MAC 303

PRESENTATION 1
 RESEARCH
• Re- redo or repeat
• Search – to find or look for
• It is a systematic process of collecting and
logically analyzing information or data for some
purpose.
• It is the process of obtaining knowledge through
techniques, where truth, accuracy, validity,
reliability and other criteria can be ascertained.
 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
1. To discover new facts about known phenomena;
2. To find answers to problems which are only partially
solved by existing methods and information;
3. To discover previously unrecognized substances and
elements;
4. To provide basis for decision making in business,
industry, education, government and other
undertakings;
5. To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity;
6. To find answers to queries by means of scientific
method
 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
7. To acquire a deeper and better understanding
about a phenomenon;
8. To verify or expand existing knowledge;
9. To improve the educational practices for raising
quality of school products;
10.To promote health and prolong life which are
evident in nutritional, pharmaceutical, and medical
researches;
11.To make work, communication, and travel faster,
easier and more comportable.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
• Systematic – interrelated steps or procedures
• Comprehensive– examine and analyze all aspects or angles
• Critical – data should be analyze critically so that is no error in
the interpretation
• Rigorous – procedures should be relevant, appropriate,
justified and strictly observed
• Objective – not based on guesswork
• Valid – conclusions are based on actual findings
• Verifiable – other researchers can check on the correctness of
its results
• Empirical – procedures and data gathered are perceived in
the same manner by all observers
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Descriptive research
– Endeavors to describe systematically, factually, accurately
and objectively a situation, problem or phenomenon.
• Correlational / Associational research
– The investigator tries to probe the significance of relationship
between two or more factors or characteristics
• Explanatory research
– The researcher seeks to clarify how and why a relationship
exists between two or more aspects of a situation of
phenomenon.
• Exploratory research
– The investigator is probing or exploring areas where little is
known about the research problem.
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Experimental research
– The researcher probes into the cause of an effect by exposing
one or more experimental groups to one or more treatments or
conditions.
• Ex-post facto / causal-comparative research
– the investigator delves on analyzing the possible effect of a
factor which cannot be manipulated and controlled
• Historical research
– The researcher attempts to reconstruct the past objectively and
accurately
• Ethnographic research
– The researcher is concerned with explaining or describing a
phenomenon holistically with the use of multiple data collection
techniques
RESEARCH PROCESS
Idea-Generating Phase

Problem-Definition
Phase

Procedures-Design Phase

Data Collection Phase

Data-Analysis Phase

Interpretation Phase

Communication Phase
 IDEA-GENERATING PHASE
• The researcher has to identify topics that
interest him most.
• The researcher has to start reading articles
and books, converse with people who are
knowledgeable in the area and begin thinking
about it.
 PROBLEM-DEFINITION PHASE
• Ideas in this stage were redefined.
• This particular step involves the following
activities:
– Identification and definition of the variables to be
studied
– Development of the theoretical and conceptual
framework of the study
– The formulation of the major and specific
problems to be investigated
– Formulation of hypothesis.
 PROCEDURES-DESIGN PHASE
• Activities that a researcher has to undertake in
this phase include the following :
– Decision on what research methodology to
employ
– Selection of research participants
– Development and validation of data-gathering
tools
– Specification of the procedures to be observed in
the actual collection of data
– Planning the analysis of data gathered.
 DATA-COLLECTION
• The researcher has to proceed gathering the
data from the subjects of the study.
• It is in this phase where the procedures
devised in the previous step are implemented
by the researcher rigorously.
 DATA-ANALYSIS PHASE
• The researcher analyzes the collected data
from the previous step, based on his data
analysis plan.
• Appropriate qualitative and quantitative
technique and procedures are then applied for
the data that have been recorded, coded and
tabulated.
 INTERPRETATION PHASE
• The researcher continues to make sense out of
them by interpreting the results in terms of how
they aid in responding to the research problem
posed at the beginning of the study, and how the
answer contributes to knowledge in the field.
• After generating answers to the problem, the
researcher has to compare the results predicted
based on the theoretical framework of the study
 COMMUNICATION PHASE
• The researcher has to prepare a written or
oral report or the study conducted, either for
publication or presentation to colleagues or a
panel of experts.
• The report has to include a description of all
the above steps in the research process.