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PYASUTUC @® £ MENbAMAH XHMMHA Cll YueGunoe nocoGue nasi 7—11 Knaccos Beyepnel (cmeHHoH) cpenHeli OOueo6pasoBatenbHOK WKOWbI B 2-x uactax Yactp I Honywuyero Munucrepcreom npoceewenun Cccp nn (cManHar) cpesHmr prc gchar AuKOsa NY Pocabet S Mockea «, 1985 KAK NOJIb30BATbCA YYEBHHKOM SToT yueOunk XHMHH NpenHasHayeH BaM, yYalluMcs, pa6oTalouluM Ha mpoussorctse. [perme yeM HM NOsb30BaTbCA, BHHMATEJIbHO Mpo- unTalire MpHBefeHHble HM2Ke yKa3aHHA. 3yecb BbI HalipeTe MeTOLU- weCKHe P€KOMCHAAUHH NO H3yYeHHIO HOBOTO MaTepHasa, NO noBTope- HHIO H 3aKpenvieHHio NpHobpeTeHHEIX 3HaHHii. Xumna — unTepecHan H cnox*KHaA HayKa. Jlna oBnagenua eo HeOOXOAHMO He TONbKO ycBOUTb dbaKTHyecKH maTepHan (OCHOBHBIC 3aKOHBI, ONPeAeeHHA, XHMHYCCKHA ASbIK HT. 1.), HO H HayyHTecA MIpHMeHATh MONYYeHHbIe SHAHHA KaK DA OTBETA Ha Pa3nHUHbIe BO- NpOcbl, BOSHHKAIOLIWe NPH H3YYeHHH XHMHH H APyTHX CM@KHBIX C HEIO HaykK, TaK H MI paspelieHHA MpoGwem, KOTOpbie MoryT BCTpe- THTBCH BAM HA MPOH3BOLCTRE HI B ObiTy. YunTben Wy2kHO cHcTeMaTHYeckH H HacTOii4uHBO. Oco6oe BHUMa- HHE cilefyeT OOpaTHTb Ha OPMYHPOBKy OCHOBHbIX 3aKOHOMEpHO- cre H BaxkHelwux nonaTHi xumun. Hapagy c yyeOuukom Bcerna umelite npH ce6e paGouyio Terpamb NA 3aNMcH XHMHYeCKHX cop- MyJl H ypaBHeHHit peakunii. Ina ycnewHoro ycBoeHHsA HOBBIX 3a- KOHOMepHOCTeH H (pakTOB TpeGyeTcA 3HaHHe NpOlimeHHOro MaTepHaa. Yro6h oGneruvth Bam NMOBTOpeHHe, B TeKcTe yYeOHHKA yKasaHbt CTpaHHbl, KOTOPHIe Bbl AOMKHb! BHHMATEMHO NPOYHTaTD. Ycpoene 4 3anomMHHanHe BCero yueOHOrO MaTepHayla NO XHMHH SHAYHTeNbHO OONeryaeTcA, eciM B yYeOHOM Mpouecce coOsmlOpaeTcA onpegenenHas cucrema. Umenno no3ToMy aBTOpbl CTPpeMHJHCb BeCb yueOubili MaTepHa H3/102%KHTb NO eMHOMY MlaHy. Tak, HanpuMep, MIpH W3102%KeHHH yuyeOHOrO MaTepHana O BelllecTBAax coOOmMgaeTCA cnenyouui nopanoK: 1. Crpoenne monekynbi W O6ulan xapakrepucTHkKa ZaHHOro Be- ulecTBa. 2. Haxoxgenve B npxpoze. 3. Cnoco6n nonyyenua: a) B na6opaTopHH; 6) ’B npombiunuseH- HOCTH. 4. Musnyeckue cBolicTBa. 5. Xumuyeckne cBoiicrsa. 6. [pxmenenue. 7. Teneruyeckas cBs3b. Matepvan_ 0 xHmHYeCKHX 9neMeHTax B yYcOHHKe mpenctapneH ananoruuno. Onpenenenubiii nan co6mogaetca 4 np paccmorpeHHK a 3XMMH4CCKHX 3aKOHOB. B yyeOHHKe MaloTCA copeTH, B KaKOH mocme- JOBATEABHOCTH COCTABIATh XHMHYECKHE (OpMy.IE, YPaBHEHHA xXHMH- ueCKHX peakunii. [pH ycBoeHHu H NOBTOpeHHH Gonbuloro TeopeTHue- cKoro H (pakTH4ecKOrO MaTepHasla BaM NOMOryT TaG/HIlbl KH CXeMBI. B yue6nuke fanbi TakxKe OOpasiibl H MOCNeAOBAaTebHOCTb PelleHhA HaHOonee THIMYHBIX 3afa4. Tak Kak He BCe H3 BaC HMCIOT BO3MOXKHOCTb NPHCYTCTBOBATb Ha na6opaTopHbix 3aHATHAX (OCOGEHHO 9TO OTHOCHTCA K 3A04HHKAM), TO B yeOHHKe v3vlaraeTCA He TO/IbKO XO BbINONHCHHA ONbITOB 0 HeOpraHHuecKOli XHMHH, HO H OXKHLAeMbIe pesybTaTbI. ITO LaeT BO3- MOXKHOCTb NpH NOZTOTOBKe K OGA3saTeNbHbIM MpakTHyecKHM pa6oTaM CaMOCTOATENbHO NPOLYMaTb XO BLITIONHEHHA ONLITOB. Yro6nl NOMO4b BaM B pabore c yueOHHKOM, HakGoee BaxHbIt Ma- TepHan, HanpHMep cpOpMY.IKPOBKH BarxHeWHX NOHATHH H ONpemere- Huli, B KHHre BbiIZeeH pa3HYHbIM WpHpTOM. Haneyaranupii Menkum wpxdtom (nernTom) dakruyeckHit mate- pHaa, CxeMbI, OTparkaloulve reHeTHYeCKyIO CBASb MEXKAY pasnH4HbIMH KlaccaMH coeaHHeHHi, B OCHOBHOM MpeyHa3HayeHbl ana Gonee yray6s1eHHOrO ycBoeHHA yueGHoro MaTepHasa Np NOBTOpeHHH H Np TOPOTOBKE K BbIMYCKHOMY 9K3aMeHy MO XHMHH. B cxemax 4 PHCyHKaxX KpacHbiMH cTpenkami o6o3HayeH MaTe- Puan, nognexkaulHii ycBoeHHIO pH MogroTOBKe K OYepenHbIM 3a- HATHAM, a YEpHbIMH — CBENeHHA, HEOOXOAHMbIe DA yrnyOnenuA CHCTeMaTH3al\HH 3HaHHi B Mpouecce MogroTOBKH K 3ay4eTaM H 9K3aMCHY. Yro6bt y6equTbcn B KayecTBe CBOMX 3HaHHil, Crapalirech OTBETHTb Ha BCe BOMPOCH, BbINOJHHTb YNpaXKHEHHA H PelUHTb 3a1a4H, KOTOpbIe abl B y4eOHHKe B KOHWe KaxkfOro pasqena. XO BbINOTHEHHA ynpaxkHennii, cpopMy.1HpoBKH OCHOBHEIX 3aKOHOB H NOHATHH 3anucei- Balire B pa6ounx TeTpagAx. TonbkO nocne ycneuiHOrO BLINOAHeHHA 9To pa6oTbi BbI MOx*eTE ObITh yBEPeHb!, YTO yueOubilt Matepvan Ba- MH YCBOeH. . B uensx nosblieHHs ypoBHA 3HaHHii moO Kypcy XHMHH M10 BO3- MOXKHOCTH HCMOMb3YLTe MONOAHHTENbHYIO MHTEpaTyPy. Mbt Hafeemcs, YTO peKOMeHsAyeMas B TOCOOHH enHHaR cucTeMa H3yNeHHA BCerO mporpamMHoro MaTepHana NO XHMHH 3HA4HTEJIbHO oOnerunT Bally CAMOCTOATEMbHYIO NODTOTOBKY K yPOKaM, KOHCYJIbTa- UHsIM, 3a4eTaM H 9K3aMeHy- Yuurteipan cneunduky H3y4eHHA XHMHH B BeyepHeli (cmeHHohi) wkoNe, Bbl MOJ2KHbI Ha YpOKaXx, KOHCYJIbTaUHAX H MPH BbINOJHEHHH TOMauINHX 3amanHi Beerga HMeTb mpH ce6e Kak yacTb I, Tak H yactTb I] yue6HHkKa nO XHMHH. HEOPFAHMYECKAS XUMMS 7 KNnacc Paasa I NEPBOHAYAJIbHBIE XAMHYECKHE NOHSATHA § 1. Mpeamer xumun Flosropure 3 kypca dpusnkn § 3 . Oreersre Ha sonpoc 1 (c. 12). § 2. Bemectsa 4 4x cBolicTBa UYenopeKk B MOBCeAHEBHOH X%KH3HH BCTPeyaeTcA Cc pa3HYHBIMH MpeMeTaMH: MalllHHaMH, HHCTpyMeHTaMH, mpH6opaMmu, nocyzoli 4 7.0. JA HX H3rOTOBNeHHA HcNONMb3ywTCA MeTaNbI HW ApyrHe BeLlecTBa. Onn H Te 2Ke MpemMeTbI YacTO cOcTOST H3 Pa3HbIX BeLlecTB. Tak, HanpuMep, AAA H3roTOBNeHHA Tpy6 OAHOH H TOH xe COpMbI HCNOMb3YIOTCA Mejb, cBHHeY. HaoSopor, 218 H3rOTOBNCHHA Pa3sHbix npewMeToB, HaNpHMep aneKTpHyeckoro npoBo_a, MocysbI, onbrH HT. 2, HCMOMb3yeTCA OLHO H TO Ke BeLLeCTBO — amIOMHHHi. Muorue mpeaMeTbI HAH Tea COCTOAT H3 HECKOJbKUX Pa3HUHbIX BeulecTB. Tak, HaNpHMep, B COcTaB 3epHa BXOAAT Kpaxmad, Oes0K, PacTHTeMbHBIe 2KHPbI H HEKOTOpbie Apyrve BellecTBa. Orciona BbIBOL: ce OKpYysKaloWyUe HAC Tena COCTORT us pasaud- HbIX BeU4eCTB. HspecrHo Gonee ceMH MHAHOHOB BeUecTB, O6NanaloulnXx pas- JHYHBIMH CBOHCTBAMH. Ceoticreamu na3svieawTcA npusHaKu, nos6oAnoWmue OTALAUTS odnu eewectea or Opyzux uau ycTaKoBuTs cxOdcTeOo Mendy HUMU. U3 kypea cbW3HKH H3BeCTHO, YTO KaxKMOe 4UCTOe BeLlecTBO O6na- WaeT onpeseseHHbIMH (bH3HYeCKHMH cBOHcTBaMH (cxema 1). Cxema | Banknefiuie dusiveckne ceolicrea semects I [Giles] a] l l Arperatnoe | | User | | Tlnor- | | Tenao- | | Snextpuye- | | Tenneparypa cocrosune nocrs | | nposon-| Jean nporo-| | nranzenna HocTb mUMOCTD H KHNeHUA Hanpumep, quctujmmpopanHad BOza — muanocTb Ge3 tlpeTa, Bkyca W 3anaxa; ee noTHocT | r/cm® npu +4 °C, temnepatypa naapnenusn 0°C, remnepatypa kunenuA 100°C; ona mioxo npoBonHT TeNAOTY H 3IEKTPHUeCKHA TOK. M3 2KH3HeHHOrTO HK TIpOHS3BOACTBeEHHOrO™ onbita BaM H3BeCTHbI HeKOTOpbIe XHMHUeCKHE CBO/iCTBa BEMIeECTB, HaNpHMep crocoOHOCTb rin ropeTb, %ee3a prxaBeTb. 