Charles Darwin is best known for his work as a naturalist, developing

a theory of evolution to explain biological change.

Who Was Charles Darwin?

Charles Robert Darwin (February 12, 1809 to April 19, 1882) was a naturalist and biologist
known for his theory of evolution and the process of natural selection. 

Born in Shrewsbury, England, in 1831 he embarked on a five-year survey voyage around the
world on the HMS Beagle; his studies of specimens led him to formulate his theories. In 1859,
he published his landmark book, On the Origin of Species. 
Charles Darwin, 1868. 
Julia Margaret Cameron [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Theory of Evolution

Darwin’s theory of evolution declared that species survived through a process called "natural
selection," where those that successfully adapted, or evolved, to meet the changing requirements
of their natural habitat thrived, while those that failed to evolve and reproduce died off. 

Through his observations and studies of birds, plants and fossils, Darwin noticed similarities
among species all over the globe, along with variations based on specific locations, leading him
to believe that the species we know today had gradually evolved from common ancestors.
Darwin’s theory of evolution and the process of natural selection later became known simply as
“Darwinism.”

At the time, other naturalists believed that all species either came into being at the start of the
world or were created over the course of natural history. In either case, they believed species
remained much the same throughout time.

'Origin of Species'

In 1858, after years of scientific investigation, Darwin publicly introduced his revolutionary
theory of evolution in a letter read at a meeting of the Linnean Society. On November 24, 1859,
he published a detailed explanation of his theory in his best-known work, On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection.

In the next century, DNA studies provided scientific evidence for Darwin’s theory of evolution.
However, controversy surrounding its conflict with Creationism — the religious view that all of
nature was born of God — still abounds today.

When Was Charles Darwin Born?

Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in the tiny merchant town of Shrewsbury,
England.

Family

A child of wealth and privilege who loved to explore nature, Darwin was the second youngest of
six kids. Darwin came from a long line of scientists: His father, Dr. R.W. Darwin, was a medical
doctor, and his grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, was a renowned botanist. Darwin’s mother,
Susanna, died when he was only eight years old.

Education

In October 1825, at age 16, Darwin enrolled at University of Edinburgh along with his brother
Erasmus. Two years later, he became a student at Christ's College in Cambridge. 
His father hoped he would follow in his footsteps and become a medical doctor, but the sight of
blood made Darwin queasy. His father suggested he study to become a parson instead, but
Darwin was far more inclined to study natural history.

Voyage on the HMS Beagle

While Darwin was at Christ's College, botany professor John Stevens Henslow became his
mentor. After Darwin graduated Christ's College with a bachelor of arts degree in 1831, Henslow
recommended him for a naturalist’s position aboard the HMS Beagle. 

The ship, commanded by Captain Robert FitzRoy, was to take a five-year survey trip around the
world. The voyage would prove the opportunity of a lifetime for the budding young naturalist.

On December 27, 1831, the HMS Beagle launched its voyage around the world with Darwin
aboard. Over the course of the trip, Darwin collected a variety of natural specimens, including
birds, plants and fossils. 

Through hands-on research and experimentation, he had the unique opportunity to closely
observe principles of botany, geology and zoology. The Pacific Islands and Galapagos
Archipelago were of particular interest to Darwin, as was South America.

Upon his return to England in 1836, Darwin began to write up his findings in the Journal of
Researches, published as part of Captain FitzRoy's larger narrative and later edited into
the Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle. 

The trip had a monumental effect on Darwin’s view of natural history. He began to develop a
revolutionary theory about the origin of living beings that was contrary to the popular view of
other naturalists at the time.

Death

Following a lifetime of devout research, Charles Darwin died at his family home, Down House,
in London, on April 19, 1882. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.

More than a century later, Yale ornithologist Richard Brum sought to revive Darwin's lesser-
known theory on sexual selection in The Evolution of Beauty. While Darwin's original attempts
to cite female aesthetic mating choices as a driving force of evolution was criticized, Brum
delivered an effective argument via his expertise in birds, earning selection to The New York
Times' list of 10 best books of 2017.
Born: April 25, 1599 
Huntingdon, England 
Died: September 3, 1658 
London, England 
English statesman and general
The English statesman and general Oliver Cromwell won decisive battles in the English
civil war. He then established himself and his army as the ruling force in England and
later took the title Lord Protector of Great Britain and Ireland. A remarkable ruler,
Cromwell helped reestablish England as a leading European power following several
years of decline.

