SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL
CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 – Module 6:

Gases

Region I
ALAMINOS CITY DIVISION
Alaminos City, Pangasinan
Project Write, Write, Write
Alternative Instructional
Module
i
Science – General Chemistry 1 Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 6 Gases
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Alaminos City Division

Schools Division Superintendent: Lorna G. Bugayong, PhD, CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Aguedo C. Fernandez, CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Hannah Joy A. Abarra
Editors: Cecilia M. Nisperos, Cynthia B. Tablang
Reviewers: Cecilia M. Nisperos, Cynthia B. Tablang
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Layout Artist: James Ronald V. Santiago
Management Team: Lorna G. Bugayong, PhD, CESO VI
Schools Division Superintendent
Aguedo C. Fernandez, CESO VI
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Wilfredo E. Sindayen, Division CID Chief
Cecilia M. Nisperos, EPS, Science
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ii
 11/12
GENERAL
CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 – Module 6:

Gases

iii
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:
Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 (11/12) Alternative Instructional Module
(AIM) on Gases!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

iv
For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 (11/12) Alternative Instructional Module

(AIM) on Gases!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies
that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the
relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic
success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip
this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.

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What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which

will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life situations
or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.

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At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

vii
 What I Need To Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master gases. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course.

The module contains 3 lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – The Mathematical Relationship Between Pressure, Volume,
and Temperature of a Gas
• Lesson 2- The Partial Pressures of Gases in a Mixture
• Lesson 3- Quantitative Relationships of Reactants and Products in a
Gaseous Reaction, and Gas Diffusion and Effusion

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define pressure and give the common units of pressure (STEM_GC11G-
Ihi-43);
2. use the gas laws to determine pressure, volume, or temperature of a
gas under certain conditions of changes (STEM_GC11G-Ihi-45);
3. use the ideal gas equation to calculate pressure, volume, Temperature,
or number of moles of a gas (STEM_GC11G-Ihi-46);
4. use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to relate mole fraction and partial
pressure of gases in a mixture (STEM_GC11DLIi-47);
5. apply the principles of stoichiometry to determine the amounts (volume,
number of moles, or mass) of gaseous reactants and products
(STEM_GC11GSIi-j-48); and
6. relate the rate of gas effusion with molar mass (STEM_GC11KMTIj-50).

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 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Direction. Read the following questions carefully and

choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a sheet of paper.

1. The findings of Maxwell, Boltzmann, and others resulted in a number of

generalizations about gas behavior that have since been known as the
kinetic molecular theory of gases, or simply the kinetic theory of gases.
Central to the kinetic theory are the following assumptions EXCEPT one.
A. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one
another.
B. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions, and
they frequently collide with one another.
C. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from each
other by distances far greater than their own dimensions.
D. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is inversely
proportional to the temperature of the gas in degrees Celsius.
2. Calculate the volume of O2 (in liters) required for the complete combustion
of 7.64 L of acetylene (C2H2) measured at the same temperature and
pressure. 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g)→ 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
A. 3.056 L C. 19.1 L
B. 9.45 L D. 76.4 L
3. At 30 C, the volume of a sample of air was 5.8 L. What would be the
o

volume of the air sample if it is heated to 60oC at the same pressure?

A. 2.9 L C. 6.37 L
B. 3.75 L D. 8.5 L
4. A gas sample occupies a volume of 12.0 L at 50oC and 700 Torr. How
many moles of gas are contained in the sample?
A. 0.0347 mol C. 3.47 mol
B. 0.417 mol D. 34.7 mol
5. Identify which of the following Gas Laws is NOT properly paired.
A. Boyle’s Law: P1V1= P2V2
B. Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
C. Avogadro’s Law: V1/n1 = V2/n2
D. Charles’ Law: P1V1/T1= P2V2/T2
6. A sample of oxygen gas, which is saturated with water vapor, is kept in a
10-L vessel at 30oC and has a pressure of 758 Torr. If the pressure of the
water vapor at this temperature is 31.8 Torr, what would be the pressure
of the dry oxygen?
A. 23.84 Torr C. 758 Torr
B. 726.2 Torr D. 789.8 Torr
2
7. Which of the following deals with gaseous substances where we have given
volume data or we are asked to determine the volume of some component
in a chemical reaction?
A. Biochemistry C. Thermochemistry
B. Gas Stoichiometry D. Thermodynamics
8. What will happen to the velocity of gas molecules if you will increase the
molar mass of the molecules?
A. Decreases C. Quadrupled
B. Increases D. Remains constant
9. What is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules of
another?
A. Diffusion C. Fusion
B. Effusion D. Fission
10. How the air pressure of the tire is measured and expressed? The
following are the various units used for pressure EXCEPT one. Which is
not a unit for pressure?
A. Atmosphere C. Pounds per square inch
B. Newton meter second D. Torr