6 Orserute Ha sonpoct: 2—5 (c. 12). § 3. Uncre pemecrsa 1 cmecn B mpupoze sce seulecrsa pcrpeuaiorcs B Buse cmeceli (cxema 2). Cxeoma 2 Cech = omwoponbie (HanpHMep, pacrBopLt HeonHoponuete (Hanpumep, cmece paamimnbix geuects B pole) Tecka ¢ nobapeHHolt comic, riHHEt © Bonoii) JUcToMu ABAAIOTCA TOABKO TaKUe BeLYeCTea, KOTOpbIe O62adal0T CTpO2O NOCTOAKHbLMU usuuecKUMU CéeolicTeamu, HANPHMep jHCTHA- SHpOBaHHaA Boma. Odxopodnoimu oG6vi4HO HasbIBaIOT TaKUe CMecu, 6 KOTOpLLx da%Ke € NOMOWWoIO MUKpOCKONa HeAbsA OGHApy%UTe “acTUyL Opyeux Be- wecré, HanpHmep pacrBopbl caxXapa HH MoBapeHHOol conn. Heonopodneimu npursiTo waseieare TaKue cmecu, @ KOTOpDLx HEBOOPYHEHHOIM 2AA3OM UAL NPU NOMOL4U MUKPOCKONA MOHO 3a- MeTUTS “LaCTUYb OpyeUux BetyecTe. Ana xHMHuecKHxX NaGopaTopui H MpompnuseHHocTA yacTo Tpe- Oylorca uucTbIe BeulecrBa. CyilecTByloT pasnHYHble cnoco6bl ouKcT- KH BELECTB, KOTOPbie OCHOBAHI Ha pasyeseHHH cMecel (cxema 3). OsHakomumcs Gonee nompo6HO c STHMH cnocobaMu. Cxema3 Ocnonmne cnoco6u pasnerenus cmeceti HeOMHOpONHELX | onHOponHEX | Oreraupa- Jletictane Bunapunanne Dwernnas- nine MarHHTOM Wisi ‘unorpo- Kpueran- panne avgauHa Orerau- | |Tipuwexs- | |Ornenenne| |Bunexenne] [Mpousnon- | [Tonyuenne panne uac-| Jere npu| }oxenesa or) |norapex- | |crro uucroy |ancTHanH- Hu raunet| |ouncrKe apyrux ne-| |uofi con} |ro caxapa u| |ponannoit B pone nome uteeta 3 mopexoii| |npyrux ne-| |noner BORE ects.Puc. 1. Ornenenue 2xeneaHtix onHAOK OT mpenecHE:X. Brijenevue Beujects H3 HEOLHOPOAHON CMecH OTCTAaHBaHHeM, (pusb- Tpopanuem WM pelictavem Marnuta. 1. Boidenenue eewecre u3 Keod- HopoOHol CMecu, O6pasc6aKKOl HepacreopumbiMU 6 Bode BeLyecTEa- Mu C pasauunoll naoTHocTe10. ITOT cnoco6 OCcHOBaH Ha TOM, “TO BXOJAUKe B COCTaB CMECH BelilecTBa HE PacTBOPAIOTCH B BONE H OHO H3 HHX BCnbIBaeT Ha NOBepxHOcTh. Hanpumep, x*xemesHbie ONHIKH OT APeBECHBIX MOXKHO OTZENHTb, B8OaNTbIBAA STY CMECb c Bogofi, a 3aTem orctanBasl. )KenesHbie ONHAKH ONycKaloTcA Ha WHO cocyna, a mMpepecnble BcnsbiBaloT, H HX BMecTe c BOOK MOXKHO cMHTb (pe. 1, J, 2, 3). Puc. 2. OcarkgenHe mecka H3 cMecH C nopapenkoii conbi0. Puc. 3. uabrposanne. Puc. 4. Jlemmennas soponka. Puc. 5. Benscorseaurenian Ko10HKd. 2. Budenenue eewecre us neodxopodHolt cmecu, o6pasoeannot pacTeopumblmu u HepacreopumoLmu 6 Bode eemecTeamu. [nA BEINe- JIGHHA MOBAPeHHOM CoH cMecb ee C MeCKOM BS6aNTbIBALOT C BOON. Topapentan comb pacrsopserca, a mecok ocegaet (puc. 2). Uro6n YCKOPHTb OTDeEeHHe HEPacTBOPHMBIX 4aCTHIL 43 pacTBOpa, CMeCb bunbrpyior (pue. 3). Tlecox ocraerca Ha dHabTpoBpanbHolt 6ymare, a mpospayHbii pacrBop noBapeHHOl con Mpoxo_HT 4yepes (punbTp, 3aTeM NONyYeHHbIi pacrBop BLINAapHBAaWT, YTOObI BbIeHTb H3 BO[bl pacTBOpCHHOe ‘BeulecTBO (NOBApeHHY! Co.1b). 3. Boenenue eewecre us cmecu mano pacreopumvix Opye @ Opy- ze mudKocrel c pasnuunol naorxocro1o. Cmech GeH3HHa Cc BOLOH, HeTH c BOnol, pacTHTenbHoro Maca c BOLO G6bicTpo paccnan- BalOTCH, NOITOMY HX MOXHO Pa32eNHTb C NOMOLLbIO DeNKTeNbHOn BOPOHKH HH KONOHKH (pHe. 4 H 5). Wnorga xxHaKOcTH Cc pa3- QHuHOH MNOTHOCTbIO OTMeENAWT LWeHTpHiyrHpoBaHkem, HanpHMep CHBKH OT MOJ0Ka. 4. Boidenenue eewecte us neodnopodxod cmecu maznurom. Ecan HMeeTCH, HaNpHMep, CMECb MOPOWIKOB 2%ee3a H CepbI, TO HX MOXKHO Pa3fenHTb pH NOMOLLH MarHHTa. Buyenenve BeuecTe H3 OAHOpoOAHO cmecH KpHcTaquszaunel 4 Auctusnauneli. 1. Boenenue eewecre us odHOpodHotl cmecu Kpuctan- ausayueii. Uro6bi pacTBOpeHHoe BeLecTBO, HanpHMep NoBapeHHy10 COnb, BLIMeNUTh B YHCTOM BHe H3 pacTBopoR, NocnexHH BbInapH- Bar (pic. 6). Bona ucnapserca, a B chaphoposoli uauiKe ocTa- erca 4HcTan nopapenhan cosb. Mnorga nmphmensiot ynaprBanne, T.@. yacTH4Hoe HcnapenHe Bobi. B pesynbraTe oG6pasyercn G6once KOHWCHTPHPOBaHHLI pacTBOp, MPH OxNaxKAEHHH KOTOPOrO pacTBO- PeHHOe BeLIECTBO BbIMeENAeTCA B BHAe KpHcTanoB. Dro cnoco6 OUHCTKH BeULeCTB HasbiBaeTCA KpucTanausayuell.Puc. 7. Ductuanauns. Puc. 6. Buinapusanne. 2. Boedenenue seujecte us odxopodxoti cmecu Oucruannyued. Jucrunanyun (nepezonka) — npuem pa3sdenenua cmeceti nyrem uc- napernun aeTyuux seudKocTeli C nocaedyrowed KoHOeHCayuet ux napos. SroT cnoco6 pasnenenua cmecef OcHopaH Ha pasnH4HH B TeMMepaTypax KHMeHHA pacTBOpHMBIX Apyr B Apyre KOMMOHEHTOB. K gucTHANAUHH OTHOCST TaK%Ke OTTOHKY X*KHLKOCTH OT TBEpszoro Be- wectsa. Hanpumep, uro6bi orfzennTb MenHbIi Kymopoc, ero rony6oH pacTBop HaHBaloT B NpoOupky H HarpeBatoT (puc. 7). O6pasyioulmech BOAAHBIe Napbl KOHeHCHpyloTcA B Apyroi npo- 6upKe. Tlocne npogomxHTenbHoro HarpeBaHHs B neppok npo6upKe octaeTcH uncTbili MemHbIi KyNopoc, a BO BTOpof — AHcTHIMHpoBaH- Hast Bona. Orsersre Ha sonpoci 6—9( c. 12). § 4. @usnueckne H XHMHYeCKHe sBIeHKA Tosropure no yueOunxy dusuKn § 2 Paszauunsie usmenenua, Koropoie npoucxodar c eewecteamu, na- SbIGQIOTCA ABACHUAMU, HaNpUMep: HcNapeHHe BOLL, NnaBnenHe cTeK- Ja, cropanHe TOnHBA, pKaBeHHe MeTannoB HT. 1. PasnnyaloT cpusH- uecKHe H XHMHYECKHe ABJeHHA (cxema 4). Mpwsnakw xHMu4ueckHx peakunit. [Ip xumHyecKHx PpeaKUHAX HC- XOJIHbI€ BeLeCTBAa NpeBpailaworcsA B Apyrve BewlecTBAa, OGNagawulne ApyruMu cpolicraamu. O6 3ToM MOXHO CYLHTb NO pay BHELIHUX NpH3- Hakos. K OCHOBHEIM MpH3HakaM XHMHYeCKHX peaKUHH OTHOCATCA: 