ST

1 quarterly REVIEWER
LESSON 1: DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Organized inquiry
Considered as a quarter stone of science, because it follows a scientific method

RE SEARCH
(AGAIN) CONTINOUS AND ACTIVE PROCESS
(FIND) IF THERE IS A PROBLEM, FIND A SOLUTION

“RESEARCH MEANS TO SERVE A MAN”

It gives values to a man’s way of living
RESEARCH plays a vital and essential role

• Systematic inquiry that uses disciplined method to answer questions or solve

problems (Polit and Beck, 2004)
• Plays a very significant role in higher education (Palispis, 2004)
• Continuing discovery and exploration of the unknown (Sanchez, 2002)

INTRODUCTION:
RESEARCH
Scientific investigation of phenomena which includes COLLECTION, PRESENTATION,
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FACTS that links individual’s speculation into
reality

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF A GOOD RESEARCH PAPER?

CHAPTER I- The problem and it’s background
CHAPTER II- Review of related literature and studies
• Summarizing
• Paraphrasing
• Writing direct speeches
CHAPTER III- Research methodology
CHAPTER IV- Presentation, analysis and interpretation of data
CHAPTER V- Summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations

WHY CONDUCT RESEARCH?

▪ To have less biased opinions
▪ To avoid guessing
▪ To avoid having intuition about specific problems

HOW VALUABLE IS RESEARCH TO MAN?

• A century ago, rural folks used coconut oil lamp to lighten their houses until
electricity was invented
• Typewriters and mimeographing machines were used in duplication but now
improve machines like printers, scanners, etc.
• Accountants, engineers, businessman, and others found difficulty in computing
to cellular phones, computers and others were invented.
• Vehicles and automobiles are products of research for easy transportation

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH:
• Improves quality of life
• Improves instruction
• Discover new facts about known phenomena
• Improve existing techniques and develops new instruments
• Reduces the burden of work
• Satisfies the researcher’s curiosity

OTHERS:
• Uses disciplined method to answer questions or solve problems
• Diligent investigation to validate and refine existing knowledge
• Continues to discover and to explore unknown phenomena

WHAT MAKES A GOOD RESEARCH?

CHARACTERISTICS:
➢ EMPIRICAL
• Direct experience observation
• Practical experience
 ➢ LOGICAL
• Valid procedures and principles
• Scientific procedure is done
• Draw a valid conclusion
➢ CYCLICAL
• Cyclical process (continuous)
• Starts with a problem, ends with a problem
➢ ANALYTICAL
• Utilizes proven analytical procedure in gathering the data
• Based on the types of research design:
▪ DESCRIPTIVE- present (most common)
▪ HISTORICAL- past (least conducted)
▪ EXPERIMENTAL- future (experts who want profit, time consuming)
▪ CASE STUDY- past, present, future (guidance counselor)
➢ CRITICAL
• Careful and precise judgements
• Testing the hypothesis
➢ METHODICAL
• Without bias
• Using systematic method and procedures
➢ REPLICABLE (means using the same method but to different
subjects and venue)
• Can be replicated and repeated
• The more replications of research, the more valid and conclusive results
would be

QUALITY OF A GOOD RESEARCHER:

RESEARCH-ORIENTED (focus on your study)
EFFICIENT (use time wisely)
SCIENTIFIC (follow step-by-step process)
EFFECTIVE (whatever you have written will also be used in the future)
ACTIVE (you must do your part as a researcher)
RESOURCEFUL (don’t dwell on just one resource)
CREATIVE (choose words wisely)
HONEST (honesty is the best policy)
ECONOMICAL (being efficient)
RELIGIOUS (being devoted in what you are doing)
LESSON 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER

➢ INTELLECTUAL CURIOUSITY
• Undertakes deep thinking
• Raises questions to answers, makes use of experiences
➢ PRUDENCE
• Conducts survey at the right time and at the right place wisely, effectively,
and economically
➢ HEALTHY CRITICISM
• Always doubtful as the truthfulness of the results
• Always doubts the authenticity or validity of his findings even if the data are
gathered honestly
➢ INTELLECTUAL HONESTY
• “HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY”
• Honest to collect/ gather data/facts
• The success or failure of his research lies on his hands
➢ INTELLECTUAL CREATIVITY
• Productive and resourceful investigator
• Always creative new researchers
• Innovative

LESSON 3: TYPES OF RESEARCH

BASIC RESEARCH
• “FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH”
• “PURE RESEARCH”
• Seeks to discover basic and principles
• Intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge
To answer the questions;
• How did the universe begin?
• How do slime molds produce?
• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
APPLIED RESEARCH
• Seeks new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem
(new system/procedure, new device or new method)
• Finding a solution to an immediate problem

DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH
• “DECISION-ORIENTED RESEARCH”
• Application of the steps of scientific method to improve existing practices

ACCORDING TO THE LEVELS OF THE INVESTIGATION

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• Includes fact-finding inquires of different kinds
• Studies the relationship of the variables
• Researcher has no control over variables

experimental RESEARCH
• Studies the ‘effects’ of the variables on each other

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Which ‘INFERENTIAL’ statistics are utilized to determine the results of the study

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• ‘DESCRIPTIVE DATA’ are gathered rather than quantitative data
• Character
• Personality
• Word association or sentence completion test

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

LIBRARY RESEARCH
• Done in the library
• Answers to questions and problems are found
• Best for historical research

FEILD RESEARCH
• Natural setting
• No changes in the environment are made
• Applied to descriptive research
LABORATORY RESEARCH
• Conducted in an artificial or controlled conditions bye isolating the in an area
Purpose are:
• To test the hypothesis
• To control the variables
• To discover the relation
• Applicable in case study and experimental research

LESSON 4: SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH

IS CONTROLLED, SYSTEMATIC, INVESTIGATION THAT IS ROOTED IN OBJECTIVE REALITY

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND

STEP 1: DETERMINING THE PROBLEM
• Thinks and proposes a problem
• What are the problems
• Must be your area of interest
STEP 2: FORMING HYPOTHESIS
• Intelligent guess based on experiences or observation
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
STEP 3: DOING THE LIBRARY RESEARCH
• Spending your time in the library
• Browse reliable resources, look for information
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
STEP 4: DESIGNING THE STUDY
• Different research designs depend on the problem
STEP 5: DEVELOPING INSTRUMENTS FOR COLLECTING DATA
STEP 6: COLLECTING DATA
• Observation
• Interview
• Questionnaire
CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATE
STEP 7: ANALYSIS DATA
• Analyze the result
• Requires several closely related operations
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
STEP 8: DETERMINING THE IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS FROM FINDINGS
• Draw out your conclusion
• Test your hypothesis
STEP 9: MAKING OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

EXAMPLE:
(Determining the problem) Jerry came from school one day. He took a rest for a second in their living room.
There were two plants. The first one was placed near the door and the second one was near the window. He
noticed that the plant placed near the window was taller than the plant placed beside the door. (Forming
hypothesis) He suddenly remembered that every morning, their living room is quite illuminated because of
the sun rays passing through the window. He arrived at the idea that the sunlight had significant effect on the
growth of the plant. (Doing library research) For the next days, he had become busy doing research about the
role of sunlight in the growth of plants. (Designing the study) He decided to conduct a simple experiment. He
bought 3 plants for the same height. (Developing instruments for collecting data) He measured their height
before he placed each in their designated area. He put the first plant in the garden where it could receive
ample amount of sunlight, the second one was under the tree where it could receive minimum amount of
sunlight and the last one was inside the room where it could receive no amount of sunlight. (Collecting the
data) He also made a table where he could jot down the changes he would observe. Every day, he watered
his specimens with the same amount of water and recorded what he had observed every five days. After
thirty days, he stopped his experiment and studied the data he had gathered. (Analyzing the data) The result
was the plant placed under the tree was taller than the plant inside the room, but the tree placed in the
garden was the tallest. (Determining the implications and conclusions from findings) He then concluded that
the sunlight affected the growth of the plants and his hypothesis was accepted. (Making recommendations
for further research) He planned to conduct another study on the effects of sunlight in different species of
plants.

LESSON 5: BUSINESS CORRESPONDANCE

BUSINESS CORRESPONDANCE
• Means the exchange of information in a written format for the process of
activities
• Communication by letters

MAJOR TYPES OF BUSINESS CORRESPONDANCE

BUSINESS LETTER
Most formal method of communication following specific formats

BUSINESS MEMO
Is a document used for internal communication within a organization
1. Identify a problem
2. Propose a solution
BUSINESS fax
Is the telephonic transmission of scanned-in printed material

BUSINESS EMAIL
Short foe electronic mail, email is defined as the transmission of messages over
communications networks

TYPES OF BUSINESS LETTERS

SALES LETTER
Start with the strong statement to capture the interest of the readers

ORDER LETTER
Are sent by consumers or businesses to a manufacturer to order

COMPLAIN LETTER
Is a letter complaining to business and deciding factor whether your costumer is
satisfied or not

ADJUSMENT LETTER
Is a response letter to a claim or complaint

INQUIRY LETTER
Is used to ask questions or elicit information from the recipient

LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION
Is usually from a previous employer or professor