Early life
Oliver Cromwell was born on April 25, 1599, in Huntingdon, England. His father,
Richard Cromwell, was a younger son of one of the richest men in the district, Sir Henry
Cromwell of Hinchinbrook, who was known as the "Golden Knight." Little is known of
Cromwell's childhood, except that his circumstances were modest and he was sent to
the local school and developed intense religious beliefs.
In 1616 Cromwell entered Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He left the following

Oliver Cromwell.

year after the death of his father. For the next few years he lived in London. In 1620 he
married Elizabeth Bourchier, the daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a wealthy leather
merchant. Cromwell then returned to his small estate in Huntingdon. There he farmed
his land and played a small part in local affairs, earning a reputation as a champion of
the poor. During these years Cromwell experienced periods of deep depression. After
much spiritual torment he became convinced that he was the instrument of God.

Political situation in 1640

When Cromwell entered Parliament (the governing body of England) in 1640, Charles I
(1600–1649) had ruled England for eleven years. The king had pursued policies in
religion and finance, which had disagreed with many country gentlemen, including
Cromwell. Furthermore, Charles I had plunged into war with Scotland, who soundly
defeated the king.
The mood of Parliament was highly critical. Cromwell joined men in Parliament who
believed Parliament should limit the power of the king and the Anglican Church. A
middle-aged man without parliamentary experience, Cromwell rarely spoke, but when
he did it was usually in support of extreme measures. Cromwell was dedicated to the
reform, or improvement, of the Church and of the court. He was also highly critical of the
king.

Civil war
By 1642 there was no way to avoid war between the King and Parliament. At the
outbreak of war in August 1642, Cromwell was assigned a small army of men. He
rapidly demonstrated not only his skill as a military leader but also his ability to develop
an effective army from his force of raw recruits. Under the leadership of the Earl of
Manchester, Cromwell's commander, regiments from other counties were brought
together as one force, known as the Eastern Association. Cromwell's reputation as
Parliament's most forceful general was made in 1644 at the battle of Marston Moor (July
2, 1644). Cromwell's Ironsides defeated the cavalry (troops) of Prince Rupert, the most
successful general of the royalists who fought for the king.
The victories in eastern England, however, were not matched by success elsewhere.
After two years of war, the king was still in the field, and relations between Parliament
and the army were growing sour. Many disliked the price paid for alliance with the Scots
and most longed for peace. Cromwell, however, yearned for victory. He bitterly attacked
the Earl of Manchester. He soon emerged as the effective leader of the parliamentary
armies. He proved his exceptional abilities as a general on June 14, 1645, when he
defeated the royalists' army at Naseby in Northamptonshire. Within a year the royalist
armies had surrendered.

End of the war

In 1648 the royalists rose again, allied with the Scots, but in a lightning campaign
Cromwell overtook both. The republicans were then determined to bring Charles I to
trial, and Cromwell did nothing to stop them. At last agreeing that the king was "a man
of blood" and should be executed, he signed Charles I's death warrant.
The execution of the king settled nothing. Legally the House of Commons ruled, but the
army, Scotland, and Ireland were soon in rebellion. In Ireland Cromwell fought a tough,
bloody campaign in which he butchered thousands of soldiers at Drogheda (September
11, 1649) and hundreds of civilians at Wexford (October 11). On June 26, 1650,
Cromwell finally became commander of the parliamentary armies. At Dunbar in August
1650 he was pressed between the hills and the sea and was surrounded by an army of
twenty thousand Scots. But mistakes by the Scottish commander, Leslie, enabled
Cromwell to seize victory. Cromwell believed this victory was the work of God.
The next year Charles II and his Scottish army made a spirited dash into England, but
Cromwell overtook them at Worcester on September 3, 1651. At long last the war was
over and Cromwell realized that God's humble instrument had been given, for better or
worse, supreme power.