1) eedenenue renaoTot (unozda ceeTa); 2) usmeneHue oKpacku; 3) nonenenue 3anaxa; 4) o6pasoeanue ocadka; 5) eeidenenue 2asa. Ycnosvs BOSHHKHOBeHHA MW TeYeHHA XHMHYECKHX peakuHi. Bcem 13- BECTHO, 4YTO MONeHO MPOB TpyMHee NO**Keub, YEM TOHKYWO YYHHKy. Ete rpyauee saropaetcs KycOK yrs, yrOmbHaw Xe Mbilb BOCTIaMe- 10 Cxema4d 5 Spaenns eka [smscoe | | Pusuveckunu Haseeaiorcr TaKue ABaenus, Nu KOTOPKIX He npOUCxo- Oar rpeepawyenua oOnux sewyecte 6 Xumuveckunu wasbeaorcr raxue REACHUS, @ PeayRoTATe KOTOPDIX Us Ganneix sewecta obpasyiorca Opy- Opyeue, a OGviwHo usMeRseTCA Ux eve. XHMuUeCKHe siBneHHA Haabipa azpecarnoe cocronkue usu dopxa forces xuMuYeCKuMu peaxyunsu Cropanne Tonauna, raMenne opra- HinueckHx peulecTR, prKARTEHHE %e- jiesa, cklieanne monoKa Tlvapnenne crekaia, enapenne wut 3amepaanne Bonbi HAeTCA lerKO H cropaeT OueHb GypHO, HHOrga co B3pbiBom. Uem 3TO MOKHO OObACHHTb? OxasbiBaeTCA, AIA Hauana xHMHYeCKOH pe- @KUHH HeEOOXOZHMO MPHBEcTH B TeCHOe CONPHKOCHOBEHHE MOVIEKYJIBL pearupytoulvx BeulectB. Dro pocTuraercsh usmenouenuem H nepeme- wusaHueM, YTO 3HAYHTENDHO YBENKYMBACT NMOWALb CONPHKOCHOBe- HHA pearHpyloulHx BeuecTs. HawGonee TOHKOe MpoOneHHe BellecTB MpoucxogHT np ux pacTBopenun. [ostomy B pacrsopax mHorHe peulecTBa BCTyMaIOT B XHMHYECKHe peaKiHH OYeHb GpicTpo. OnnaKo W3MenbyeHHe H MepeMeliMBaHHe BeLIeCTB — 9TO TOKO OHO H3 YCNOBHH BOSHHKHOBEHHKA XHMHYeCKOH peaKuHH. Tak, HanpH- Mep, MpH MepeMeWHBaHHH jPeBECHEIX ONH/IOK C BO3TYXOM Mp o6biuHoH TemMnepatype OnWIKH He 3aropatoTcs. [Ina Toro 4TO6BI Haualacb XHMHYECKAaA peaKUHA, HEOOXOMHMO Haepesanue Oo onpe- Oenenxoli Temneparypei. Snauenve usHuecKHx H XHMMYeCKHX ABsJeHHi. HapecTHO, Kakoe sHaYeHHe HMelOT *H3HYeCKHe ABEHHA, KOTOPbie NpOHcxomAT BOKpyr Hac. HanpHmep, Bbinamenve fox cBASAHO C HcnapeHHeM BOsbI H KOHJeHCaHeH BOAAHEIX napoB. JlaBneHHe BO_AHOTO Mapa HCnONb- syerch B Pa3HYHBIX MapoBbix gBHraTenix. B npombiuieHHOM NpOH3BOACTBE MeTasimamM, macTMaccaM H APyrKHM MaTepHasaM npHgzawoT onpenenennyto cpopmy (np wramnosKe, npoKaTe) H B pe- syslbTaTe mosyyaloT MHOrooOpasnbie mpezmerwi. Bosbuioe 3HaveHve HMelOT XHMHYeCKHe peakiHH. OHH Hcnosb3y- JOTCA jWIA NONYYeHHA MeTaNOB (2KeNe3a, aIOMHHHA, MEH, WHHKa, CBHHILa, ONOBa H Ap.), a TAakKe MacTMacc, MAHEpanbHbix ymobpe- HHH, MefHKaMeHTOB H T.2. Bo MHOrHX cayyanx OHH ciyKaT HCTOUHHKOM NOMYYeHHA pasMHYHEIX BHnOB 9HepruH. IIpx cropaHHH TONNHBA SHEPPHA BbILeMAeTCA B BHAe TeEMMOTbI, KOTOPyiO HCNOsb- 3yioT B O6bITy H B mpombinineHHocTH. CnoxKHbIe 6HOXHMHYeCKHe iWMPOUeCchl, NPOTeKalouHe B PAaCTeHHAX, B OPfaHH3Max >2KHBOTHBIX H YeNOBeKa, CBASAHbI C PasIMYHBIMH XHMHYECKHMH MpeBpaUleHHAMH. Orsersre wa ponpocsi 10—12. 1. Uro wayyaer xamun? Kakosei ee sarkueiuve 3amaun w sHayenue? 2. Yem ormuuaiorca noustia , , KesesHBIX ONWOK; fr) BOAK H GeH3sHia. Kak pasflenurs 3TH cMecH? [loscHure, Ha KaKHX CBOHCTBAX OCHOBAHO paspereHHe STHX BELIECTB. 8. MoxkHo 0H qbumBTpOBAHHeM BLIReAUTE vs pacTsopa mOBapeHHyto comb? Tlowemy? 9. flava cmecb nopapeutoit conn ¢ necKom u sonoii. Kak u3 Hee siigenure MopapeHHyio comb u necoK? Kakve cpoficrsa OTAeIbHLIX KOMMOHeHTOB cMecH Mp 9STOM yauTEIBaloren? 10. 3apucyfire B Tetpagu TaGamuy uM sanoaHuTe ee npuMepaMu Ha ocHoBe ARGHOTO NPOHSBOACTBCHHOTO H XxKHSHEHHOFO onbITa. Tipameps saaennit SuaueHNe 8 2KHSHM M Ha MponsponcrBE cbusnuecknx xHMNeCKH 11. Kaxne va nepewncaennbx sacnuli oruocstcn K dusHuecKHM, a KaKHe — K XUMHNeCKHM: a) prxXaBNeHHe 2KeNe3a; 6) samepsaHHe BOAL, B) ropenMe GeHsHHa; r) maapnenve amomunus? Toncuure. 12. Kaxosst yen0sHA posHHkHonenun HW TeyeHHA xHMHYecKHX peaKuHil? Mlone- MUTE Ha KOHKPeTHEIX npHMepax. § 5. Mosekyan 4 aTomE Hlosropite no yueOumxy dusHKn pasnen «Ilepsonayanpune cpenenun 0 crpoe- HHH BELIECTBa>. Bo3Huknosenue npeactasnenuit 06 aromax u moseKynax. JIpes- HerpeueckHi bunocod Jlemoxpxt 2500 ner Hasan BbicKasan MbICIb 2 Puc. 9. Cxema pacnafa moneKya Bonbi 1 oOpasosanlin MoneKys KHcsIOpoa A Bogopona. © TOM, 4TO BCe Tela B Npupore cocTOAT H3 MesIbualilUNXx, HeBH- DMMbIX, HEMPOHHIaeMbIX, He~ JIEMUMBIX, BeYHO [BHKYLLHXCH yactau, — aromos. B nepesose «aTOM> O3HAYaeT «KHELENUMBIM>. Tlosnkee, B cpeqHHe Beka, yue- Hue 06 aTOMax mpecenoBanocb penurveli, KoTOpan TOpMo3HJa PpasBHTHe HaykKH B LeIOM H XH- MHH B YaCTHOCTH. ‘ Yuenne 0 MmoeKynaxX H aromax 6bil0 paspaGoraHo B cepenuHe XVIII B. penHKHM pyc ckum yyenbim Muxannom Bacunbesnuem JlomMOHOcOBbIM (1711— 1765). On yreepxkzan, uTo Tena B MpHpome COCTOAT M3 KOp- nycky1 (MOseKyN), B COCTAB KOTOPbIX B CBOIO ONEPeNb BXOANT gnemeHTbi (aTOMbi). MHoroo6pasHe BellecTB y4eHbI mpo3s0p.1HBO OObACHA COeAHHEHHEM pa3HbIX ATOMOB B MOJeKyaX H pas/H4HBIM pacnonoxKeHiem aTOMOB B HAX. YANBHTeNbHO BepHoli U cMenOH Juist TOTO BpemeHH OKa3anacb mbicnb M. B. JlomoHocopa © TOM, uTO HeKOTOpble KOPNyckyJIbI (MONeKYJIbI) MOFYT COCTOSTb H3 OMMHa- KOBbIX afemeHTOB (aToMoB). YueHHe 06 aTOMax NoNyuHNO TaNbHen~ wee pasBHTHe B Tpyfax H3BECTHOrO anrmuiickoro yuesoro J>KoHa Jlanptona (1766—1844). MoxkHO .1H ONDITHDIM NyTeEM HOKAa3aTb, YTO MOsIeKyJbl COCTOAT 43 aTOMOB? To, uTO aTOMbl gelicTBHTeNbHO cyUecTByOT, MOATBEpKLAIOT MHorHe XHMHYeCKHe peakuwH. Tak, HanpHMep, Mp4 mponyckanny 13 Puce. 8 Annapat gaa pasioxenHa Bone.NOCTOAHHOTO TOKa Yepes Boy (puc. 8) B OHO H3 TpyOOK MpHOopa coOupaerca ra3, B KOTOPOM TylelONlaA NYYHHKa APKO BCMbIXHBa- er. 3ro Kkcnoponx. B mpyroii tpy6xe co6upaetca Bapoe Gombe rasa, KOTOpbiii OT 3a KEHHOH TYUHHKH 3aropaercA. B70 Bomopod. OGpacnserca STO ABJeHHE CNemyIOULHM O6pasom. Menbuaiimas yacrH- 1a BOI — MO/eKya — cocTOHT H3 ABYX aTOMOB BOZOpona u on- Horo aToMa KHcnopona. Tip nponyckaHHH nocTosHHOrO TOKa Yepe3 Bony e€ mMoneKynbl pacnanatoTca H O6pa3yloTcH xHMHUeCCKH He- HeNMble YaCTHUbi — aTOMbl KHcNOpona H BOZOpOna. 