SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

CHAPTER 1:
SCIENCE – refers to that dynamic, cumulative system of verifiable concepts, principles, methods, laws, theories and processes which seek to
describe, understand, and predict natural phenomena.
TECHNOLOGY – refers to the translation of scientific knowledge into machines, tools, designs, methods and processes that are used by human
beings in their practical endeavors.
SOCIETY – the people in general thought of as living together in organized communities with shared laws, traditions, and values.

NATURE OF SCIENCE
 Science is uncertain: – Hypothesis
 Science is always changing: – technology (new)
 Science is Collaborative: – with the aid of computers and researches of other scientists.

METHODS IN SCIENCE
1. Observing and Questioning:
2. Designing an experiment
3. Collecting and Analyzing Data
4. Communicating conclusions
5. Finding out more - journals

OBJECTIVES:
 Discuss Science, Technology, & Society (STS) as a pedagogical tool;
 Understand the general format of a socially contextualized unit;
 Examination of the peer-reviewed literature:
- What are the attitudes of both pre-service and in service elementary (K-6) and secondary (7-12) teachers toward STS?
- What are the attitudes of students toward learning in the STS environment?
 Needs for further research??

THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO SCIENCE INSTRUCTION

• Students rarely involved in establishing the goals they will achieve.
• Learning is passive.
• No connectivity to personal experiences.
• “Cookbook“ Laboratory experiences.
• Formative and summative assessments strictly based on factual recall.

PROBLEM SOLVING THE STS ADVANTAGE

• Students need to examine complex issues in depth.
• Students develop scientifically literacy through research and writing.
• Active, student-centered, project-based learning.
• Assessment is authentic and provides students choice.

GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF STS

SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS

• Significant lack of relevant knowledge towards how STS instruction is being utilized in the elementary school classrooms.
• Lack of information pertaining to the utilization of STS-based studies in the United States for both pre-service and in-service teachers.
• A few of the studies pointed toward the discrepancy between the teacher’s ability to implement an STS curriculum and the likelihood of
implementing in the classroom.
• Overall, this review has indicated that STS is still growing and its importance has been realized by several teacher education programs
around the nation and internationally. Student benefits, including, increased participation in society, increased motivation to learn science,
and development of higher order skills such as creativity and processing become fully developed in these environments.
CHAPTER 2: NATURE OF SCIENCE
SCIENECE IN SOCIEY
• Science is a way or process used to investigate what is happening around you.
• It can provide answers to many questions.
• Tools, such as thermometers and metersticks, are used to give numbers to descriptions.
• Scientists observe, investigate, and experiment to find answers.

SCIENCE IS NOT NEW

• Throughout history, people have tried to find answers to questions about what was happening around them.
• Early scientists tried to explain things based on their observations.
• They used their senses of sight, touch, smell, taste, and hearing to make these observations.

USING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• Scientists use skills and tools to find the similarities and differences.
• They use a variety of resources materials to find information.
• The computer is one tool and that modern scientist use to find and analyze data.
• The computer is an example of technology.
• Technology is the application of science to make products or tools that people can use.

SCIENCE SKILLS
• Doctors and scientists use skills such as observing, classifying, and interpreting data.

OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT

• Sometimes observation alone does not provide a complete picture of what is happening.
• To ensure that your data are useful, accurate, measurements must be taken, in addition to making careful observations.
• Comparing and contrasting are other important skills.
• When scientists look for similarities among data, they compare them.
• Contrasting the data is looking for differences.

COMMUNICATION IN SCIENCE
• The result of observations, experiments, and investigations are not of use to the rest f the world unless they are shared.
• Scientists used several methods to communicate their observations.
• Results and conclusions of experiments often are reported in one of the thousands of scientific journals or magazines that are published each
year.

SOLVING PROBLEM – IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS

• Although the investigation of each problem is different, scientists use some steps in all investigations.
• Scientists first make sure that everyone working to solve the problem has a clear understanding of the problem.
• Sometimes, scientists find that the problem is easy to identify or that several problems need to be solved.

HOW CAN THE PROBLEMS BE SOLVED?