Lesson The Mathematical Relationship Between

Pressure, Volume, and Temperature of a
1 Gas

The knowledge about the weather not only helps us choose the clothing
we wear during the day, but it also assists the farmer in planting and
harvesting, and the sailor in charting a course. The gases in our atmosphere,
primarily N2 and O2 molecules, are heated by the Sun and moved here and
there by pressure differences that create wind.

It is the behavior of gases that creates our weather—the gentle breezes,

the violent storms, the humidity, and the rain. Tornadoes, form when moist,
warm air at lower elevations converges with cooler, dry air above. The
resultant air flows produce winds that can approach speeds up to 500 km/hr.

In this module you will learn about the mathematical relationship

between pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. Have fun!

3
 What’s In

Activity 1
Directions: Look at the reaction and the diagram and answer the guide
questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Consider the reaction

2A + B → C

1. In the diagram here that represents the reaction, which reactant, A or

B, is the limiting reagent?
2. Assuming complete reaction, draw a molecular model representation of
the amounts of reactants and products left after the reaction. The
atomic arrangement in C is ABA.

Good job! Now let’s have an activity about our next lesson.

4
 What’s New

Activity 2
Directions: Complete the table, write its formula or name. Use a separate sheet
of paper for this activity.
FORMULA NAME CHARACTERISTICS
1. Hydrogen cyanide Very toxic, slight odor
of bitter almonds
2. H2S Very toxic, odor of
rotten eggs
3. CO Toxic, colorless,
odorless
4. Carbon dioxide Colorless, odorless
5. Methane Colorless, odorless,
flammable

Guide Questions
1. How are the compounds listed in the table similar with one another?

2. What type of compounds are listed in the table?

What is It

A gas attains different properties due to the immense distance among

its particles. Thus, the availability of spaces is the major characteristic of a
gas that makes it different from a liquid and a solid. The distinguishing
behaviors or properties of gases are as follows:

1. gases have relatively low densities;

2. the volume of gases is significantly affected by pressure;
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 3. the volume of gases is significantly affected by temperature;
4. gases flow freely;
5. gases form solutions in any proportions.

Pressure of a Gas: Units of Pressure

Pressure is the amount of force exerted per unit area. A very simple
example to illustrate the concept of pressure is the use of balloon.

What is the role of the pressure of the gas inside the balloon? When you
blow a balloon, gas particles push the walls of the balloon. The act of pushing
against the wall creates the pressure in the balloon and result in the balloon
being inflated.
Do you know how pressure inside the balloon is measured and
expressed?

The Various Units Used for Pressure:

a. The old air pump in the gasoline stations used the unit pounds per
square inch (psi), which is widely used especially in the United States,
but usage of which is supposedly discouraged.
b. Later on, the new air pumps used kilopascal (KPa) (or newton per
square meter, N/m2), which is the SI unit for pressure.
c. In chemistry, a widely used unit for pressure is the atmosphere (atm),
but the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry discourages
its usage. However, it takes some time for usage of this unit to be
discontinued.
d. Another old and popular unit for pressure is the Torr (or mmHg), yet
the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry is also
discouraging the usage of this unit.

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 Conversion Values of the Units of Pressure

UNIT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AT

SEA LEVEL ON 0OC
Pascal (Pa), kilopascal (kPa) 1.01325 x 105 Pa; 101.325 kPa
Atmosphere (atm) 1 atm
Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) 760 mmHg
Torr 760 torr
Pound per square inch (lb/in2 or psi) 14.7 psi
Bar 1.01325 bar

SAMPLE PROBLEM: The barometer in Alaminos City gives a reading of 0.95

atm. What is the equivalent pressure in torr and psi?

Step 1: Determine the conversion factor to be used.

1 atm=760 torr; 1 atm= 14.7 psi

Step 2: Use dimensional analysis to cancel the atm unit and give the required
unit.