3atem aToMBI COeqHHAOTCA NO {Ba H H3 ABYX MONeKys BORbI OGpasyiorca Onna UByxXaTOMHas MONeKyNa KHcNOpowa H Be — BOMOpona (puc. 9). Hexoropbie npencrapnenuA 06 aTOMax H MOJIeKYaXx, BbICKa3aH- ubie M. B. JIomonocostim 3a nonpexa no JI. Jasbrowa,: oxasanucp Gonee joctopepHbimH, HayunbimH. Hanpumep, anraniickuit yuenpiit KaTerOpH4eCKH OTPHUaN BO3MOXHOCTH cyLleCTBOBAHHA MONeKy.1, COCTOALINX H3 OMHAKOBEIX aTOMOB. Ero B3rALbl OTPHUATENbHO CKa- 3aNHCb Ha Pa3BHTHH XHMH4CCKOH HayKH. Yuenve © monekysax H aTOMaX OKOHYATeNbHO G6bIO NpH3sraHo Tonbko B 1860 r. Ha BcemupHom cbesne xumHKOB B Kapacpys. Mosekystt 4 atomel. 3 Kypca (bH3HKH BaM y2Ke H3BeCTHO, YTO MHOrHE BeLleCTBa COCTOAT H3 MONeKys', a NOCNeAHHe — 43 aTOMOB. Mozexyavt — aro mensuaiiuue uactuypt eetyecrea, cocras KoTo- polx u xumuueckue ceoiicrea Takue me, KaK y GanHOzO BewMecTea. Monexysbi — npenenbupii pesynbrar MexaHuecKoro npo6neHHs- BeilecTBa. Arombt — sto mMenbuatiumue xumuxecku nedenumme wacTuysl, us KOTOPOIX COCTOAT MOAeKYAbI. Mosexy.tbl, B OTMHYKE OT ATOMOB, ABIAIOTCA XHMBYECKH 2enHMbI- MH 4acTHILaMH. Oreerste Ha wonpocs I—8 (c. 19). § 6. Mpoctme wu cromunie BeujectBa B XHMHM H3BeCTHbI BeLIeECTBa, MONeKYJbI KOTOPbIX COCOOHEI Pa3naraTbca c o6pasopaHHem fByX HH HECKOMbKUX ApyrHx Be- ects. K HHM, HanpHMep, oTHOCHTcA Bona (c. 56). Boga — en0%KHOe BeULecTBO (pu. 9). Kucnopog, Boxopoy 4 ueKoTOpbie mpyrue BeUlecTBa Heb3A XHMH- MeCKH jaslee pasOxuTb. Sto npocreie BewlectBa. Moxzexynot npocteix eewecre cocroaT us aToMee odxozo ‘euda, a@ mOneKYAKL CAOMHHELX BeLyeCTe — Us ATOMOB pasHKO2o Buda (exema 5). Hanpumep, Monekyabl KHcnopona (nmpoctoe BeulectBo) cocTosT TOAbKO H3 ATOMOB KHCOposa, a MONeKyJIbI BOAbI (COr*KHOe BeLLeCT- Bo) — H3 aTOMOB BOMOpoa H KHcMOpona (puc. 9). ' Bewecrsa moryr cocrosth H H3 OTAEMBHLIX ATOMOB H PYFHX YaCTHIL, c KOTOPEI- MH Bbl O3HAKOMHTECh MO3ssHee. 14 Cxema5 a) = Leone | Monexyasi cocront us aromos Monexyant cocront us atomos odnoz0 auda pasnozo euda | | B xwmwyeckHx peakiHax MOryT pasaratbch ¢ O6pazopaHHeM He-! CKOMBKHX Gonee MpOcTHIX nellecTB B xumuueckux peakiuax He MoryT paanararbea ¢ O6pasopanuem He- CkKONBKNX Gonee MpOCTHX BeulecTB Oreersre wa sonpoce 9 # 10 (c. 19). § 7. XuMHuecKHe 9NEMCHTHI H HX 3HAKH Xumuueckue anementti. B XHMHH, KPOMe TepMHHOB « H «MO- meKya>, ¥acTo ynoTpe6nsKoT NOHATHE «sneMeHT>. Uro OGulero H 4eM 9TH NOHATHA OTNHUAlOTCH? ’ t Xumuueckuit anemenT — 8T0 aTombt OdHOz0 u TOz0 Ke Buda’. Tak, HanpuMep, BCe aTOMBI BOMOPOAa — 3TO SNeMeHT BOZOPOA, BCe aTOMbI KHCNOpOAa H PTYTH — COOTBETCTBEHHO SNEMEHTHI KHCMIO- pon H ptyrb. B nacrosujee Bpemsa usBecTHO 107 BHOB aTOMOB, T. C. 107 xHMHYeECKHX 3/IEMeHTOB. TlonatHa «xHMHYeCKHH INeMeHT», «ATOM», «MpocToe BeLLeCTBO» pasaHuHbl. y XuMuueckHit S1eMCHT — 3TO He OMHH KaKOii-TO OTZeNbHbIH aTOM, a pce Boo6ule aToMbl OfHOTO BHna. Tlonb3ysicb NOHATHEM «XHMH- ueCKHit 91eMeHT», ATOMaM JalOT TaKOe ONpemeneHHe: arom — Menb- uailuwaa wacruya xumuseckozo saementa (c. 14). Oran4uTh NOHATHA «XHMHYeCKHit 9neMeHT» H «MpocToe Beule- CTBO> MOXKHO MPH CpaBHEHHH CBOVICTB MPOCTHIX H CJO2KHBIX Be- uects. Hanpumep, npocroe seulecrso — kucnopon — SecupeTHEtit ra3, HCO6XOAHMbI ANA ALIXAHHA, NOAAepxKuBaIOULHi ropenue. Menb- yaiuan uacTHya mpocroro BewmecTBa KHCMOposa — MONeKysa — CO- crouT W3 wByx aTomoB. KHcnopon BxXOgHT TakxKe B COCTaB OKCHIa yrnepona (yrapubili ra3) H BOgbI, YTO CXeMaTHUECKH MOKA3aHO Ha _pueyHkax 9 n 10. OgnaKko B cocTaB BOgbI H OKCHMa yrnepona BXOMHT XHMHYCCKH CBASAHHBI KHCMOpOL, KOTOpbIi He OOagaeT cBoiicrsamH mpocroro BeulecTBa, B YaCTHOCTH OH He MOxKeT ObITb 1 Bonee TOUoe onpenencnve MOHATHA « RaHO Ha CTpa- nue 110. . 15Puc. 10. Moaexyaa oxcina yraepona — Menbuahiman ‘“aCTHIa CNOKHOFO BeLecT- pa. Atoms! yraepona KHcnopona — MeAbYaMUIHe YACTHLb COOTBETCTBYIOUIX HCNONb3OBaH AA bIXaHHA. Pui6el, Hanpumep, abimat He XHMHNCCKH CBASAHHBIM KHCJIO- PONOM, BXOAIHM B cocTaB MONCKYJIbI BOLI, a CBOGOAHEIM, pacrsopenHtim B Heli. Tostomy, Kora peub “pet 0 coctaBe KaKHX-H60 XHMHYeCKHX coe- AuneHHi, chenyer NOHHMaTb, YO B 9TH COenHHeHHA BxXOZAT He mpoctbie BellectBa, a aTOMBI ompeneseHHoro Buna, T. e. COOTBETCTBYIONIHE SeMeHTEI. Tip pasnoxKeHHn cnoxKHBIX BELeCTB aTOMbI MOryT BbIle- SATLCA B CBOOOMHOM CocTOsHHH H, COeMHHAACh, O6pas0BbIBatb mpoctbie sellecraa. /[]Tpocrote eewectea CcOcTOAT uz aTomoe OdHO20 32eMeHTA, snemerTos. Monexyna xuciopona — meab- “aliuian vacria npocroro neulecrBa. Pasnmune nonsatnii «xumuue- ckuii 51eMeHT» H «mpocToe BeLle- CTBO» NOLTBepr%KNaeTCA H TEM, UTO OHH HU TOT xe aeMeHT MOXKET O6pa3z0BaTbh HeCKONBKO Mpocrbix BewecTB. Hanpumep, atompt ane- MeHTa KHcHOpoia MoryT OOpasoBatb ABYXAaTOMHBIe MOEKYsIBI KHCJIO- pola H Tpexatomupie — ogona (c. 151). Kucnopon u 030H — copep- UIeHHO pas/MUHBIe NpocTble BeWlecTBa. ITHM OObACHAeTCA TOT dakT, “TO MPOCTBIX BELUECTB H3BECTHO ropasfo GobUe, YeM XHMHYECKHX 31@MeHTOB. Snakn xumuyecKHx snemeHToB. To npennonxeHHio wBencKoro xH- muka M1. Bepuenuyca (1779—1848) xumuyeckue snemexntel 0603Ha4a- fOTHAYaNbHOH WIM HavaNbHOHH OAHOMHs NocnenyioMX 6yKB aTHH- ckoro HasBaHuA silemeHTa. Bonopon (nat. hydrogenium — eudpo- 2enuym) o6osHauaercn 6yKBoi H, prytb (sar. hydrargyrum — eudpapeupym) — 6yxpamu Hg ut. n. (Ta6q. 1). HW OYKBBI JaTHHCKOTO Ha3BaHHA S/1EMeHTOB NPHHATEI 3a xuMU- ueCKU B3HOKU, WK XUMUYeCKUe CuMBOADI. Xumuueckud cumeon o6osnavaer 1) Haspaune xummueckoro snemenra: ° Fe Kucstopon axene30 2) Onun arom nanoro snemerra: ont atom onun aTon KHCNOpoRa okevIe3a 3) Ornocurensuyio aromnyio maccy nan- Horo snementa (c. 18): A,(O) =16 A, (Fe) =56 Ecan tpt6yerca o603HauHTh He OLHH, a HECKONbKO aTOMoB, TO MepeA XHMHNCCKHM 3HAKOM CTaBAT COOTBeTCTBYIOLyIO WHpy — Kosdnunent (c. 22). Hanpumep, tpx aroma sogopona — 3H, MATb aTOMOB KHCNOposa — 50. !Uncsenoe sHavenve Macchi HECKOABKHX aTOMOB anemeHTa onpe- 16 HENAOT YMHOKEHHEM YACNEHHOPO 