Cromwell's rule: 1653–58

For five years after the execution of the king, Parliament tried to formulate a new
constitution. On April 20, 1653, Cromwell went with a handful of soldiers to the House of
Commons, a part of Parliament. He shouted at the members, "The Lord be done with
you," and ordered them out.
For a while Cromwell and his Council ruled most effectively, sweeping away ancient
tribal rule in Scotland and Ireland. He then united those countries with England under
one Parliament, which was itself reformed. When the Parliament met in 1654, however,
it soon quarreled with Cromwell over the constitution. He once more took power into his
own hands and dissolved Parliament on June 22, 1655.
From Cromwell's rule local government was brought under major generals, soldiers
whom he could trust. This infuriated many. Under a new constitution and a
reestablished Parliament, Cromwell took the title Lord Protector. This move also
reestablished the House of Lords, another part of Parliament, and made Cromwell king
in all but name. But Cromwell did not desire power as other great rulers had. He did not
train his son Richard to be his successor, nor did he try to establish his family as a
ruling dynasty. And at the height of his power he retained his deep religious belief that
he was merely an instrument of God's purpose.
Cromwell pursued an effective foreign policy. His navy enjoyed substantial success in
the West Indies and he allied himself with France against Spain. These victories,
combined with his effective handling of Scotland and brutal conquering of Ireland, made
him a popular and powerful ruler. Shortly after his death on September 3, 1658,
Cromwell's government collapsed, and the restoration of the monarchy (sole ruler)
followed in 1660.

Cromwell's legacy
Cromwell's greatness will always be questioned. As a general, he was gifted yet lucky.
As a statesman, he had some success but was unable to realize many goals. Britain
emerged from the Commonwealth stronger, more efficient, and more secure. Perhaps
the most remarkable of Cromwell's qualities were his seriousness and his self-control.
Few men have enjoyed such supreme power and abused it less.

For More Information

Fraser, Antonia. Cromwell, the Lord Protector. New York: Grove Press, 2001.
Litton, Helen. Oliver Cromwell: An Illustrated History. Dublin: Wolfhound, 2000.
Sherwood, Roy. Oliver Cromwell: King in All But Name, 1653–1658. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1997.

Read more: https://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Cromwell-
Oliver.html#ixzz5gq608iZU
Sir Winston Churchill was a British writer, military leader and
statesman. Twice named prime minister of the United Kingdom, he
forged alliances with the United States and Soviet Union to defeat
Nazi Germany in World War II.
Who Was Winston Churchill?

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (November 30, 1874 to January 24, 1965) was
a British politician, military officer and writer who served as the prime minister of Great
Britain from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955. 

Born to an aristocratic family in 1874, Churchill served in the British Army and worked
as a writer before earning election to Parliament in 1900. After becoming prime minister
in 1940, Churchill helped lead a successful Allied strategy with the U.S. and Soviet
Union during World War II to defeat the Axis powers and craft post-war peace. Elected
prime minister again in 1951, he introduced key domestic reforms.

As with other influential world leaders, Churchill left behind a complicated legacy.
Remembered by his countrymen for defeating the dark regime of Hitler and the Nazi
Party, he topped the list of greatest Britons of all time in a 2002 BBC poll, outlasting
other luminaries like Charles Darwin and William Shakespeare. To critics, his steadfast
commitment to British imperialism underscored his disdain for other races and cultures. 
(Photo: Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images)
Books and Movies on Churchill

Churchill has been the subject of numerous portrayals on the big and small screen over
the years, with actors from Richard Burton to Christian Slater taking a crack at capturing
his essence. John Lithgow delivered an acclaimed performance as Churchill in the
Netflix series The Crown, winning an Emmy for his work in 2017. 

That year also brought the release of two biopics: In June, Brian Cox starred in the
titular role of Churchill, about the events leading up to the World War II invasion of
Normandy. Gary Oldman took his turn by undergoing an eye-popping physical
transformation to become the iconic statesman in Darkest Hour.
Churchill's standing as a towering figure of the 20th century is such that his two major
biographies required multiple authors and decades of research between volumes.
William Manchester published volume 1 of The Last Lion in 1983 and volume 2 in 1986,
but died while working on part 3; it was finally completed by Paul Reid in 2012. 

The official biography, Winston S. Churchill, was begun by the former prime minister's
son Randolph in the early 1960s; it passed on to Martin Gilbert in 1968, and then into
the hands of an American institution, Hillsdale College, some three decades later. In
February 2015, Hillsdale published volume 18 of the series.

The list of Churchill books expanded with the 2018 publication of Darling Winston, a
collection of more than 400 letters between Winston and his mother from 1881, when he
was 6 years old, to her death in 1921.