• Two of the methods used to answer questions are descriptive research and experimental research.
• Descriptive Research – answers scientific questions through observations.
• Experimental Research – is used to answer scientific questions by testing a hypothesis through the use of a series of carefully controlled
steps.
• Scientific Methods are ways, or steps to follow, to try to solve problems.
• Some scientific problems can be solved, or questions answered, by using descriptive research.

DESCRIPTIVE RESERACH
• Descriptive research is based mostly on observations.
• Descriptive research can be used in investigations when experiments would be impossible to perform.
• Descriptive research usually involves the following steps.

STATE THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

• This is the first step in solving the problem using descriptive research.
• A research objective is what you want to find out, or what questions you would like to answer.

DESCRIBE THE RESEARCH DESIGN

• How will you carry out your investigation? How will the data be recorded and analyzed?
• These are a few of the things scientists think about when they design an investigation using descriptive research.
• An important part of any research design is safety.
ELIMINATE BIAS
• Sometimes, scientists might expect certain results. This is known as bias.
• Good investigations avoid bias.
• One way to avoid bias is to use careful numerical measurements for all data.
• Another type of bias can occur in surveys or groups that are chosen for investigations.
• To get an accurate result, you need to use a random sample.

EQUIPMENTS, MATERIALS AND MODELS

• When a scientific problem is solved by descriptive research, the equipment and materials used to carry out the investigation and analyze the
data are important.

SELECTING MATERIALS
• Scientists try to use the most up-to-date materials available to them.
• If possible, you should use scientific equipment such as balances, spring sales, microscopes, and metric measurements when performing
investigations and gathering data.
• Calculators and computers can be helpful in evaluating or displaying data.
• However, you don’t have to have the latest or most expensive materials and tools to conduct good scientific investigations.
• Your investigations can be completed successfully and the data displayed with materials found in your home or classroom.
• An organized presentation of data is as effective as a computer graphic or an extravagant display.

USING MODELS
• One part of carrying out the investigation plan might include making or using scientific models.
• In science, a model represents things that happen too slowly, too quickly, or are too big or too small to observe directly.
• Models also are used useful in situations in which direct observation would be too dangerous or expensive.

SCIENTIFIC METHODS
• Scientists around the world use a system of measurements called the International System of Units, or SI, to make observations.
• This allows them to understand each other’s research and compare results.
• Because SI uses certain metric units that are based on units of ten, multiplication and division are easy to do.
• Prefixes are used with units to change their names to larger or smaller units.

DATA – DESIGNING YOUR DATA TABLES

• A well-planned investigation includes ways to record results and observations accurately.
• Data tables are one way to do this.
• Most tables have a title that tells you at a glance what the table is about.
• The table is divided into columns and rows. These are usually trials or characteristics to be compared.

ANALYZE YOUR DATA

• Your data must be organized to analyze them.
• Charts and graphs are excellent ways to organize data.
• You can draw the charts and graphs or use a computer to make them.

DRAW CONCLUSIONS
• After you have organized your data, you are ready to draw a conclusion.
• Sometimes, your data are not what you expected, but remember, scientists understand that it is important to know when something doesn’t
work.
• A successful investigation is not always the one that comes out the way you originally predicted.

COMMUNICATING YOUR RESULTS

• Every investigation begins because a problem needs to be solved.
• Analyzing data and drawing conclusions are the end of the investigation.
• Usually, scientists communicate their results to other scientists, government agencies, private industries, or the public.
• Scientists usually publish their most important findings.
• You can communicate your data and conclusions to other members of your science class.
• Organized data and careful analysis will enable you to answer most questions and to discuss your work confidently.
• Analyzing and sharing data are important parts of descriptive and experimental research.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

• Another way to solve scientific problems is through experimental.
• Experimental research design answers scientific questions by observations of a controlled situation.
• Experimental research design includes several steps.
FORM A HYPOTHESIS
• A hypothesis (hi PAH thus sus) is a prediction, or statement, that can be tested.
• You use your prior knowledge, new information, and any previous observations to form a hypothesis.