3HAaYeHHA OTHOCHTeENbHOM aTOMHON Maccbl Ha cooTBeTCTByIOMIHi KOSdduUHeHT. Hanpumep, Macca Tpex aTOMoB 2kKenesa (3Fe) cocrapnneT 56°3 = 168. XumuyeckHit CHMBON OTparkaeT H BpyrHe BaKHbIe BeENHYHHEI, C KOTOPbIMH O3HaKOMHMCA B JlaJIbHelimeM. Metaaabi H Hemetasael. XuMHuecKHe 91eMeHTHI JeNAT Ha MeTaJIbI H Hemetaint. Bee Meransbi B CBOGOHOM COCTOAHHH, T. €. B BAe Tpo- CTbIX BelWeCTB, UMeIOT pA OGWINX cROiicTB. HekoToppimMH OAMHAaKO- BbIMH CBOHCTBAaMH OOnaqaloT TaKxe BCe Hemerannbl. [lo KaKum XapaKkTepHbIM MPH3HaKaM METAJWILI B BHe MpOCTbIX BeLeCTB OT-- smualotca Of HeMetTanoB? Orper Ha sTOT BOnpoc maeT cxema 6. Hlanpure (c. 84) mbt yGenumcs, uTo cymectBy!OT IeMeHTHI C Mpo- M@XKYTOYHLIMH CBOicTBaMH. Orwerste Ha Bonpocs: 1f—13 (c. 19). ee XvMuyeckve ss1emMeHTEI Hemerasuib| erase) Keneso Fe, menb Cu, amonnuuit Al, Yrnepoa C, cepa S, @ocpop P, oa I, pryts Hg, sostoro Au, cepe6po Ag « ap.| |xucnopoa O, Bozopon H u np. 1Twepabie BemtecrBa (ueKmovenHe 1. Twepaie, xHAKHe (6pom) 4 raso- prytb) oopagunie 2. Merananyecknii 6neck 2. Metanauueckm 6necKom He O6.na- nator 3. Haonsropti 3. Xopoue mpowoankn tenor 1 snexrpuyectba \ 4. Kopxne 4. Xpynxue § 8. OrnocuteabHaa aromas Macca XoTA MaCcbl aTOMOB O¥CH MaJIEI, HX YHCIOBbIE 3HAYeHHA ompe- Henenbl ¢ G6onbuioi Tounocrbio. Macca camoro serkoro aTOo- Ma (/mM.) — Bonopoma — cocraBaser: ma(H) = 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 663 Kr = =1,66 - 10-7 xr = 1,66 - 10-" r ; ATOM KHcNOpona NpHMepHO B UleCTHaAWaTb pas TAxKeNee; ero Macca paBHa: m,(O) =0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 026 608 Kr = = 2,66 - 107% xr =2,66 - 107" r Tlonpsopatbea TakHMH unchamH Heyno6HO. Tlostomy wa WaMe- PeHHA aTOMHEIX H MONEKYAAPHBIX Macc MpHMeHAIOT TAK HaSbIBAaeMyIO aTOMHylO enHHHLy Maccbl (a. e. M.). Aromnan edukuya maccot— sto '/y mMaccbl aToma yrnepona, Macca KoToporo 12 a.e.M. Beyepuan (cmeHHnA) cpeqHAr osujeigasOvalevekan wkona Ng - « Pocaaslip ~ ~Macca aToma yrnepofa paBHa: ma(C) = 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 02 r=2,0 - 10° r= I =2,0 + 10-7 xr Jz OT 9TOrO 4HCNa paBHa: 20-fo™ xr = 1,66 + 10-7 xr= 1,66 + 10-™ r Cnenosatenbuo, | a. e. M. cocrapaser 1,66 + 107% r. CpasHuBas Maccbl aToMoB anemeHTOB c | a. €. M., HaxOAT 4HC- HeHHbIe 3HAYCHHA, Ha3BaHHble OTHOCHTEbHBIMH ATOMHbIMH MaccaMH. Ornocureasnoii aromnoii maccoii saementa na3biearor OTHOWeKUE maccet aroma dannozo aaementa x '/\, macctt aroma yzaepoda. OrxocutenbHas aTomHas Macca GespasmepHa H O60osHayaeTcA A, (wHaeKc «r» — HayanbHad G6ykBa axrsuiickoro crosa relative, yTroO B MepeBoge O3sHayaeT , xnpocroe BeIlecTBO», «atom»? OtBeT HonrmepaHTe TipH- epamu. | 12. TIpH pasnoxkernn caorktioro BeulectBa o6pasyiores oKcHA MeRH H BONA. Kakne S/leMerTb BXOMAT B COCTaB 3TOr BeULecTBA? 13. Uro rakoe xHMMNeCKHe 3HAKH, HAM CHMBOA? Uro Hasbibaercs KosdipH- yseHToM? Jlanbi cHMBOnbi cienyloUlX 9ueMeHTOB M yKasani KOsdebuunEHTH: 5C, 5H, O, 2Hg, 3Cu, 4S, 3Fe. Haueprure 8 terpanax TaGsmuy # sanoanure e¢ To ykagaHHomy HuKe o6pasuy. Cinnon snenenra Hasggnne Seno avonos Macea Ht Kosdpunnvenr xuMMMecKOro SneMeHTa nanuoro snemeuta (oa. m) 5C Yraepon 5 12 - 5=60 14. Uro nastipaeten aTomnoll Macc HB KeKHX eHHHWAX OHA HaMepseTcA? Hanuumre xumnueckwe s1aKu 4 aTOMHBe Maccbi Boxopona H cepbi. OnpenemuTe, BO CKOJBKO pas ATOM CepHi THIKENCe ATOMA BOLOPONAa H ATOMA KHCAOpORA. 15. Tlowemy 1 vaMepenisa aTOMHLIX Mace TIpHRATHL He OGLUHLIe enHAHUB HaMepeHiisi Mace (Mr, Fr, Kr), 2 ATOMHEIe ERMEMMEL MaccEI a.€.M.? Moryr JH B cocTan KakOfi-nH60 MOseKy/ BxORHTb cnenyloMHe Macchi Kexopona cepti: a) 8 ae.m.;6) 16 aem.; B) 64 acm; r) 24 2.em.? Jlalire i OObsicHenHa. \s § 9. Moctosucteo coctasa Beulects Cmecn 4 coenunenus. Ecru TiatebHO cMewIaHHble NOpOUIKH %e- ge3a HW Cepbl HaCbiNaTb B CTaKkaH C BOOK, TO NOpOWOK *eNesa onyckaeTcH Ha HO, a NOpowoK ceppl BcnapIBaeT. [Ipu peficrBuH Ha CM€Cb STHX BELLECTB MarHHTOM >KeJe3HbIi NOpOWOK NpHTArHBaeTCA K MarHnty, a cepa Het. OnbiTst moKasbiBaloT, uTO cepa H 2KeTe30 B CMeCH COXpaHsloT CBOH CBOHCTBa. CopepwienHo uno pesynbTaT nonyyaetca, ecnu cMecb nopouKa 19cepbl maccoii 4 r H KeNe3a maccoli 7 r HarpeBaioT B mpo- 6upke 0 Havana xHMHUeCKOI peaxkunH (pue. 11). Jlanee peakuus wer 3a cuer Bbilens- loulelica ~Tensotel. Tlocne ox- JaxkfennA mpo6upky c seume- CTBOM pas6uBaloT, cofepxHMoe H3MebYawoT HK C¢ TOpOLKOM NpoxenbipaloT TakHe 2K ONBITHI, Kak CO CMeCbiO MopouKa cepbi 4 xKenesa. Ha oGpasopaBuleecn B pesylbTaTe peakWHH Belle- CTBO MarHHT He sjeficTByer. Tlonyyenubti nopomok B sore He pasmensetch Ha cepy 4 a 2Ke1e30. ITOT ONbIT NOKasbIBaeT, Pue. 11. Tonysenve cyntpuna xenesa. YTO B pesysbTaTe peaKiuH NOJYUHNOCb HOBOE BeLLeECTBO — cybun 2enesa ¢ XapakTepHbIMH pA Hero CBOlcTBaMH. Ecaw 214 noayyenus cynbduna xKenesa B3xTb xKeNesO Maccoll He 7 r, a 10 r (Ha 4 r cepst), To nocae peakuvH x%xeNe30 Maccoli 3 r ocTaHetca HenpopearupoBaBuinM. 3To CBHJETEIbCTBYeT O TOM, uTO 2%eNe3O H Cepa pearupyioT TOADKO B ONpemeNeHHEIX MaCCOBLIX cooTHoulennax. Taxue xe NOCTOAHHbIe MaCcOBbIe OTHOWeHHA CObI0- AalwoTcA MEXKy eMeHTAMH HM B Apyrux peaKunsax. Hs nponenaniix onbiton MOxKHO CieNaTb BEIBOL, YTO CMeCH pe3- KO oTmHYaloTCA OT coenuHeHHH (Ta6n. 2). Ta6nnua 2 Cuecn Coenen 1. Bewectaa moxHo emeuiarh & m-] 1. Cocras coenunennit erporo n0- OvIx maccoBbIx OTHOWeHUAX, T. e. coctaB | CTORHHLI cMeceii nepemeHHbiii 2. Bxonsuite B cocrap cmeceii pe- 2. Bxonnume B coctas coeanneHHiit mecTba coxpatisior Bce cBo cpofiersa | vemectBa cBoN cBOlcTRA He COXpalisior, TaK KaK O6pasyereh HOBOe BeUlecTBO, ¢ Apyrumu cBojicrsamu 3. Bemectsa, sxousiune B cocTan 3. XumusecKHe cOenHHeHHA MOxKHO. CMeCH, MOKHO pasgenuTe dusnuecknMn | pasnesUTs TONbKO C TOMOLIBIO XHMHUe- cnoco6amu CKHX peaKunii 4. Mexanuueckoe cmewnpanne pe-] 4. O6pasowannn xUMHYECKHX co- luecrs He