COVER LETTER
Is used to describe what is enclosed to the package

IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE

1. Help in maintaining proper relationship
2. Inexpensive and convenient mode
3. Create and maintain goodwill
4. Serves as evidence
5. Helps in expansion in business
LESSON 6: DEFINITION, ELEMENTS, CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH PROBLEM

RESEARCH PROBLEM
You cannot conduct a research if there is no problem
1. Is an any significant, perplexing, and challenging situation
2. A question or a problem that researcher wants to answer or to solve

• According to Kerlinger, a PROBLEM is an interrogative sentence or statement

that ask WHAT RELATION EXISTS BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLE
• A RESEARCH PROBLEM is an area of concern where there is a gap in the
knowledge base needed for professional practices

WHAT SHOULD BE HAPPENING---THE RESEARCH PROBLEM---WHAT IS ACTUALLY HAPPENING

ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM

1. AIM OR PURPOSE (WHY)
▪ Why is there an investigation, inquiry, or study?
▪ Why do we need to conduct a research or investigation?
▪ It is to find out the EFFECT OF THE MATTER
2. SUBJECT MATTER (WHAT)
▪ What is to be investigated or studied?
▪ What is our topic?
3. PLACE OR LOCALE (WHERE)
▪ Where the study should be conducted?
4. PERIOD OR TIME (WHEN)
▪ When is the study to be carried out?
5. POPULATION OR UNIVERSE (WHO)
▪ Who conducted the research? (specified)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM

SPECIFIC – The problem should be specifically stated
MEASURABLE- It is easy to measure by using research instrument
ACHIEVABLE- The data are achievable using correct statistical tools
REALISTIC- Real results are attained because they are gathered scientifically
TIME-BOUND- Time frame is required in every activity
ANOVA (ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE)
For descriptive research in determining the significance of the achievement and nutritional intake
of teacher who reside at home or boarding house

SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

1. Personal experiences 4. Social experiences

2. Practical experiences 5. Exposure to field situations
3. Previous experiences 6. Specialization of the researcher
7. Current and past researches

QUESTIONS YOU MAY ASK:

• Is the topic good enough to be researched?
• Is the topic interesting to be researched about?
• Would I get enough literature on the topic?
• Is there any practical application of my research?

LESSON 7: NARROWING THE TOPIC

NARROWING THE TOPIC

A narrower topic is a slice of the larger one

TOPIC NARROWED TO
RESEARCH QUESTION/S
TOPIC NARROWED BY
• INITIAL EXPLORATION
• ASSIGNED TOPIC
• ALL POSSIBLE TOPIC

STRATEGIES FOR NARROWING THE RESEARCH TOPIC

ASPECT
Choose one lens through which to view the research problem, or look at just one
facet of it

COMPONENT
Determine if your initial variable or unit of analysis can be broken into smaller parts,
which can then be analyzed more precisely
PLACE
The smaller the geographic unit of analysis, the narrower the focus

RELATIONSHIP
Ask yourself how to do two or more different perspectives or variables relate to one
another

TIME
The shorter the time period of the study, the narrower the focus

Narrowing down of the topic starts on the general term of an idea, a term or a
concept and ends at the specific aspect of it.

LESSON 8: GUIDELINES IN WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE

RESEARCH TITLE
• Should summarize the main idea of the paper
• Should be concise statement of the main topic
• Must include major variable/s
THE VARIABLES
▪ Is a characteristics or feature that varies or changes within a study
a. CONCEPT- can be defined using dictionary
b. CONSTRUCT- combination of two concepts
▪ Is a characteristics or feature that varies or changes within a study
a. GENDER- has two values: Male and Female
b. MARITAL STATUS- single, married, divorced on widowed
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
▪ Is known as the CAUSE VARIABLE
▪ Is the one being manipulated by the researchers
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
▪ Is referred to something affected by the causer variable
▪ Responding variable
EXAMPLE:
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

THE EFFECTS OF ON THE

READING COMPREHENSION OF THE ……
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• Should show the relationship of the main variables under study; and
• Must be self-explanatory

CHARACTERISTICS TO HELP YOU FORMULATE:

1. Purpose of the research
2. Narrative tone of the research
[typical defined by the type of the research]
3. Method used

GUIDELINES:
1. Generally, the title is formulated before the start of the research work. It may
be revised and refined later if there is a need.
2. Title must contain subject matter of the study, the locale of the study, the
population involved, and the period when data were gathered or will be
gathered.
EXAMPLE:
a. SUBJECT MATTER: The effects of e-books in the test results in science
b. LOCALE OF THE STUDY: Amazing Grace School
c. PERIOD OF THE STUDY: 2019-2020
3. Title must be as brief and concise as possible
4. Avoid using the terms “An analysis of”, “A study of”, “an investigation of”, and
the like
5. If the title contains more than one line, it must be written like an inverted
pyramid, all words in capital letters

