Polarity of Simple

compounds
Prepared by:
Ms. Angelika R. Lee, SST1
recall: Lewis Structure

Pick a glassware

1 2 3 4
 back

What is the purpose

lewis structure?
 back

What is the lewis

structure of BeCl2?
 back

What is the total

valence electrons of
PCl5?
 back

What is Molecular
Geometry?
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02
Polarity of some simple Functional groups
compounds
03 04
isomerism Organic compounds
 01
Polarity of some simple
compounds
 Learning Competencies
• Determine the polarity of simple molecules STEM_GC11CBIId-g-82

• Describe the different functional groups STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-87

• Describe structural isomerism; give examples STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-89

• Describe some simple reactions of organic compounds: combustion of

organic fuels, addition, condensation, and saponification of fats
STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-90
Learning objectives
• Students will be able to determine the bond polarity using
difference in electronegativities of molecules and
determine the direction of a molecule’s polarity

• Students will be able describe the different functional

group.

• Students will be able describe describe the isomerism and

give examples.
 polarity
-is a state or a condition of an atom or a
molecule having positive and also negative
charges.
We know that molecules are neutral. If
the negative charge is evenly distributed
around a molecule, then it is not polar.
However, if the negative charge is not
evenly distributed then it is polar.
Dipole Moments and Polarity of Molecules

The polarity of the bond can be experimentally measured in

terms of the dipole moment, µ . When atoms in a molecule
share electrons unequally.
 Polarity of Simple compounds
Polar
Polar molecules must contain
polar bonds due to a difference
in electronegativity between
the bonded atoms.
A polar molecule with two or
more polar bonds must have
a geometry which is
asymmetric in at least one
direction, so that the bond
dipoles do not cancel each
other.
Non-Polar
A molecule may be nonpolar
either when there is an equal
sharing of electrons between
the two atoms of a diatomic
molecule or because of the
symmetrical arrangement of
polar bonds in a more complex
molecule.
Electronegativity -
the degree to
which an element
tends to gain
electrons and form
negative ions in
chemical
reactions.
 02
Functional group
 Functional group
Organic compounds may also be classified
according to the functional groups they contain. A
functional group is a group of atoms that is largely
responsible for the chemical behavior of the parent
molecule. Compounds containing the same
functional groups undergo similar reactions.
 alcohols

Methanol is the simplest alcohol. It is highly toxic and causes blindness.

Ethyl alcohol is a common solvent and starting material for various commercial uses. It is produced
commercially by the addition reaction of ethylene with water at high pressure and temperature. It is
also produced from the fermentation of sugar.
Isopropyl alcohol, is commonly called rubbing alcohol.
Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze. Ethyl alcohol can be oxidized by inorganic oxidizing agents
to acetaldehyde and acetic acid.
 ethers

Ethers are usually prepared by a condensation reaction. A

condensation reaction is characterized by the joining of two
molecules and the elimination of a small molecule, usually water.
 Aldehydes and Ketones
A common aldehyde is formaldehyde. An aqueous solution of formaldehyde is used
in the laboratory to preserve animal specimens. A common ketone is acetone, which
is mainly used as solvent for organic compounds and as nail polish remover. Alcohols
can be oxidized to produce aldehydes and ketones:
 Carboxylic Acids
The functional group in carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group, -
COOH. Among the common carboxylic acids are formic acid, acetic
acid, and butyric acid.
 esters
Esters are sued in flavoring and perfumery owing to their
characteristic smells. The smell of many fruits come from esters.
A common reaction of esters is saponification. In this reaction, an
ester reacts with aqueous NaOH solution to produce back the
carboxylic acid and the alcohol. This reaction originates from
soapmaking. Soap (Latin “sapo”) was originally produced by the
hydrolysis of fats.
 03
isomerism
 Isomerism
Isomerism, the existence of molecules that have the
same numbers of the same kinds of atoms (and hence
the same formula) but differ in chemical and physical
properties.

There are two general types of isomers. Constitutional

isomers are molecules of different connectivity—
analogous to simple bracelets in which the order of red
and green beads is different. The second type is
stereoisomers. In stereoisomers the connectivity is the
same, but the parts are oriented differently in space.
 Constitutional Isomers
Isomers that differ in connectivity are
called constitutional (sometimes structural) isomers. They have
the same parts, but those parts are attached to each other
differently.
Example:
 Stereoisomers
Generally defined, stereoisomers are isomers that have the
same composition (that is, the same parts) but that differ in the orientation
of those parts in space. There are two kinds of stereoisomers: enantiomers
and diastereomers.
 RESOURCES
La Union Schools Division. Quarter 2: General Chemistry 1
 THANKS!
Does anyone have any questions?
Angelika Ranit Lee
09338224416

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