conponoximaeren sbinercinem | enMHeNni MorHO cyfHTb NO NpHaHaKan TeNAOTb! HAH JIpyrHMH MpHstiaKame xi- | xHMMECKHX PeaKLi MAYECKHK peaKUiit Orsetore Ha worpocui 1—3 (c. 24) Hocronucrso coctasa sewects. Ha onbire mbi yGenunuce, uTo cocTaB cysbina 2%enesa nocrosHHbii. Tlocrosuupim coctaBom 06- Hanator 6onburnucrBo xuMu4ecKux coennHeHnit!. "B wactonmee spema Hapectini Take coemuMeHHs ¢ nepeMeHILIM cocTaBOM. - 20 TlonoxKenHe © mnocToxucTBe cocTaBa 6b0 chopmysHpoBaHO panuyscKum yyerbim DK. IIpycrom Bp ayane XIX cronerus. B Ha- cTosiuiee Bpema 5Ta CbopMysIHpOBKa 4MTAeTCA TAK: kancO0e xumuU4LeCKU 4UCTOE BeLyeCTEO HEsaeucuMo OT MecTa HAXOK- Oenua u cnoco6a noaytenun umeeT OOUH U TOT 2c NOCTOAHHOI CocTas. Bonee rny6oxoe npencraBnenue 0 NOcTOAHcTBe cocTaBa faeT yue- Hue 06 aTomax H MomeKynax. CorfacHo stomy yyeHHIO 4HcTBIe BelecTBa COCTOAT H3 OMMHAKOBLIX MOneKys. HanpHmep, B MomeKysly BOLI BXOAAT [Ba aTOMa BOOPOa M ONHH aTOM KucHOpoya. Ecru BCHOMHHTb OTHOCHTENDHbIe ATOMHBIE Maccbl KucnOpona (16) # BoO- opona (1), To nerko MOxHO ONpenenHTb, 4TO cocTaB MONeKyA Boybl BbiparkaetcA maccopbim oTHOWeHHeM 1 : 8. CocraB momeKys MOXKET H3MCHHTbCH TONbKO Ha WeNOe YHCIO aTOMOB, HO B TaKOM cay4ae O6pasyeTcs CoBepueHHO Apyroe BelllecTBO cC ApyrHMH CBO;i- crBamH. Tak, Hallpumep, KpoMe MoeKyA BODHI, CyliecTByIoT H Ta- KHe MOJIeKyNbI, B COCTAB KOTOPLIX BXO{AT WBa aTOMa BOnOpona WH Ba aToMa KHCNOpoya, T.e. HMeoONHe coctaB | : 16. TaKoe Be- WW€CTBO HasbIBAaeTCH MepOKCHAOM BOLOpORa; OHO OGNaMaeT coBep- WEHHO ApyruMu cBoficTBaMH, 4eM BONA. TeopeTHueckoe H MpakTH4ecKoOe 3HaYeHHe NOCTOAHCTBa CocTaBa 3aklO4aeTCH B TOM, YTO Ha €fO OfHOBE COCTAaB BeLeCTB MOXKHO BbIpasHTb MPH MOMOLIH XHMHYECKHX 3HaKOB. PaccmoTpHM 93TO Ha KOHKpetHomM mpumepe. Ham napecrHo, 4TO »eNeso coenHHAeTCA ¢ cepofi B MaccoBbIx oTHoweHHAX 7:4. 3Had OTHOCHTeNbHBIE ATOMHbIe MaCCbI 23a H CEPI, MOXKHO BBIMHCJHTb, B KAKHX aTOM- HBIX OTHOWEHHAX ATOMBI STHX 3JIEMeHTOB B3aHMHO CBASAHLI B cynbepune 2enesa: 7 mac. 4. 2KeNe3a coegnHsercA c 4 Mac. 4. cepbl 56 mac. 4. 2%ee3a, COeMHHAeTCA C xX Mac. 4. Cepbl 7:56 =4:x 56-4 _ 39 Tak Kak OTHOCHTeNbHaA aTOMHaA Macca cepbi 32, a x%enesa — 56, TO B cysibtuze »%eNe3a Ha OMHH ATOM 2%KeNe3a NPHXOMHTCA ONHH aTOM Cepbl, T. €. COCTaB Cy/bHa 2Kee3a MOKHO BbIpasHTb sbopmy- nol FeS, uro spnserca ero xumuyeckoii dopmyno. TMopzo6nsim o6pa30m sbIBOMTCH XHMHYeCKHe opMyvIbt H JpyrHx BellectB. Ha ocHope nocrosiucTBa CocTaBa MOXKHO MpOwSBOLUTb pastHyHEIe Mpakruyeckue pacuerel. 3ayaya. Cxonbko norpeGyetca ceppi, uTo6bl Ona Ges OcTaTKa co- €QMHHIaCb C 2KeNesHbIMH ONHTKaMH Maccol 2,8 Kr, eCMH 3TH 9duIe- MeHTbl COCEAHHAWTCA B MACCOBDIX OTHOWeHHAX 4 : 7? Pemenue. 7 Kr x%Kenesa pearupytor c 4 Kr cepbi 7 2,8 xr » » c¢ x Kr cepbl 7:2,8=4:x 4-28 SS 1,6 xr 21Orser. [otpe6yeres 1,6 xr cepsi. Orserste Ha sonpoct! # BbinonTHTe ynpaxnenus 4—7 (c. 24). § 10. Xumuueckne cdopmy.aui. Ornocutenbuaa MOneKyinpHaa Macca Xumuyeckue chopmystt. Ha ocope nocrosHcrBa cocTaBa BemlecTB MO2%KHO BEIYHCIHTh COOTHOLICHHA ATOMOB B BELIECTBE H BLIPasHTb ero cocraB ¢ NOMOLIbIO xHMHYeCKHX 3HakoB. HampuMep, B cocTaB cysb- cbufa x%Kenesa Ha OHH aTOM 2KeNe3a MPHXOMHTCH OLHH aTOM ce- ppt (c. 21), nosromy xumuueckan cbopmy.a BelllectBa FeS. B monexy- Je BOLbI BOLOPOL cOeMHHEH C KHCIOPOLOM B MaCCOBHIX OTHO- mennax 1:8 (c. 21). [lo ananornn c cyabtugom %Ke1e3a MO%KHO onpeyenuTb XHMHYECKy!O Popmy.ly BoA! — H,O. Yucaa, KoTopbie nokasv1eatoTr, CKOAbKO ATOMOG COdepHCUTCA B MO- AekyNe, HasbiealoTcA unOeKcamu. Tak, HalipHMep, WHdppa 2 y BosOpo- a B XHMH4CCKOH copmyvie BOLL ABASeTCH HHeKCOM. Cocras eewectea MoxHO OTpasuTe nocpedcréom xumuueckux 3HaKO6 U UKOeKCOB; TaKoe BbIpaxeHue HasvleaeTCA xumuyecKoll opmysot. Cnenopatenbuo, o603Hayenua FeS nu H,O — xumuue- ckve opmyvibl cynbpuga %*Kene3a uv Bomb. UnTalorcA stH PopmysbI Tak: @eppyM-3c u aui-4Ba-o, Monekyabl KHcnOpona H BOsOpona cocTosiT ¥3 AByx aTomos. Ilostomy ux cocTaB Bbipamaercs copmy- stamu O:, Hy (0-2Ba, aul-npa). Mugexc «1» 8 xHmuyeckHx cpopmy- wax He MHUIyT. Ecau tpe6yetcn oGosHayHTb HecKObKO MOseKy, TOrma mepen XHMHYecKOH opmysOl craBAT COOTBeTCTBYIOLee YHCO, HAaNpHMep: 5H,O (nstb aul-4Ba-0). Yucaa, cronujue neped xumuueckumu dop- Myaamu (HAM nepel XHMHYeCKHMH 3HaKaMH), HaseLeatoTCA Koadpu- yuentamu (puc. 12). Ha pucyxke 12 n306paxKen- Hy!lo opmysty Bomb ¢ Kosdpu- uvextom 5(5H,O) caenyer nonn- MaTb TaK: B MATH MOseKys1ax BOE COMEPXKHTCH JeCHTb aTO- osatuees MOB BOQOpOa H MATb aTOMOB Sy KucAOpona. OrHOcHTenbHan =MOneKysAp- 38CuCla nan acca. Maccbt mosexy., TaK 2K€ KaK MaCCbI aTOMOB, BbI- 5H20 Paxkaior B aTOMHbIX emHHHUAaX maccbl. Moxzexyaspnoti maccoii ee- wecTed HaszbtedeTcA macca mone- KYAbL, ebipamenKaa 6 ATOMHDIX edunuyax maccol. Ornocurensnoii monexyanp- Hoi MaCcou eewectea KHAasKeaT Ornowmenue MACCe MONEKYAK yc. 12. KosbduunenTs H nHgeKCH. 3FeCls Hunexc, © 2D Oannozo eewectea x '/,, MacceL Aroma yznepoda, macca KOTOpOzO 12 a. e. m. z Tlonpsysicb xHMHYeCKHMH copMyjaMu, NpoHsBO_AT pa3/iMUHBIe pacuetpt. PaccmoTpHm, Kak NO XHMHN€CKHM (OpMyviaM BbIYHCAAIOT OTHOCHTeNbHYIO MOseKyApHyio Maccy, OTHOWeHHe Macc aTOMOB SNCMCHTOB B CJIOXKHOM BeULECTBE, MACCOBbIE MONH 3eMeHTOB. Vi nao6opor: ecw 1aHbl MaccOBble JOH 3eEMEHTOB, TO MO2KHO BbIBe- cTH XuMHUecKyiO cbopmyay. 3anaya 1. Brruncaute oTHOCHTeNbHY!O MONeKyAApHylo Maccy cep- HOH KHCJOTHI, XHMHYeCKaH chopmyna KoTOpol HySO, (aui-1Ba-9c- o-4eTbIpe). Pemwenune. Jlna spavcnenua OTHOCHTeNbHOH MONeKyApHOl MaCCbl HeO6XOAHMO CYMMHPOBaTb OTHOCHTCJIbHbIC ATOMHbI€ MAaCCbI aulemeHTOB, OOpasyloiiux coeqHHeHHe: M,(H2SO,) =1 + 2432416 - 4=98 Orsert. OrnocuTeibHad mosekyispHas Macca CepHOoli KHCJO- TH 98. Sanaya 2. BeluncaHTe MaCcOBbIe OTHOWEHHA 3IeMeHTOB B CepHOr kucyioTe. Pemenne. 