THINGS TO REMEMBER:
1. The title needs to be very specific in nature
2. It must have the expressive power to show the entire scale of the research in
few words
3. It needs to be definite and clear
4. It must be interesting to catch the attention
LESSON 9: PARTS OF A BUSINESS LETTER
BUSINESS LETTER
Is the basic means of communication between two companies

BASIC PARTS OF BUSINESS LETTER

▪ HEADING
• Includes the following:
- Sender’s address
- Sender’s mailing address
- Phone number and e-mail address
- Date being sent
• It has two types:
1. TRADITIONAL HEADING
- Contains the writer’s complete address and the date of the
letter
2. MODERN HEADING
- Has the printed company’s name, company’s logo, fax
number, email address, website of the company, etc.
▪ INSIDE ADDRESS
• Contains the name and address of the person or business that you are
sending the letter to
▪ SALUTATION
• Is the letter’s greetings
• Includes the addresser’s name and courtesy title along with the
greetings
• Is followed by a comma (,) or a colon (:)
• Depends on the gender, type, number or the social status of the person
addressed
▪ BODY
• Contains the message or the information to be communicated
• Most important, lengthiest, prominent part written in correct, appealing
and impressive style
- Introductory paragraph
- Middle paragraph
- Closing paragraph

▪ COMPLIMENTARY CLOSING
• Is a courtesy signal at the end of each letter
• It depends on the tone and degree of formality
 ▪ SIGNATURE LINE
Has the type written name and the business title
STYLES OF A BUSINESS LETTER
▪ FULL BLOCK STYLE
Is a letter format in which all text is justified to the left margin
▪ MODIFIED BLOCK
Is a letter that uses a format that is slightly different from the full block
▪ SEMIBLOCK
This letter style places the date line in alignment with or slightly to the right of
dead corner

LESSON 10: INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Establishes the foundation of your paper

PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION
Introduction → Discussion/conclusion

TWO MAJOR QUESTOINS

1. WHY WAS THE STUDY NEEDED TO FILL IN THE GAP IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE?
2. WHY DOES THIS GAP NEED FILLING?

FLOW OF OBJECTIVES
- IDENTIFY THE KNOWLEDGE GAP
- EXPLAIN WHY IT NEEDS TO BE FILLED
- SUMMARIZE HOW THIS STUDY ATTEMPTS TO FILL THAT GAP
INTRODUCTION CONTENT
- Brief background information about research topic
- Rationale for undertaking this study (reason for “filling the gap”)
- Key references to preliminary works or closely related papers
- Clarification of terms, definitions, or abbreviations
- Review of pertinent literature
LESSON 11: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

BACKGROUND
• Is a condition that form the setting within which something experienced
• Is the circumstance antecedent to a phenomenon

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Is the section that identifies the problem or gap of the study that needs to be
addressed

TAKE NOTE:
▪ Providing background information of a research paper serves as a bridge that
links that reader to the topic of your study
- Present statistical data
- Present gap available knowledge
COMPONENTS OF BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1. Situation that prompted the study
2. Problematic situation from international, national, or area
3. The roots/history of the main topic of investigation
4. Indicate the aim of the study and the respondents of the study

LESSON 12: KINDS OF VARIABLE

VARIABLE
Is any factor or property that a researcher measures, controls, and/or manipulates

CONCEPT
- Can be defined by dictionary
- Identifies
a. Age
b. Civil status
c. Degree
d. Weight
e. height
CONSTRUCT
- Combines two concepts
a. Level of performance
b. Nature of environment
c. Rate of recovery
 KINDS OF VARIABLES

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
▪ Is known as the CAUSE VARIABLE
▪ Is the one being manipulated by the researchers
▪ Is the reason of changes in the dependent

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
▪ Is observed and measured to determine the effect of independent variable
▪ Refers to those that are affected by the cause variables

INTERVENING VARIABLES
▪ It interferes with the independent variables
▪ Its effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent
variable

DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLE
▪ Represents only two categories
1. Sex (M/F)
2. Side (L AND R)

POLYCHOTOMOUS VARIABLE
▪ Has more than two categories
1. Educational attainment
2. Economic status

CONCRETE VARIABLES
▪ Are variables that can be perceived through senses
1. Skin color
2. Taste

ABSTRACT VARIABLES
▪ Are variables of quality
1. Knowledge level
2. Perceptional level