P= 0.95 atm x 760 torr = 722 torr

1 atm

P= 0.95 atm x 14.7 psi = 13.97 psi or 14 psi

1 atm

PRACTICE 1: The pressure outside a jet plane flying at high altitude

falls considerably below standard atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the
air inside the cabin must be pressurized to protect the passengers.
What is the pressure in atmospheres in the cabin if the barometer
reading is 688 mmHg?

Mathematical models known as the gas laws explain the behavior of

gases.
The laws include one or more of these quantities:

P= pressure (in units of atmosphere)

V= volume of the gas (in unit of L)
T= temperature (in units of K)
n= amount (in units of mole)
R= gas constant 0.0821 (L*atm)/(mol*K)

Barometers -measure pressure

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 Pascal (Pa) -the SI Unit for pressure

STP(standard temperature and pressure)

T=273K
P=760mmHg
to get temperature in Kelvin, add 273 to the Celsius temperature.

THE GAS LAWS

PRESSURE VOLUME TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS

1. BOYLE’S LAW (Pressure/Volume Law)

➢ The volume is inversely proportional to pressure at constant
temperature and number of moles.
Formula: P1V1= P2V2

SAMPLE PROBLEM: The pressure exerted by a gas sample in a 500-mL

container is 1.35 atm. What pressure will the same amount of gas exert if the
volume is decreased to 196 mL while the temperature is held constant?

Step 1: Determine the given in the problem.

V1 500 mL P1 1.35 atm
V2 196 mL P2 ?

Step 2: Manipulate the equation of Boyle’s law based on the missing variable.
P1V1= P2V2→ P2 = P1 (V1/V2)

Step 3: Substitute the values in the manipulated formula.

P2 = (1.35 atm) (500 ml/196 ml) = 3. 44 ml

The new pressure is higher than the initial pressure.

2. CHARLE’S LAW (Temperature/Volume Law)

➢ The volume of a given amount of gas held at constant pressure is
directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.

Formula: V1/T1=V2/T2

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A 300 ml sample of gas at 125oC is heated to 155oC.

What is its final volume when the pressure is held constant?

Step 1: Determine the given in the problem. (Convert Celsius into Kelvin)
V1 300 mL T1 125 oC→398 K
V2 ? T2 155 oC→428 K

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Step 2: Manipulate the equation of Boyle’s law based on the missing variable.
V1T2= V2T1→ V2 = V1 (T2/T1)

Step 3: Substitute the values in the manipulated formula.

V2 = (300 ml) (428 K/398 K) = 323 ml
The new volume is higher than the initial volume.

3. GAY LUSSAC’S LAW (PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE LAW)

➢ At constant volume, the pressure of fixed mass of gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature.
Formula: P1/T1=P2/T2

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A canister of nitrogen gas has a pressure of 2000 psi

(pounds per square inch) at 20 oC. What will the pressure be if you increased
the temperature to 25 oC?
Step 1: Determine the given in the problem. (Convert Celsius into Kelvin)
P1 2000 psi T1 20 oC→293 K
P2 ? T2 25 oC→298 K

Step 2: Manipulate the equation of Boyle’s law based on the missing variable.
P1T2= P2T1→ P2 = P1 (T2/T1)

Step 3: Substitute the values in the manipulated formula.

P2 = (2000 psi) (298 K/293 K) = 2034 psi
The new pressure is higher than the initial pressure.

4. COMBINED GAS LAW

➢ This is the combination of Boyle’s Law, Charles Law and the Gay
Lussac’s Law.
Formula: P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A 50L air sample at -50oC has a pressure of 107kPa.

The temperature is raised to 100oC and the volume to 7.0L. What is the new
pressure?

Step 1: Determine the given in the problem. (Convert Celsius into Kelvin)
P1 107 kPa V1 50 L T1 -50 oC→223 K
P2 ? V2 7.0 L T2 100 oC→373 K

9
Step 2: Manipulate the equation of Boyle’s law based on the missing variable.
P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2 → P2= P1V1 T2/T1V2

Step 3: Substitute the values in the manipulated formula.

P2 = (107 kPa) (50L) (373 K)/(223 K) (7.0 L) = 1278.38 kPa
The new pressure is higher than the initial pressure.

5. AVOGADRO’S LAW (VOLUME/AMOUNT LAW)

➢ The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of
moles of gas present at a given temperature and pressure.
Formula: V1/N1=V2/N2
SAMPLE PROBLEM: In a sample of gas, 50.0g of oxygen gas (02) take up 48L
of volume. Keeping the pressure constant, the amount of gas is changed until
the volume is 79L. How many grams of gas are now in the container?