Wife and Children

In 1908, Winston Churchill married Clementine Ogilvy Hozier after a short courtship.
The couple had five children together: Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold (who died as a
toddler of tonsillitis) and Mary.

Knighting and Nobel Prize

In 1953, Churchill was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. The same year, he was named
the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature.

World War II

Winston Churchill was the prime minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945, leading the
country through World War II until Germany’s surrender. Although Churchill didn't
initially see the threat posed by Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s, he gradually
became a leading advocate for British rearmament. 

By 1938, as Germany began controlling its neighbors, Churchill had become a staunch
critic of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement toward the Nazis.

On September 3, 1939, the day Britain declared war on Germany, Churchill was
appointed first lord of the Admiralty and a member of the war cabinet; by April 1940, he
became chairman of the Military Coordinating Committee. 

Later that month, Germany invaded and occupied Norway, a setback for Chamberlain,
who had resisted Churchill's proposal that Britain preempt German aggression by
unilaterally occupying vital Norwegian iron mines and sea ports.
In May, debate in Parliament on the Norwegian crisis led to a vote of no confidence
toward Prime Minister Chamberlain. On May 10, 1940, King George VI appointed
Churchill as prime minister and minister of defense. 

Within hours, the German army began its Western Offensive, invading the Netherlands,
Belgium and Luxembourg. Two days later, German forces entered France. Britain stood
alone against the onslaught.

Battle of Britain

Quickly, Churchill formed a coalition cabinet of leaders from the Labor, Liberal and
Conservative parties. He placed intelligent and talented men in key positions. On June
18, 1940, Churchill made one of his iconic speeches to the House of Commons,
warning that "the Battle of Britain" was about to begin.

Churchill kept resistance to Nazi dominance alive, and created the foundation for an
alliance with the United States and the Soviet Union. Churchill had previously cultivated
a relationship with U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, and by March
1941, he was able to secure vital U.S. aid through the Lend Lease Act, which allowed
Britain to order war goods from the United States on credit.

After the United States entered World War II, in December 1941, Churchill was
confident that the Allies would eventually win the war. In the months that followed,
Churchill worked closely with U.S. President Roosevelt and Soviet Union leader Joseph
Stalin to forge an Allied war strategy and post-war world. 

In a meeting in Tehran (November-December 1943), at the Yalta Conference (February

1945) and the Potsdam Conference (July 1945), Churchill collaborated with the two
leaders to develop a united strategy against the Axis Powers, and helped craft the post-
war world with the United Nations as its centerpiece.

As the war wound down, Churchill proposed plans for social reforms in Britain, but was
unable to convince the public. Despite Germany's surrender on May 7, 1945, Churchill
was defeated in the general election in July 1945.

'Iron Curtain' Speech

In the six years after Churchill’s defeat, he became the leader of the opposition party
and continued to have an impact on world affairs. 

In March 1946, while on a visit to the United States, he made his famous "Iron Curtain"
speech, warning of Soviet domination in Eastern Europe. He also advocated that Britain
remain independent from European coalitions.
With the general election of 1951, Churchill returned to government. He became prime
minister for the second time in October 1951, and served as minister of defense
between October 1951 and January 1952. 

Churchill went on to introduce reforms such as the Mines and Quarries Act of 1954,
which improved working conditions in mines, and the Housing Repairs and Rent Act of
1955, which established standards for housing.

These domestic reforms were overshadowed by a series of foreign policy crises in the
colonies of Kenya and Malaya, where Churchill ordered direct military action. While
successful in putting down the rebellions, it became clear that Britain was no longer able
to sustain its colonial rule.

When and Where Was Winston Churchill Born?

Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was born at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire,

England, on November 30, 1874.

Young Winston Churchill

From a young age, Winston Churchill displayed the traits of his father, Lord Randolph
Churchill, a British statesman from an established English family, and his mother,
Jeanette "Jennie" Jerome, an independent-minded New York socialite.

As a young child, Churchill grew up in Dublin, Ireland, where his father was employed
by his grandfather, the 7th Duke of Marlborough, John Spencer-Churchill. 

Churchill proved to be an independent and rebellious student; after performing poorly at

his first two schools, Churchill in April 1888 began attending Harrow School, a boarding
school near London. Within weeks of his enrollment, he joined the Harrow Rifle Corps,
putting him on a path to a military career.