VARIABLES
• In well-planned experiments, one factor, or variable, is changed at a time.
• This means that the variable is controlled.
• The variable that is changed is called the independent variable.
• A dependent variable is the factor being measured.
• To test which of two antibiotics will kill a type of bacterium, you must make sure that every variable remains the same but the type of
antibiotics.
• In this experiment, the independent variable is the amount or type of antibiotic applied to the bacteria.
• The dependent variable is the growth of the bacteria.
• The variables that stay the same are called constants.
• You cannot run the experiments at two different room temperatures, for different lengths of time, or with different amounts of antibiotics.

IDENTIFY CONTROLS
• Your experiment will not be valid unless a control is used.
• A control is a sample that is treated like the other experimental groups except that the independent variable is not applied to it.
• In the experiment with antibiotics, your control is a sample of bacteria that is not treated with either antibiotic.
• The control shows how the bacteria grow when left untreated by either antibiotic.
• Once you begin an experiment, make sure to carry it out as planned.
• Don’t skip or change steps in the middle.
• Also, you should record your observations and complete your data tables in a timely manner.
• Incomplete observations and reports result in data that are difficult to analyze and threaten the accuracy of your conclusions.

NUMBER OF TRIALS
• Experiments done the same way do not always have the same results.
• To make sure that your results are valid, you need to conduct several trials of your experiment.
• Multiple trials mean than an unusual outcome of the experiment won’t be considered the true result.
• The more trials you do using the same methods, the more likely it is that your results will be reliable and repeatable.

ANAYLZE YOUR RESULTS

• When you analyze your results, you can see if your data support your hypothesis.
• If the data do not support your original hypothesis, you can still learn from the experiment.
• Experiments that don’t work out as you had planned can still provide valuable information.
• Professional scientists rarely have results that support their hypothesis without completing numerous trials first.
• After your results are analyzed, you can communicate them to your teacher and your class.
• Sharing the results of experiments allows you to hear new ideas from other students that might improve your research.
• Your results might contain information that will be helpful to other students.

SCEINTIFIC DISCOVERIES
• New discoveries constantly lead to new products that influence your lifestyle or standard living.
• In the last 100 years, technological advances have enabled environments to move from live stage shows to large movie screens.
• Now, DVDs enable users to choose a variety of options while viewing a movie.

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
• Technology also makes your life more convenient.
• Foods can be prepared quickly in microwave ovens, and hydraulic tools make construction work easier and faster.
• New discoveries influence other areas of your life as well, including your health.
• A disease might be controlled by a skin patch that releases a constant dose of medicine into your body.

SCIENCE – THE PRODUCT OF MANY

• New scientific knowledge can mean that old ways of thinking or doing things are challenged.
• Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, classified living organisms into plants and animals.
• This system worked until new tools, such as the microscope, enabled scientists to study organisms in greater detail.
• The new information changed how scientists viewed the living world.
• The current classification system will be used only as long as it continues to answer questions scientists have or until a new discovery
enables them to look at information in a different way.

WHO PRACTICES SCEINCE?

• Scientific discoveries have never been limited to people of one race, sex, culture, or time period, or to professional scientists.
 • In fact, students your age have made some important discoveries.
USE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
• Science provides new information every day that people use to make decisions.
• However, science cannot decide whether the new information is good or bad, moral or immoral.
• People decide whether the new information is used to help or harm the world and its inhabitants.

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE

• Today’s scientists use cellular phones and computers to communicate with each other.
• This information technology has led to the globalization, or worldwide distribution, of information.
• The Internet quickly spreads word of new discoveries.
• New knowledge and technology brought about by these discoveries are shared by people in all countries.
• Any information gathered from the Internet must be checked carefully for accuracy.