Step 1: Convert grams of given to moles.

50 g O2 x 1 mol O2 = 1.5625 mol O2
32 g O2
Step 2: Determine the given in the problem.
N1 1.5625 mol V1 48 L
N2 ? V2 79 L

Step 3: Manipulate the equation of Boyle’s law based on the missing variable.
V1/N1=V2/N2→ N2= V2N1/V1

Step 4: Substitute the values in the manipulated formula.

N2 = (79 L) (1.5625 mol)/(48.0 L) = 2. 5716 mol

Step 5: Convert moles of required to grams.

2. 5716 mol O2 x 32 g O2 = 82 g O2
1 mol O2
6. IDEAL GAS LAW
➢ This is the combination of Boyle’s Law, Charles Law and the
Avogadro’s Law.
Formula: PV=nRT

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Calculate the standard volume for 1mol of gas at STP.
Step 1: Determine the given in the problem.
Variable Value
P 1 atm
V ?
N 1 mol
R 0.0821
L∙atm/K∙mol
T 273 K
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Step 2: Manipulate the equation of Boyle’s law based on the missing variable.
PV=nRT→ V= nRT/P

Step 3: Substitute the values in the manipulated formula.

V = (1 mol) (0.0821 L∙atm/K∙mol) (273 K)/(1 atm) = 22 L

The new mass is higher than the initial mass.

PRACTICE 2: Problem solving. Write your answers on a separate sheet

of paper.

a. At 30oC, the volume of a sample of air was 5.8 L. What would be

the volume of the air sample if it is heated to 60oC at the same
pressure?

b. What would be the pressure of 6.40 g oxygen gas in a vessel with a

volume of 4.5 L at 20oC?

Fantastic! Be ready to know more about partial pressures of gases in a

mixture. Have fun!

Lesson The Partial Pressures of

2 Gases in a Mixture

You already know that gases readily form mixtures with other gases.
One good example of this is the air that you breathe in. we assume that the
gas mixture is composed of gases behaving ideally and independent of one
another., each gas component of a gas mixture is called partial pressure.

You will learn more about the partial pressures of gases in a mixture in
this module. Enjoy!

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 What’s New

Activity 3
Directions: Analyze the image below then answer the guide questions after.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Questions:
1. Based from the image, what are the gases `present in the air?
2. What can you say about the pressure of the gases and the total pressure
in the air?

What is It

We have considered mainly pure gases—those that consist of only one

substance in the gaseous state. But, how do we deal with mixtures of two or
more different gases? While studying the properties of air, John Dalton made
an important observation:

The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the

pressures that each would exert if it were present alone.

The pressure exerted by a particular component of a mixture of gases

is called the partial pressure of that component. Dalton’s observation is
known as Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

If we let Pt be the total pressure of a mixture of gases and P1, P2, P3, and
so forth be the partial pressures of the individual gases, we can write Dalton’s
law of partial pressures as
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 Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + ……………

This equation implies that each gas behaves independently of the

others, as we can see by the following analysis. Let n1, n2, n3, and so forth be
the number of moles of each of the gases in the mixture and nt be the total
number of moles of gas. If each gas obeys the ideal-gas equation, we can write

All of the gases in a container must occupy the same volume and will

come to the same temperature in a relatively short period of time. Using these
facts to simplify, we obtain

That is, at constant temperature and constant volume the total

pressure of a gas sample is determined by the total number of moles of gas
present, whether that total represents just one gas or a mixture of gases.
SAMPLE PROBLEM: A mixture of 6.00 g of O2(g) and 9.00 g of CH4(g) is placed
in a 15.0-L vessel at 0 °C. What is the partial pressure of each gas, and what
is the total pressure in the vessel?

Step 1: Convert the mass of each gas to moles:

nO2 = (6 gO2) x (1mol O2) = 0.188 mol O2

(32 g O2)

nCH4 = (9 g CH4) x (1 mol CH4) = 0.563 mol CH4

(16 g CH4)

Step 2. Use the ideal-gas equation to calculate the partial pressure of each
gas:

PO2 = nO2RT = (0.188 mol) (0.0821 L∙atm/K∙mol) (273 K) = 0.2809 atm

V 15 L

PCH4 = nCH4RT = (0.563 mol) (0.0821 L∙atm/K∙mol) (273 K) = 0.8412 atm

V 15 L

Step 3: According to Dalton’s law of partial pressures, the total pressure in

the vessel is the sum of the partial pressures:

Pt = PO2 + PCH4 = 0.2809 atm + 0.8412 atm = 1.1221 atm

13
PRACTICE 3. Problem Solving, write your solution on a separate sheet
of paper.

➢ A sample of oxygen gas, which is saturated with water vapor, is

kept in a 10-L vessel at 30oC and has a pressure of 758 Torr. If the
pressure of the water vapor at this temperature is 31.8 Torr, what
would be the pressure of the dry oxygen?

