer knew were very independent. He seems to show a real understanding and respect for women. NORMAN BRITAIN La conquista normanna determinò profondi cambiamenti politici, sociali e culturali. Costruirono castelli per dimostrare e mantenere il loro potere. I Normanni introdussero anche il sistema feudale. La società feudale aveva una struttura gerarchica basata su una catena di accordi di lealtà. Il proprietario della terra era il re. Il re spartiva la terra ai baroni in cambio di beni e servizi. I cavalieri prestavano il servizio militare in cambio di terra. I contadini erano per lo più servi della gleba legati al loro signore e non autorizzati a lasciare la terra dove erano nati. William nel 1085 inviò i suoi uomini in tutta l'Inghilterra per effettuare un sopralluogo. Voleva sapere com'era la terra e chi ci viveva. I risultati del sondaggio sono stati registrati nel Domesday Book. Questo documento consentiva anche al re di calcolare quanti soldi poteva raccogliere con le tasse. Gli inglesi chiamavano il libro Domesday perché sentivano che era come avere le loro anime soppesate nel Giorno del Giudizio, o "giorno del giudizio". MEDIEVAL SOCIETY: THE THREE ORDERS Nel Medioevo la società era divisa in tre ordini. Questi erano: i nobili, il clero e i contadini. I nobili erano al vertice dell'ordine sociale. Erano signori e signore aristocratici che vivevano nei manieri. I nobili superiori avevano vassalli, i nobili inferiori che avevano giurato loro fedeltà. In cambio di protezione, questi vassalli promettevano di combattere per conto del signore come cavalieri e di concedergli un certo numero di giorni di servizio militare all'anno. I contadini erano in fondo all'ordine sociale. Molto probabilmente i contadini erano nati nel maniero di un signore e gli erano legati come servi. Serfdom significava anche che potevano essere soggetti a una serie di tasse e che molte cose sarebbero state soggette all'approvazione del loro signore. Nel XIV secolo, quando la peste nera uccise più di un terzo della popolazione, cominciò a esserci una vera e propria mobilità ascendente del terzo ordine. Molti cittadini comuni hanno raggiunto una vita di ricchezza che in precedenza era stata possibile solo per la nobiltà. Molti nobili si trovarono ricchi di titolo ma poveri di denaro. WARS AND SOCIAL REVOLTS Nel 1337 Edoardo III rivendicò la corona di Francia perché sua madre era la sorella del re francese. Questo fu l'inizio della Guerra dei Cent'anni, che sarebbe durata fino al 1453. C'era anche una ragione commerciale per la guerra: i francesi stavano minacciando le Fiandre, che era il mercato principale per la lana inglese. La guerra dei cent'anni fu interrotta nel 1348 dalla peste nera. Alcuni villaggi furono completamente spopolati e abbandonati. A causa della carenza di manodopera, i lavoratori potrebbero richiedere salari più alti. Pagare denaro per il lavoro agricolo fu un cambiamento radicale rispetto al feudalesimo. I vecchi rapporti e legami di lealtà furono completamente trasformati. I contadini potevano contrattare con i loro signori per la loro libertà e trasferirsi più facilmente nelle città. L'ultimo anno del regno di Edoardo III fu segnato dall'ascesa di un movimento di riforma religiosa chiamato Lollardy. Il leader del movimento era lo studioso di Oxford John Wycliffe. I Lollardi criticavano la corruzione negli ordini monastici e la politica dei monasteri feudali di prestare denaro a interesse. Alla morte di Edoardo III la corona passò al nipote di dieci anni Riccardo II. Divenne molto impopolare nel 1381 quando introdusse la "poll tax", una tassa imposta a persone molto adulte indipendentemente dal reddito. La Poll Tax fu l'inizio della rivolta dei contadini, la prima ribellione popolare nella storia inglese. La Guerra dei Cent'anni terminò nel 1453 ma in Inghilterra scoppiò una guerra civile tra le famiglie rivali di Lancester e York. Queste guerre civili furono chiamate Guerre delle Rose per via del simbolo delle case contendenti la rosa bianca di York e le rose rosse di Lancester. Le guerre terminarono nel 1485 quando Riccardo III, l'ultimo re York, fu sconfitto nella battaglia di Bosworth dal Lancaster Henry Tudor. ALL ABOUT GEOFFREY CHAUCER Geoffrey Chaucer nacque intorno al 1343, figlio di un ricco commerciante di vini a Londra. Lui e la sua famiglia appartenevano all'ordine nobile della società. La ricchezza della sua famiglia gli permise di ricevere un'ottima educazione. Fu il primo poeta ad essere sepolto in quello che è noto come l'angolo dei poeti nell'Abbazia di Westminster. Chaucer è conosciuto come il padre della letteratura inglese perché ha ritratto la società inglese del suo tempo e ha scritto il suo capolavoro nel dialetto della sua nativa Londra. Chaucer ha contribuito alla lingua inglese dimostrando che la letteratura inglese può essere altrettanto bella, complessa e profonda. Ha coniato circa 2000 parole e frasi, incluse parole come piumaggio, twitter, femminilità, femminilità, galassia, volgare, grezzo e forbici, e frasi come "l'amore è cieco" e "trema come una foglia". La lingua che ha usato è diventata la base dell'inglese moderno. ALL ABOUT THE CANTERBURY TALES Trenta pellegrini si recano in pellegrinaggio al santuario di Thomas Becket nella cattedrale di Canterbury. È aprile e si incontrano al Tabard Inn di Southwark. Per rendere il viaggio meno noioso, l'Ostia propone di indire una gara in cui ogni pellegrino racconta due storie. Chaucer voleva dare un ritratto della società inglese contemporanea, quindi ha usato il pellegrinaggio come strumento per riunire persone di diversi ceti sociali. Iniziò con il cavaliere, poi passò al clero, descrivendo il carattere della priora e prendendosi gioco di monaci, frati e perdonatori. Chaucer ha anche ritratto membri della "classe media" emergente di mercanti e artigiani. Non descrisse l'alta aristocrazia oi contadini. Chaucer mescola personaggi maschili e femminili. Ciò sottolinea la nuova importanza delle donne all'interno della crescente classe di mercanti e commercianti. Alcune delle donne che Chaucer conosceva erano molto indipendenti. Sembra mostrare una vera comprensione e rispetto per le donne.
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