INTR0DUCTION TO SCIENCE CONT’D

 Some positive attitude in the study and practice off science are :
Curiosity, perseverance, opened - mindness, cooperation,
impartiality ,healthy, skepticism, humility and integrity.

 To find out about and understand nature , we need skills as

observing , making hypothesis, problem solving, communicating,
measuring and inferring.

 Thinking skills such as predicting and analyzing are also needed

in a science investigation .

Observing - scientists are good Observers. They make careful and

accurate observations about things around them or the
things they are studying with the sensory organs to collect
information about them. Very often ,they observe with the
help of instruments such as thermometers, microscope,
telescopes, because the human senses are Limited and not
always reliable.

Communicating - is a process which involves transmitting and receiving

information presented in various forms such as :
Tables, charts,graphs, drawing or words.

LABORATORY REPORT

A laboratory report how to record, organize and present information

regarding an experiment. It helps you to communicate information
about your experiment.

A proper laboratory report should have the following:

1)An experiment number and title.
2) An objective or in aim.
3) A list of apparatus and/or materials required for the experiment.
4) Procedure/ method -the steps and the order in which the experiment
should be carried out.
5) Observations- maybe organized in the form of a table.
6) Results and conclusion -results may be presented in the form of
graphs. The conclusion answers the aim.
GENERAL LABORATORY RULES
SAFETY RULES WHEN HEATING OR MIXING CHEMICALS

WHEN ACCIDENTS OCCURS

 Types of Flame

There are two types

(a) Luminous flame.

(b) Non-luminous flame.

(a) Luminous Flame – is a flame which is formed when the air hole is
closed. Examples of luminous flames are: kerosene lamp, spirit
candle flames, Bunsen burner flames.

(b) Non-luminous flame – is a flame that is formed when the air holes
are opened. Example of the flame are gas stove, kerosene stove,
charcoal burner, Bunsen burner.
Useful of Non-luminous Flame

Since non-luminous flame is very hot hence it is used for:-

(i) Heating substances in the laboratory.

(ii) Flame test of certain chemical substances.

(iii) Welding metals .

(iv) For cooking since it does not produce soot.

All these activities happen because the non-luminous flame is very hot
and does not produce soot.

How the Bunsen burner Works?

(i) Gas enters the burner through a tube connected to a jet inside the
base.

(ii) Air enters the burner through air hole at the base.

(iii) The amount of air coming in can be varied by turning the collar.

(iv) At the top of the barrel, the mixture of gas and air burns.

(v) The type of flame obtained depends on amount of oxygen available

for burning.

(vi) When the air hole is closed less oxygen enters resulting to a
luminous flame.

(vii) When the air holes are open, enough oxygen enters resulting to a
non-luminous flame.