Great job! Prepare yourself for the next lesson about quantitative
relationships of reactants and products in a gaseous reaction and gas
effusion.

Lesson Quantitative Relationships of Reactants

and Products Gas Effusion in a Gaseous
3 Reaction, and Gas Diffusion and Effusion
In the previous modules we used relationships between amounts (in moles)
and masses (in grams) of reactants and products to solve stoichiometry
problems. When the reactants and/or products are gases, we can also use the
relationships between amounts (moles, n) and volume (V) to solve such
problems

In this lesson, you will learn more about gas stoichiometry and gas
diffusion and effusion. Have fun!

What’s New

Activity 4
Directions: Analyze the reactions below and answer the guide questions after.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

The burning of fuel and the digestion of sugars:

2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2 g) + 10H2O(l)
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

14
Guide Questions:
1. What information can we get from the chemical equations?

2. Based from the previous module, how is the chemical equations helpful
in identifying the mass relationship?

What is It

The principles learned in the previous lesson:

1. the Ideal Gas Equation enables the calculation of the number of moles
of a gas from its pressure, volume, and temperature and
2. the volume of a gas at standard temperature (0oC) and standard
pressure (1 atm) can provide information about the number of moles of
the gas, through the known molar volume under the standard
condition:
These principles are useful in calculating the amount of gases involved in
a reaction.

Gas stoichiometry
Gas stoichiometry is dealing with gaseous substances where we have given
volume data, or we are asked to determine the volume of some component in
a chemical reaction.
Gas stoichiometry involves chemical reactions that produce gases.
Stoichiometry is based on the law of conservation of mass, meaning that the
mass of the reactants must be equal to the mass of the products. This
assumption can be used to solve for unknown quantities of reactants or
products.

3 TYPES OF GAS STOICHIOMETRY PROBLEMS:

1. Mole-Volume (or Volume-Mole)
2. Mass-volume (or volume-mass)
3. Volume-Volume

Note: At Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP), 1 mole of any gas will
occupy a volume of 22.4 L.

15
 1. Mole-Volume Stoichiometry

You are given the moles of one component and needed to find the volume
of another gaseous component. The temperature and pressure must be stated
in a problem such as this. The following steps are applied:

Step 1. Convert moles of given to moles of needed using the coefficients of the
balanced chemical equation

Step 2. Convert moles of needed to volume of needed using the Ideal Gas Law
Equation

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Given the Haber Process:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) -----> 2NH3(g)

How many liters of NH3 can be produced at a temperature of 27 degrees

Celsius and a pressure of 760 torr, if 20 moles of N2 are consumed?

Step 1. Convert moles of given to moles of needed:

According to the balanced equation:
1 mole N2 = 2 moles
2 moles NH3
20 mole N2 ×
1 moles N2
= 40 moles NH3 produced

Step 2. Convert moles of needed to liters of needed:

If we use the Ideal Gas Law Equation PV = nRT and R=0.0821 liter-atm /
mole-K, then we will have to make sure the pressure is in atm and the
temperature is in Kelvin.

1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
P= 760 torr × 760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
T= 27 + 273 = 300 K

𝑛𝑅𝑇
Solve the equation for V = 𝑃

(40 moles NH3 )(0.0821 liter-atm/mol-K)(300K)

V=
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
V= 985.2 liters NH3

2. Mass-Volume Stoichiometry

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 Here you are given the mass of one of the components and asked to find
the Volume of a gaseous component at a stated temperature and pressure.
Here are the steps that one would take:

Step 1. Convert mass of given to moles of given by dividing by the formula

mass of the given

Step 2. Convert moles of given to moles of needed using the balanced equation

Step 3. Convert moles of needed to liters of requested using

PV = Nrt
SAMPLE PROBLEM: How many liters of H2 will be required at a temperature
of 300 K and 3 atm pressure to consume 56 grams of N2?
N2 + 3H2 ------> 2NH3