3nam OTHOCHTeNbHbIe ATOMHbIe MaCCbr 3IeEMeHTOB H YHCNO ATOMOB, BXOAAUIHX B COCTaB XHMHYeCKOrO COeHHEHHA, MOXKHO OMPeAENHTb MaCCOBLIE COOTHOWEHHA 3THX 9/eMeHTOB: H:S:0=2:32:64=1: 16:32 1+16+32 =49 9Sro osHayaet, uTO Ha 49 mac. 4. cepHOl KHCTOTBI NpHxO- mutes 1 Mac. 4. Bonoposa, 16 mac. 4. cepbi H 32 Mac. 4. KHcnopona. Maccospie 4acTH MOXKHO \H3MePHTb JIOObIMH eNHHHWAMH (r, Kr, tT). Tax, 49 r cepHoii KucnoTpt cogepxat 1 r Bogopona, 16 Fr cepbt H 32 r KHCcnOpoga. B3agaya 3. Onpenenute maccopble Jon suleMeHTOB B CepHoit KuCHOTe H BbIPasHTe ux B Mpotenrax. Tlonsatue «maccoeaa Oonn anemenTa» — STO OTHOWeHUe MaCCoL ATOMO6 aAeMeHTA K Macce MoAeKYAvL GanHOzo eeiyecrea. IIpu yM- HO?KeHHH MaccoBbIx Oe Ha 100 MoxKHO BEIPasHTb cocTap BeLeCcT- Ba B mpowertax. Ec macca momekysbl cepHoii KHCJOTBI coctaBrser 98 a. €. M., a Macca cojepxkallluxcd B Heli Bomopoya —2 a.e.M., Cepbl — 32 a.e.m. H KHCTOposa — 64 a.e. M., TO MaCCOBLIe AONH SeMeH- TOB B CepHOM KucnOoTe GyyT paBHbl: eM. Bonopona: =e 0,02, nnn 2% cepbl: eee 0,33, unn 33% KuCnOposa: pace 0,65, unu 65% 98 a.e.M. Takop Ke cocTaB cepHOl KHCMOTEI 060% Maccbt.Tenepb MOxHO BBIACHHTb, uTO OGO3HaYaeT xuMHUeCKaH op- mya. PaccMoTpuM 3To Ha MpHMepe BOABI u cysbHRa rKeNesa. 1. Haspanne pewectsa: ~ H,0 FeS Bona cya anid 2. Onna Monexyna manHoro BemectBa: H,O Fes! 3. Kayectsennpiii cocTaB: B coctas pogpt Bxogat B coctap cynbiuna 2xenesa SNeMEHTBI BOLOpon Hf BXOAAT 3/IeMEHTEI 2KENeZO KHcnopoy, cepa 4. OrnocuTenbHan MOnekynapHan Macca: M,-(H,O) =1 + 2+ 16=18 M,(FeS) =56+32 = 88 5. Maccossie coornowenusi snemeHton B RavHoM BellectBe: 2H:0=2:16=1:8 Fe:S =56:32=7:4 Orverbre Ha Bonpoce! 1 BbillonHHTe ynpaxnenna 8—I3. ? © 1. To kakuim npusnakam otsuuaiorcn xHMuNecKHe coenHHenHs oT cmecell? Oxapaxrepusyiine ux. 2. Cpasiure aromune maccui xenesa Hc MeHTLI COCQHHAIWTCH B MaCCOBbIX OTHOIMEHHAX 3. Oxapakrepuayiire peakunio ssanmozelictpin %enesa c cepof p cpere YeHHs 06 atomax H MoseKysiax. 4. Kem Korga Gina cibopmyanposata saKorlomepHocrs 0 nocrosHcrse co- ctapa newectea? Jlajire onpenesetive M noscnire cyutMocre sTOM saKoHOMepHocrH © TOUKH speHHA yueHHA 06 aTOMaX H MOnEKyaX. 5. Bonopoa coeaninerca c cepoh B waccosuix orHomtennsx 1:16, Tonuaysee OTHOCHTebHKIMH aTOMHIBINH MaccawH THX 9/eNEHTOB, LIBERTE XHMMYCCKyTO Gopmyay cepowonopora. Kakoe snawenve uncer nocromictso. cocrars nemene ZWH BLIBEREHHS XHMHUECKHX opmy.1? 6. 3uan oriocutenuine aToMHBe Mach seMettToB, cocransTe xHMHUecKyIO Sopmysy cyanara menH, ecm Maccopsle OTHOUIenHA B Hem MenM, Cepbl H KHCAO- Pona coorpercrsenno pasts 2:1:2. 7. Kakoe savenie meer Tloscnute npumepamn. 8. Uro nioxesuisaer xuunueckas Gopmyaa? Tpunemire npxwepy. . Moko 1H BbipasHTb Macc cybébina *enesa B CHenyONLUX YACMAX (2.e.M.): a) 44; 6) 176; 5) 150; r) 264? TMouemy? ae 10. Hanmmnte xnmuueckHe dopmyan penlecTs, eca HaBecTHO, yTO B cocTAB WX BxORWIT: @) ATOM xKeNe3a _H TPH aToMa xnopa; 6) ABA ATOMA AMOMHRUS. 1 TPH atoma Kucnopona; B) atom KambuNA, ATOM yraépona Hl TpH aTOMa KHCIOPORA Busmemre omocirreabiise wosekyampiivie acest tani pemtecrs. - Baunemrre maccoptie On anemenTOR HX CORepARAHHE B npoueHTax: iy pls Bane c ¢ pouenrax: Da cxmuere wen CuSO, 2) 8 orcite xenesa Fe,035-3) 8 asorioi Kieu 12. Yro osuayaior enenyione sanucu: 4H, 2H», HgO, 5FeS, 3H,SO,? epbl H TIOSICHHTe, NOu“eMy 3TH sze- MocTonnicrso cocrapa & HayKe H Ha npaKTHKe? 7 B stom enyyae pentectoo nmeer HemoseKy.inpHoe crpocnte (c. 28 1 29) 1 noHATHE npiimenseres! yes0BKO. 24 13. Mo o6pasuy, npupenenHomy Ha crpauuue 24, noscHHTe, wro OGosHa¥aloT cneaytoune xumueckne dopmyaits: HgO, O;, Hz, H_SO,, CuO. § 11. Banentnocts xumuyeckux 3emMeHTOB Nonstve o panentHoctH. XHMHYeCKHE ChopMyJibl MOXKHO BbIBeCTH Ha OCHOBaHHH faHHbIx O cOcTape BellectB. OgHako Yale Bcero MpH cocTaBeHHH XHMHYeCKHX OpMy,I YYHTbIBAIOTCA 3aKOHOMEPHO- CTH, KOTOPbIM NOLYHHAIOTCH SeMeHTbI, COeIMHAACh MExLY coGoli. UrTo6bl NOKATh CyMIHOCTh STHX 3aKOHOMEpHOCTeH, cuesyeT O3HAKO- MHTbCAH CO CBOHCTBOM aTOMOB, KOTOpPOe Ha3bilBaeTCH 6a/eHTHO- crow. Jini pbisona NOHATHH «BaseHTHOCTh»® pacCMOTpHM XHMH- yeckHe (OpMyJIbl HeKOTOPbIX COeMHHEHH, conepxanIHx BOLOpon H KHCHOpOn: HCl H,0 H,N CH, pee a a ee C1,0, P.O; co, ‘oxen yraopona (1V) oxcua Gochopa (V) Kak BuAHO H3 MpHBeAeHHbIX NPpHMepOB, aTOMbI SNEMCHTOB XOpa, KHcnOpona, az0Ta, yriepoga OGNamawT CBOuCTBOM MPHCOeAHHATb He mo60e, 4 TOKO OMpemeneHHoe 4HCIO aTOMOB BOLOpORa H Kuenopona. Takum xe cBOficrBoM O6sajaloT H pyre SsseMeHTBI B paaJIHYHbIxX COeHHEHHAX. Baaentnocts — sto ceoiicreo aTomoe ahementa npucoedunaro erencsecacs 4ucao aromos Opyzux anemenTos. Arompi BOsOposa He MOryT MIpHcoeqMHATh Gonee ofHOrO aTOma Bpyroro 9eMeHTa, MO3sTOMy BaJieHTHOCTh BOMOpoMa MpHHATa 3a equnuuy. BaneHTHOCTh Ke, UpyruX 9/eMCHTOB MOXKHO BbIPasHTb WHCJIOM, MOKA3bIBAIOWIHM, CKOJIbKO aTOMOB BOOpoqa MOET MmpucoenHHHTb K ce6e aTOM ZaHHOrO 9yemeHTa. Hanpumep, B MOseKy- ge XOpoBonOposa aTOM XN0pa MpHcoeAMHH. K CeO OLHH aTOM Bonopona, CEMOBATENbHO, XNOP OMHOBASEHTEH. BaneHTHocTb Kucnopona paBHa yBym (II), 160 ero OMHH aTOM npHcoenuHAeT Ba atoma Bogopona. A30T B MOeKyse aMMHAaKa TpeXxBaJleHTeH (III), a yrnepon — uersipexpanenten (IV). BanentHocrh aemeHTOB onpenensioT TakxKe MO KHCNOpomy, Koropbii oObiuHO uByxBanenteH. Hanpumep, pty Hg u menb Cu o6pasywor oKxcuast HgO u CuO. Tak kak KHcnOpog ABYxXBaseHTeH WH B 9THX OKCHaX Ha OHH ATOM 3JIeMEHTa MPHXOMHTCA NO OD- HOMY aTOMy KHCNOpoa, TO PTyTb H Me—b TOKE [ByxXBaseHTHBI. Orperste na sonpocti 1—4 (c. 29). ‘oxen xnopa (VII)! § 12. Onpenenente sanenTHOCcTH ane€MeHTOB no copmysiam ux coenHHeHHit. Cocrapnenve xHMHYeCKHX cbopmys M0 BaneHTHOCTH Onpenesenne naneHTHOCTH a1eMeHTOB nO opmyslam HX COenHHe- nui. 3Han dopMysbi BeLeCTB, COCTOHILHX H3 ABYX 9JeMeHTOB, H BaneHTHOCTh aHHOrO 9neMeHTa. 