At first it didn't seem the military was a good choice for Churchill; it took him three tries
to pass the exam for the British Royal Military College. However, once there, he fared
well and graduated 20th in his class of 130. 

Up to this time, his relationship with both his mother and father was distant, though he
adored them both. While at school, Churchill wrote emotional letters to his mother,
begging her to come see him, but she seldom came. His father died when he was 21,
and it was said that Churchill knew him more by reputation than by any close
relationship they shared.

Military Career
Churchill enjoyed a brief but eventful career in the British Army at a zenith of British
military power. He joined the Fourth Queen's Own Hussars in 1895 and served in the
Indian northwest frontier and the Sudan, where he saw action in the Battle of
Omdurman in 1898. 

While in the Army, he wrote military reports for the Pioneer Mail and the Daily
Telegraph, and two books on his experiences, The Story of the Malakand Field
Force (1898) and The River War (1899).

In 1899, Churchill left the Army and worked as a war correspondent for the Morning
Post, a conservative daily newspaper. While reporting on the Boer War in South Africa,
he was taken prisoner by the Boers during a scouting expedition. 

He made headlines when he escaped, traveling almost 300 miles to Portuguese

territory in Mozambique. Upon his return to Britain, he wrote about his experiences in
the book London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900).

Parliament and Cabinet

In 1900, Churchill became a member of British Parliament in the Conservative Party for
Oldham, a town in Manchester. Following his father into politics, he also followed his
father's sense of independence, becoming a supporter of social reform. 

Unconvinced that the Conservative Party was committed to social justice, Churchill
switched to the Liberal Party in 1904. He was elected a member of Parliament in 1908,
and was appointed to the prime minister's cabinet as president of the Board of Trade.

As president of the Board of Trade, Churchill joined newly appointed Chancellor David

Lloyd George in opposing the expansion of the British Navy. He introduced several
reforms for the prison system, introduced the first minimum wage and helped set up
labor exchanges and unemployment insurance. 

Churchill also assisted in the passing of the People's Budget, which introduced taxes on
the wealthy to pay for new social welfare programs. The budget passed in the House of
Commons in 1909, and was initially defeated in the House of Lords before being passed
in 1910.

In January 1911, Churchill showed his tougher side when he made a controversial visit
to a police siege in London, with two robbers holed up in a building. Churchill's degree
of participation is still in some dispute: Some accounts have him going to the scene only
to see for himself what was going on; others state that he allegedly gave directions to
police on how to best storm the building. 

What is known is that the house caught fire during the siege and Churchill prevented the
fire brigade from extinguishing the flames, stating that he thought it better to "let the
house burn down," rather than risk lives rescuing the occupants. The bodies of the two
robbers were found inside the charred ruins.

First Lord of the Admiralty

Named First Lord of the Admiralty in 1911, Churchill helped modernize the British Navy,
ordering that new warships be built with oil-fired instead of coal-fired engines. He was
one of the first to promote military aircraft and set up the Royal Navy Air Service. He
was so enthusiastic about aviation that he took flying lessons to understand firsthand its
military potential.

Churchill also drafted a controversial piece of legislation to amend the Mental Deficiency
Act of 1913, mandating sterilization of the feeble-minded. The bill eventually passed in
both Houses with only the remedy of confinement in institutions.

World War I

Churchill remained in his post through the start of World War I, but was forced out for
his part in proposing what became the disastrous Battle of Gallipoli, and resigned from
the government toward the end of 1915.

For a brief period, Churchill rejoined the British Army, commanding a battalion of the
Royal Scots Fusiliers on the Western Front and seeing action in "no man's land." In
1917, he was appointed minister of munitions for the final year of the war, overseeing
the production of tanks, airplanes and munitions.

Post-WWI and 'Wilderness Years'

From 1919 to 1922, Churchill served as minister of war and air and colonial secretary
under Prime Minister David Lloyd George. 

As colonial secretary, Churchill was embroiled in another controversy when he ordered

air power to be used on rebellious Kurdish tribesmen in Iraq, a British territory. At one
point, he suggested that poisonous gas be used to put down the rebellion, a proposal
that was considered but never enacted.