Step 1. Convert 56 grams N2 to moles of N2

1 mole N2
56 grams N2 × 28 grams N2 = 2 moles N2

Step 2. Convert moles of N2 to moles of H2 using the balanced equation:

3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 H2
2 moles N2 × = 6 moles H2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 N2

Step . Convert 6 moles H2 to liters of H2 using PV=nRT

𝑛𝑅𝑇
V= 𝑃
(6 moles H2)(0.0821 liter-atm/mol-K)(300K)
V= 3 𝑎𝑡𝑚
V= 49.26 liters H2

3. Volume to Volume Gas Stoichiometry

The volume-volume problems are the easiest since according to the Law of
Combining Gas Volumes, Gases combine at the same temperature and
pressure in simple whole number of volumes.

What this means is that we can use the coefficients in the balanced
equation to form volume relationships just as we did in the earlier
Stoichiometry problems when we used the coefficients to form mole
relationships.

For example: 2H2(g) + O2 (g) ----> 2H2O (g)

2 liters H2 = 1 liter O2

2 liters H2 = 2 liters H2O

1 liter O2 = 2 liters H2O

17
SAMPLE PROBLEM: How many liters of water vapor can be produced if 40
liters H2 is consumed in the above chemical reaction all gases at the same
temperature and pressure:

2H2(g) + O2 (g) ----> 2H2O (g)

2 liters H2 = 1 liter O2

2 liters H2 = 2 liters H2O

2 liter O2 = 2 liters H2O

Step 1. Convert liters of given H2 to liters of requested H2O (g) by using the
coefficients in the balanced equation:

2H2(g) + O2 (g) ----> 2H2O (g)

2 liters H2 = 1 liter O2

2 liters H2 = 2 liters H2O

1 liter O2 = 2 liters H2O

2 liters H2O
40 liters H2 × = 40 liters H2O
2 liters H2

Gas Diffusion and Effusion

Graham’s law of effusion

Formulated by Scottish physical chemist Thomas Graham in

1848. Graham found experimentally that the rate of effusion of a gas is
inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles.

Diffusion – Gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules of another.

Effusion – The process in which gas particles escape through a tiny hole.

Since equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain
equal numbers of gas molecules, the rate of effusion is also inversely
proportional to the square root of the molecular weight of the gas.

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Graham’s Law
Equation:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 1 𝑀2
=√
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 2 𝑀1
Where:
Rate1 = is the rate of effusion for the first gas. (volume or number of moles per
unit time).
Rate2 = is the rate of effusion for the second gas.
M1 = is the molar mass of gas 1
M2 = is the molar mass of gas 2.
Note: lighter molecule will always be Rate 1

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Compare the rate of effusion of Hydrogen gas (H2) to

Oxygen gas (O2).

H2 (1× 2 = 2) O2 (16× 2 = 32)

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 H2 𝑀 O2 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 H2 32
= √ 𝑀 H2 = √2 = 4
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 O2 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 O2

Hydrogen gas effuses 4 times faster than the oxygen

PRACTICE 4: Solve for the following problem and write your solution on
a separate sheet of paper.

The rate of effusion of Argon was measured to be 0.218 mol/s at a certain

temperature. Calculate the rate of effusion for Helium.

Are you now ready to apply what you’ve learned in this module? Answer
the following activities.

What’s More

Activity 5

Directions: Below is the table of the temperature, pressure and volume of a

gas, analyze the data and answer the questions after. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper.

19
 Temperature Pressure* Volume
100 K 98.1 N/m2 0.85 m3
200 K 98.1 N/ m2 1.7 m3
300 K 98.1 N/ m2 2.54 m3
400 K 98.1 N/ m2 3.39 m3
500 K 98.1 N/ m2 4.24 m3

Questions:
1. As the temperature increases at constant pressure, what happens to
the volume of the gas?
2. Based from your answer in number 1, what gas law is being
described?
3. Calculate: Compare the pressure and volume values in your data
table.
a. How did doubling the temperature affect the gas volume?
b. How did tripling the temperature affect the gas volume?
c. How did quadrupling the temperature affect the gas volume?

Activity 6

Directions: Solve for the following problem about the relationship between gas
laws and stoichiometry. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Airbags are incorporated to ensure safety of car passengers. One of

the substances used in the mechanism of airbag inflation is sodium azide
(NaN3), which is triggered by the impact of the collision of cars. The
decomposition of sodium azide is shown in the reaction below:

2 NaN3) → 2Na +3N2

The one responsible for the inflation of airbags upon
decomposition of sodium azide is the formation of nitrogen gas. What
is the volume of the nitrogen gas produced at 85OC and 875 mmHg by
the decomposition of 78 g sodium azide?