CHAPTER 3.1:

SOCRATES
• Greek Philosopher and the main source of Western thought.
• His “Socratic Method”, laid the groundwork for Western systems of logic and philosophy.
• Socrates always emphasized the importance of the mind over the relative unimportance of the human body.
• He claimed to be ignorant because he had no ideas, but wise because he recognized his own ignorance.
• “The more I know, the more I do not know”
• “An unexamined life is not worth living”
SOCRATIC DIALECT – A METHOD OF PHILOSOPHIZING
“Knowledge begins the moment one admits her ignorance – Know Thyself”
*Participants in the dialogue must first admit their ignorance
 SOCRATIC METHOD: – enables us to move from the state of “not knowing” to that of “knowing”
 3 Steps in arriving at the Truth
STEP 1: Give an initial definition of a thing or a concept
- A table is a four-legged furniture.
STEP 2: Look for characteristic not captured in the initial definition
- Is the table a cow?
STEP 3: Give a new definition
- A table is four-legged furniture made up of wood and has a flat surface
“A table is a four-legged furniture, mead up of woods, has flat surface, rectangular in shape, and is used primarily for dining or
putting things on it.”
Example:
STEP 1: Freedom is the ability of the human person to do whatever she wants to do.
STEP 2: Am I really free to kill my enemy simply because I hate him?
 STEP 3: No. We cannot just kill anybody we want to kill. There are rules to follow in a civilized society.
PLATO
• Was student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle.
• Founded the Academy in Athens
• Idealist
• His work on the use of reason to develop a more fair and just society that is focused on the equality of individuals established the foundation
for modern democracy.
• Plato claimed that knowledge gained through the senses is no more than opinion and that, in order to have real knowledge, we must gain it
through philosophical reasoning.
• “Know yourself”
• Constant struggle for humans is discovering the reality of the world while balancing what you know to be true, and what the physical world is
showing you to be true.

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
 Christian Era
• For most medieval scholars, who believed that God created the universe according to geometric and harmonic principles, science –
particularly geometry and astronomy – was linked directly to the divine.
• To seek these principles, therefore, would be to seek God.
 Origen of Alexandria
• Origen firmly believed that the knowledge of good (God) is itself enough to remove all taint of sin and ignorance from souls.
 St. Anselm
• Defended the existence of God thru reason.
• Such a being, he argued, must really exist, for the very idea of such a being implies its existence.
 St. Augustine
• Such a being, he argued, must really exist, for the very idea of such a being implies its existence.
• De Trinitate

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION AND HEREDITY

 Two Major Paradigms that guide Zoological Research Study today:
1. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
- 140 yrs old
- On the origin of species by means of natural selection
- Darwinism – Five Theories
1. Perpetual Change (accepted) – this is the basic theory of evolution. It states that the living world is neither constant nor
perpetually cycling, but is always changing.
2. Common Descent – states that all forms of life descended from a common ancestor through branching of lineages (cell
structure, macromolecules, DNA, and Genetic material)
3. Multiplication of Species – by states that the evolutionary process produces new species by splitting and transforming
older ones.
4. Gradualism (controversial) – states that the large differences in anatomical traits that characterize diverse species
originate through the accumulation of many small incremental changes over very long period of time.
5. Natural Selection – Darwin’s most famous theory, rest on three prepositions:
• First, there is variation among organisms for anatomical, behavioral, and physiological traits
• Second, the variation is at least partly heritable so that offspring tend to resemble their parents.
• Third, organisms with different variant forms are expected to leave different numbers of offspring to future
generation.
2. Mandelian Heredity and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
(Gregor Mendel) Genetic Approach:
- The genetic approach consists of mating or “crossing” populations of organisms that are true-breeding for constraining traits,
and then follow heredity transmissions of those traits through subsequent generations.
- “True-breeding” means that a population maintains across generations only one of the contrasting states of a particular feature
when propagated in isolation from other populations.

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN

 Four Structural Phases in the evolution of man can be recognize
1. The Pre Human Phase (The Australopithecines or Southern Apes)
2. The Early Human Phase (Habilines) – Fossil of early human face, Bipedalism
3. The Late Human Phase
4. The Modern Human Phase
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
 The Period of Enlightenment
• The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when
developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
 Nicholas Copernicus
• Mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the
universe.
• Polyglot – a person who know and is able to use several languages and Polymath – knowledge spans a substantial number of subject
• De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres)
 Charles Darwin
• English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
• All species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual’s
ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
Darwin’s Theory consisted of two main points:
1. Diverse groups of animals evolve from one or a few common ancestors;
2. The mechanism by which this evolution takes place is natural selection.
 Sigmund Freud
• Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.
• Development of an observational method.
• Focused on human sexuality and the evil nature of man.

FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
 Adelina Adato Barrion (September 9, 1951 – July 10, 2010)
• Filipino Entomologist and Geneticist whose extensive contribution to the study of the Philippine spiders earned her the moniker
“Asia’s Spider Woman”, although she also contributed significantly to the study of other species, and to the study of genetics in
general.
 Eduardo Quisumbing
• Filipino Botanist, was a noted expert in the medicinal plants of the Philippines. He was author of more than 129 scientific articles,
many on orchids.
• Served as the Director of the National Museum of the Philippines, where he rebuilt the Herbarium.
• The plant “Saccolabium Quimsumbingii” is named in honor of Eduardo Quimsumbing.
 Angel C. Alcala
• Filipino Biologist who was named a National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014. He had created the artificial coral reefs that help a lot
to the Philippine’s acquatic ecosystem.
 Ramon Cabanos Barba
• Filipino inventor and Horticulturist best known for inventing way to induce more flowers in mango trees using ethrel and potassium
nitrate. Barba was proclaimed a National Scientist of the Philippines in June 2014.
• National Scientist Ramon C. Barba on The Discover of the Mango Flower Induction Technology and the Research Process.
 Dr. Lilian F. Patena
• Develops tissue culture for garlic
 Fe Villanueva del Mundo
• Filipino Pediatrician. The first woman admitted as a student of the Harvard Medical School, she founded the first pediatrician hospital
in the Philippines.
• Credited with studies that lead to the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice-relieving device.

CHAPTER 3.2: ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION:
• In today’s world, the role of science and technology is indispensable. We need Science and Technology in every sphere of our life.
• I fact, without technology (integrated with science), we cannot imagine our life.
• Works can be done easier through high-tech machines and equipment. It gives less work for humans and job can be done faster. It makes
human to feel comfortable and easy to live.
• New research technology are in continuous process and researchers have explored new topics for investigations such as environment and
renewable energy, space science, electronics, stem-cell investigations and many others.

TECHNOLOGY
 The application of knowledge towards innovation.
 The practical application of knowledge in a particular area
 A consequence of Science and Engineering
 How people modify the natural world to suit their own purposes.
TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS
Science and Technology has given man so much convenience and luxury in life. In our modern world, gone are those days when we had to
commute and do the exhausting routines of applying for jobs. With the progress the world has made with the internet, anyone can apply for a job
while sitting in the comfort of his own home, sipping coffee. Moreover, cellular phones have made communication easier for people on the go.
Robots: Scientists have created robots – humanoid robots, bee robots, and the likes. If you have seen the movie “I, Robot”, you may exactly
picture out what I am thinking. When I saw the movie, I thought that t was really possible to have those kinds of robots – robots who could act and
think like human beings.
In fact, the idea of robots has actually come into practical existence in our modern world. These robots can recognize objects by color by
processing information from a camera mounted on the robot’s head. In manufacturing, robots can build some things faster and cheaper than human
hands. IT is quite disconcerting, though, to think that robots might, in the future, control humans.
Hybrid Vehicles: Higher fuel prices sparked more interest in alternative fuel vehicles and so far hybrid vehicles curry the most favor with the
growing number of consumers willing to pay more for their cars to save money on fuel. Hybrid vehicles are those that use at least two power
sources, typically gasoline and electricity.
Fluorescent Light Bulb: As low-tech as it may seem, the compact fluorescent light bulb is doing great deal to revolutionize quality of life. It is one
of the most successful energy and water conservation devices developed to date; others include low-flow toilets and showerheads.
Fiber Optics: Advances in fiber optics – very thin strands of glass that transmit light and data much more efficiently than wires and cables – not
only improved the quality of voices transmitted over phone lines but also made high-volume phone traffic possible.