Fractures in the Liberal Party led to the defeat of Churchill as a member of Parliament in
1922, and he rejoined the Conservative Party. He served as Chancellor of the
Exchequer, returning Britain to the gold standard, and took a hard line against a general
labor strike that threatened to cripple the British economy.

With the defeat of the Conservative government in 1929, Churchill was out of
government. He was perceived as a right-wing extremist, out of touch with the people. 
Over the subsequent decade, known as his "wilderness years," he concentrated on his
writing, publishing a memoir and a biography of the First Duke of Marlborough. During
this time Churchill began work on his celebrated A History of English-Speaking Peoples,
though it wouldn't be published for another two decades.

When Did Winston Churchill Die?

Winston Churchill died on January 24, 1965, at age 90, in his London home nine days
after suffering a severe stroke. Britain mourned for more than a week.

Churchill had shown signs of fragile health as early as 1941, when he suffered a heart
attack while visiting the White House. Two years later, he had a similar attack while
battling a bout of pneumonia. 

In June 1953, at age 78, he endured a series of strokes at his office. That particular
news was kept from the public and Parliament, with the official announcement stating
that he had suffered from exhaustion.

Churchill recuperated at home, and returned to his work as prime minister in October.
However, it was apparent even to the great statesman that he was physically and
mentally slowing down, and he retired as prime minister in 1955. Churchill remained a
member of Parliament until the general election of 1964, when he did not seek
reelection.

There was speculation that Churchill suffered from Alzheimer's disease in his final
years, though medical experts pointed to his earlier strokes as the likely cause of
reduced mental capacity. 

Despite his poor health, Churchill was able to remain active in public life, albeit mostly
from the comfort of his homes in Kent and Hyde Park Gate, in London.

Videos

Tom Brokaw on Churchill and the Iron Curtain (TV-PG; 1:21)

Winston Churchill - The British Bulldog(TV-14; 2:37)

Winston Churchill - Mini Biography(TV-14; 4:13)

Related Videos

Tom Brokaw on Margaret Thatcher - The Iron Lady (TV-PG; 0:57)

Tom Brokaw on Margaret Thatcher - Strong Woman, Strong Opinions (TV-PG; 1:15)
Mussolini - Emerging Dictator(TV-14; 1:38)

Margaret Thatcher – Similarities to Winston Churchill (TV-14; 2:01)

Mussolini - The Fascist Takeover Myth(TV-14; 2:09)

Adolf Hitler - Battle of Britain(TV-14; 2:12)

Mussolini - A Disgraceful End(TV-14; 2:26)

Margaret Thatcher - Mini Biography(TV-14; 3:17)

Mussolini - Alliance with Hitler(TV-14; 3:43)

Joseph Stalin - Mini Biography(TV-14; 4:05)

 Franklin D. Roosevelt - Mini Biography(TV-14; 4:57)

Fact Check
We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact
us!

Citation Information
Article Title
Winston Churchill Biography

Author
Biography.com Editors

Website Name
The Biography.com website

URL
https://www.biography.com/people/winston-churchill-9248164

Access Date
February 28, 2019

Publisher
A&E Television Networks

Last Updated
February 4, 2019

Original Published Date

April 2, 2014







Biography Newsletter
Sign up for the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the
stories that shaped their lives.

SUBSCRIBE
MORE STORIES FROM BIOGRAPHY
 BIOGRAPHY

Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander

 GENERAL
(1891–1969)
 BIOGRAPHY

Queen Mother Elizabeth

 QUEEN
(1900–2002)

BIOGRAPHY
 Stanley Baldwin

 PRIME MINISTER
(1867–1947)

BIOGRAPHY
 Neville Chamberlain

 GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL, MAYOR, PRIME MINISTER

(1869–1940)

BIOGRAPHY

Benjamin Netanyahu
 PRIME MINISTER
(1949–)

BIOGRAPHY

Joseph Stalin
 DICTATOR
(1878–1953)

BIOGRAPHY

Yitzhak Rabin

 PRIME MINISTER
 (1922–1995)

BIOGRAPHY

Georges Bidault

 PRIME MINISTER
(1899–1983)
 BIOGRAPHY

Adolf Hitler

 DICTATOR, MILITARY LEADER

(1889–1945)
SEE MORE
 About
  Contact Us
 Advertise
 Privacy Notice
 Terms of Use
 Copyright Policy
 Ad Choices
© 2019 Bio and the Bio logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks,
LLC.