What I Have Learned

Activity 7

Directions: Supply the missing word/s to complete the sentence. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

20
 1. A gas attains different properties due to the _________________ among
its particles.

2. Gases have relatively ____________densities;

3. The ______________of gases is significantly affected by pressure;

4. The old air pump in the gasoline stations used the

______________________________________, which is widely used
especially in the United States, but usage of which is supposedly
discouraged.

5. In chemistry, a widely used unit for pressure is _________________but

the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry discourages its
usage.

6. The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the _____________ of

the pressures that each would exert if it were present alone.

7. The pressure exerted by a particular component of a mixture of gases is

called the ________________________ of that component.
8. ___________________________________ is dealing with gaseous substances
where we have given volume data or we are asked to determine the
volume of some component in a chemical reaction.
9. ________________________________ is direct demonstration of gaseous
random motion is provided by diffusion, the gradual mixing of molecules
of one gas with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.
10. Effusion is the process by which a gas under pressure escapes from one
compartment of a container to another by passing through a
______________________________.

What I Can Do

Activity 8

Directions: You are an industrial chemist. You were invited to demonstrate

Graham’s Law of diffusion and effusion to help chemistry students of a
particular university understand the concept. Design an experiment, you can
access www.juliantrubin.com/encyclopedia/physics/graham_law.html.
Present the results of your experiments in a PowerPoint presentation with
discussions on real-life applications of Graham’s law of diffusion and effusion.
Use the rubric below as your guide.
21
 Excellent Very Satisfactory Needs Points
(4 pts.) Satisfactor (2 pts.) Improvemen Earne
y t d
(3 pts.) (1 pt.)
Content Content is Content is Content is Content is
accurate accurate accurate but questionabl
and all but some some e.
required required required Information
informatio informatio information is not
n is n is is missing presented
presented missing and/or not in a logical
in a logical and/or presented in order,
order. not a logical making it
presented order, difficult to
in a logical making it follow.
order, but difficult to
is still follow.
generally
easy to
follow.
Slide Presentatio Presentati Presentation Presentatio
Creation n flows on flows flows well. n is
well and well. Tools Some tools unorganized
logically. are used are used to . Tools are
Presentatio correctly. show not used in
n reflects Overall acceptable a relevant
extensive presentati understandi manner.
use of tools on is ng.
in a interesting
creative .
way.
Slide Transitions Smooth Smooth Very few
Transitio are transitions transitions transitions
ns smooth. are used are used on are used
Transitions on most some slides and/or they
enhance slides. distract
the from the
presentatio presentatio
n. n.
Pictures, Images are Images are Most images Images are
Clip Art appropriat appropriat are inappropria
Backgrou e. e. Layout appropriate te.
nd Layout is is
pleasing to cluttered.
the eye.
Mechanic No spelling Few Some Some
s errors. No spelling spelling spelling
grammar errors. errors. Some errors.
errors. Text Few grammar Some
is in grammar errors. grammar

22
 authors’ errors. Text is in errors. Most
own words. Text is in authors’ own of text is in
authors’ words. authors’
own own words.
words.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Direction. Read the following questions carefully and

choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a sheet of paper
1. How the air pressure of the tire is measured and expressed? The following
are the various units used for pressure EXCEPT one. Which is not a unit
for pressure?
A. Atmosphere C. Pounds per square inch
B. Newton meter second D. Torr
2. Identify which of the following Gas Laws is NOT properly paired.
A. Boyle’s Law: P1V1= P2V2
B. Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
C. Avogadro’s Law: V1/n1 = V2/n2
D. Charles’ Law: P1V1/T1= P2V2/T2
3. At 30oC, the volume of a sample of air was 5.8 L. What would be the
volume of the air sample if it is heated to 60oC at the same pressure?
A. 2.9 L C. 6.37 L
B. 3.75 L D. 8.5 L
4. A gas sample occupies a volume of 12.0 L at 50oC and 700 Torr. How
many moles of gas are contained in the sample?
A. 0.0347 mol C. 3.47 mol
B. 0.417 mol D. 34.7 mol
5. A sample of oxygen gas, which is saturated with water vapor, is kept in a
10-L vessel at 30oC and has a pressure of 758 Torr. If the pressure of the
water vapor at this temperature is 31.8 Torr, what would be the pressure
of the dry oxygen?
A. 23.84 Torr C. 758 Torr
B. 726.2 Torr D. 789.8 Torr
6. Calculate the volume of O2 (in liters) required for the complete combustion
of 7.64 L of acetylene (C2H2) measured at the same temperature and
pressure. 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g)→ 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
A. 3.056 L C. 19.1 L
B. 9.45 L D. 76.4 L
7. The findings of Maxwell, Boltzmann, and others resulted in a number of
generalizations about gas behavior that have since been known as the
23
 kinetic molecular theory of gases, or simply the kinetic theory of gases.
Central to the kinetic theory are the following assumptions EXCEPT one.
A. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one
another.
B. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions, and
they frequently collide with one another.
C. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from each
other by distances far greater than their own dimensions.
D. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is inversely
proportional to the temperature of the gas in degrees Celsius.
8. What will happen to the velocity of gas molecules if you will increase the
molar mass of the molecules?
A. Decreases C. Quadrupled
B. Increases D. Remains constant
9. Which of the following deals with gaseous substances where we have given
volume data or we are asked to determine the volume of some component
in a chemical reaction?
A. Biochemistry C. Thermochemistry
B. Gas Stoichiometry D. Thermodynamics
10. What is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules of
another?
A. Diffusion C. Fusion
B. Effusion D. Fission

Additional Activities

Activity 9

Directions: Solve the following problems about gas laws and write what gas
law is applied in each problem. Write your solutions on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. 9.0 L of a gas is found to exert 83.0 kPa at 35.0°C. What would be the
required temperature (in Celsius) to change the pressure to standard
pressure?

2. A gas at 11O.0 kPa and 30.0oC fills a flexible container with an initial
volume of 2.00L. If the temperature is raised to 80oC and the pressure
increased to 440.0 kPa, what is the new volume?

24
Activity 10

Directions: Calculate the problem about gas stoichiometry. Show you step-
by-step procedure in solving this problem. Use a separate sheet of paper for
your solution.

Gas barbecues burn propane using oxygen from the air. If 3.50 L of
propane is burned while you are cooking burgers, what volume of oxygen
is required for combustion of the propane at a constant temperature and
pressure?

C3H8 + 5O2 ---> 3CO2 + 4H2O

Activity 11

Directions: Calculate the problem about Graham’s Law. Indicate if it is

diffusion or effusion. Show you step-by-step procedure in solving this problem.
Use a separate sheet of paper for your solution.

If equal amounts of helium and argon are placed in porous

container and allowed to escape, which gas will escape faster and how
much faster?

Congratulations you have successfully defined pressure and gave the common
units of pressure, used the gas laws to determine pressure, volume, or
temperature of a gas under certain conditions of changes, used the ideal gas
equation to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or number of moles of a gas
used Dalton’s law of partial pressures to relate mole fraction and partial
pressure of gases in a mixture, applied the principles of stoichiometry to
determine the amounts (volume, number of moles, or mass) of gaseous reactants
and products and related the rate of gas effusion with molar mass.

You can now move on to the next quarter.

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26
References:
A. Books
Espinosa, Allen A. and Fernandez, Katherine N. 2016. General
Chemistry 1 .Makati City, Philippines: Diwa Learning Systems INC.

Patalinghug, Wyona C. Ph.D., et. al. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior
High School GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1. C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman,
Quezon City: 
 Commission on Higher Education

Brown, Theodore L., et. Al. 2018. Chemistry the Central Science 14th
Edition in SI Units. Pearson Education Limited, United Kingdom

Chang, Raymond and Goldsby, Kenneth A. 2016. Chemistry 12th

Edition. . 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York: McGraw-Hill

Mendoza E. and Religioso T. 2008. Chemistry Laboratory Manual.

Phoenix Publication

Mendoza E. 2003. Chemistry Textbook. Phoenix Publication

B. Online and Other Sources

http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/gases.html

https://www.google.com/search?q=partial+pressure+activity+sheets&
rlz=1C1CHWA_enPH642PH642&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=VrM
dxafeNZPYOM%252CqTFSMSGWHh3FiM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kRmgG0ddBCwKKIYn_Ae-JQneDHeRA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjP8u-
czajrAhWUAYgKHUBrBTwQ9QEwA3oECAoQCw&biw=1366&bih=608#
imgrc=L9tUWfHbhWQOPM

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Telefax: (075) 205-0644/205-0643

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