25 "Be cko6Kax prMcKKMH MHppamH ykasanaBANCHTHOCTh OLHOTO H3 HHX, MOXKHO ONpenerit BaneHTHocT 2pyroro saemexta. Hanpumep, ecau nana dopmysa oKcuna menu CuO, to BanextHocth Meni MoxKHO onpenenuTb cyepyiouim cnoco6om. BanentHocTh KHCNOpowa paBHa JBYM, a Ha OAHH aTOM MPHXOMUTCA OHH ATOM MeN, CHEMOBATENbHO, BaeHTHOCTh MenH TO*Ke paBHa DByM. HeckonekKo cnooxHee onpenenuth BaneHtHocTh no opmysam, conepxKallwM HE OHH, a HECKONbKO aTOMOB BYX pa3HUHEIX XHMHNECKHX s1eMeHTOB. HanpuMep, ¥TOOLI ONPeeIHTh BaeHTHOCTD axenesa B OKCHIe 2xeNesa Fe,O3, paccyxmaior tax. Basext- HOCTh KHcNOpona paBHa aBym. Ho Tak Kak B janHoh mMoneKkysie conepxaTch TpH aTOMa KucHOpona, TO O6mee YNCNO BaneHTHO- treli Bcex Tpex aTomoB Kucnopoya paBHO wecrn (2+3). StH WeCTh BaeHTHOCTeH NpUXOnsTCH Ha DBa aToMa xxesIe3a. Crenopa- TebHO, HA OHH aTOM 2KeNe3sa MpHxogutTcn TPH C€7HHHUbI Ba- HlentHocTH (6 : 2). Tipupexennbte npumeptt nosponsior BbIBecTH mpoctoe npapuno: 4ucno eOunuy earenmnocmu ecex amomos odnozo snemenma doaxKo 6eime pasHo uucay edunuy earexmuocmu ecex amomoe Opyeoz0 azemenma. STH paccyxkneHMA jaloT BOSMOXKHOCTR HcHOMb3OBAaTD HYDKe- MPHBeNeHHyIO cxeMy [pH OnpeneneHHH BaseHTHOCTH 3eMeHTOB m0 dopmysam. Tlumyt xwmuyeckyio dopmyszy peulectaa uw ormeuator Ba- JHTHOCTh H3BECTHOTO SuIeMeHTAa: " 1 ML CuO HAS SO, Fe, O, 2. Haxogsir w sanucpipaior o6mtee uncno BaneHTHOCTe jaH- HOO 9/ieMeHTa: ie {6} @ n 1 . U WW CuO HAS SO, Fe, an Botuncasor H Npoctapanwr Hag XMMHYCCKHMH 3HaKaMH Ba- JEHTHOCTh BTOpOro suementa. Jn sToro o6mee YHENO BaNeHTHO- creli WenaT Ha WHeKe BTOporo snemeHTa: C eI ei 2 vr pe CuO Ms ELS Same SOMEECOS TlpH onpegenenun panentHoctu anementa— no tbopmyne cre- AyeT MOMHUTb, "TO: 1) sHavenUe eanenTHOcTU He momeT ObITD 4ucAOM OpobHELM; 2) uUCAOB0e sHaYeHUe BaneNTHOCTU He 6bleaer Gone Bocomu; 3) HEKOTOPbIE XUMULECKUC 9ACMEHTOL UMeIOT nepe- MECHHYIO BANEHTHOCT. Cocrasnenwe xumuueckux thopmya mo sanentHoctu. Uro6u co- CTaBNATh XHMHUECKYIO (opMy/ly, HeOGXOLHMO 3HaTb BaJleHTHOCTH SNEMEHTOB, OOpasyl0iuHx LaHHOe COemHHEHHe. BuseHTHOCTH HeKOTO- PbIX BaxkHeH WX 31eMeHTOB WaHbI BTa6AHLe 3. 26 Ta6anna 3. Basenriocts aromon HeKoTopsx saemenTos B XHMHYECKHX COCAHHCHHAX Baneurnocr’ newer: Tipenepes Gop sesoponnn Snenenror ¢ nocroAnnolt eanerrHocre1o I H, Na, K, Li HO, Na,O ul O, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Zn] MgO, CaO i Ai, B ALO; Snenenrol ¢ nepemennolt eaneHTHOCTon Tull Cu Cu,0, Cuo Iw I Fe, Co, Ni FeO, ma Wav Sn, Pb $10, S10, Ww V Pp Ply’ PrOg H, WW» Vi Cr C10, CHO, C105 I IV « VI s H,S, SO,, S05 1 Tipu cocrapneaun xumHuecKHx opmyy CienyeT Momb3s0BaTbcn HHDKenpHBeyeHHOH cxemoli. J 1 Fite P0M XHMHYCCKHE 3HaKH 9JIEMeHTOB, KOTOPbIe BXO- AsiT B COCTaB COeAHHeHHA: KO AICI AIO 2. Hag a3Hakamv XHMHYeCKHX 37eMeHTOB MpocTaBAKIOT HX Ba- eee tn mt mu KO AICI AIO. 3. Onpenensior HaHMeHbiuee KpaTHOe YHCeA, BbIPAaKaloulHx Ba- NeHTHOCTh OGOHX 91eMeHTOB: eA as al ~ KO AICI AIO 4. Jlenenvem HavMeHbillero KpaTHOrO Ha Bane OT comreet crpyiolero 9uleMeHTa HaxogsaT HHAeKcbI (HHJeKC «1> Hi yt): 2 3 fa lu mt mu K,O AICI, ~— AI, Tipu cocrapneHHu XHMHYeCKHX cOpMysI SeMeHTOB C nepence HOH BasIeHTHOCThIO pHOM C Ha3BaHHeM BellectBa THLE yi Kax UWHpy, MOKa3biBalouly!o BasIeHTHOCTb bee ane HP sToM coenHHeHHH. Hanpumep, oKcHy MeaH Wn CHO TORY “mn (I) —Cu,O, xnopua xenesa (II) — FeCl, xnopna sa (III) — FeCl. Bumoauntre ynpaxnenus 5—8 (c. 29). Peumre sanagu |v 2 (c. 29). § 13. AromHo-monekyispHan TeopHa Mobi yxKe 3HaeM, 4TO MHOrHe BeLeCTBa COCTOAT HS money a mosekysbI — #3 aToMos (c. 14). YueHHe 06 aTomax H MOmeKy. 27OObEMMHAeTCA B ATOMHO-MONeKynspHyio Teopuio. Ha crpanuue 13 YK ObINO CKAasaHO, YTO OcHOBbI sTOH TeOpHH GbiM paspaboTaHbI BeHKHM pyccKHm yyeHtim M. B. Jlomoxocoppim. C Tex nop npoulno Gonee npyxcor net, H sta Teopun nonyunsia panbHelimee pasButHe. Tax, nanpumep, Tenepb Ham H3BeCTHO, 4TO He BCe BelllectBa CO- cTOsT H3 MoeKy. MHOrHe u3 HHX COCTOST 43 aTOMOB, a HeKOTO- pple — #3 HOHOB (c. 124). Bonbumucrso BeLeCTB, C KOTOPbIMH MbI BCTPeTHMCA B Kypce HeopraHHyecKoli XHMHH, HMelOT HemMOseKyaAp- Hoe crpoenue. B orauyne oT Benjects c MomeKysspHbIM crpoe- HHeM, OHH, KaK NpaBHJ0, HMCIOT BEICOKHe TeMMepaTypbI MaBeHHA (uanpumep, cyscpun x%xenesa (II) FeS). AHaKO OTHOCHTEbHBIC | MONeKYApHbIe MaCCBI BEIMHCAHIOTCH Kak JWIA BeeCTB C MOJeKYAAPHLIM, TaK H JIA’ BeIeCTB C He- MOJeKYJIsIPHBIM CrpoeHHem. Jina nocnenHUX NOHATHA «MONeKysa> nu “OTHOCHTeNbHaA MONeKyJApHan Macca» ynorpe6asiorca YCJIOBHO. Ockosxble nonoxkeHua aTomHo-MoseKysApHOl Teopun B cBeTe COBPEMEHHBIX mMpeycTaBseHHii MOxHO ciopMynHpoBatTb Tak: 1. Cywecreywr sewecrea c MONeKYASpPHELM U HeMOneKY- AAPHbLM CTPoeHuem. 2. Y eewecre c monexyanpnoim crpoenuem ece moneKynvi odu- NaKo6ele, HO OHU oOTAUYaIOTCA OT mMOneKYA Opyeux eewecTe. 3. Mescdy monexyaamu umewrca npomexyrKu, pasmep KoTopo.x SaeucuT OT azpeeaTHoeo focronHUA Bewmecréa u TemnepaTypel. Pacctosiua mMexny MoneKynaMH ra30B 6onbule. ItHM OOBACHS- eTca HX Nerkad CKHMaeMOCTb. TpyfHee cxKUMAIOTCA 2%KHMKOCTH, Tne MPOMexXYTKH Me@KAY MONeKyaMH 3HAYHTeNbHO MeHbULe. B reepubix BelllectBax MPOMeXyTKH MEY MONeKysaMH elle MeHb- we, NOSTOMY OHH MOUTH He cxKUMatOTCA. 4. Mozexyavt naxodarca 6 nenpepvienom Oeuncenuu. Cxopocro Oeumenun MoneKyn 3a6ucUuT oT TemnepaTypel. C. NOBEILIeHHeEM TeM- Tepatypbl CKOpOcTbh ABHXKeHHS MOMeKys1 BOSpacraer. 5. Mescdy monexynamu cywecreyor cunt esaumnoeo npu- TAMCHUA U OTTAAKUBAHUA, 3HAYCHME KOTOPHIX SaBHCHT OT arpe- TaTHOrO cOcTOAHHA Bellects. B HanGonpuieli creneHH 9TH CHAI BLIPaKeHbI B TBEPALIX BeeCTBAaX, B HavMeHbieli—B raszax. 6. Moaexyaui cocronr us ewe Gonee meakux uacruy — aro- 406, KOTOpble, Kak H MOJIEKYJIbl, HaXOMATCA B HeMpepbIBHOM ABHXKeHHH. 7. Aromet odHoz0 euda orauuawrca or atomoe Opyeozo euda Maccou, pasmepamu u ceoticreamu. 8. [pu usuueckux aenenuax moaexynol coxpansorca, npu xumudeckux — paspyuarorca. ‘ . 9. Y eewecre ¢ moaekyanpnoim crpoenuem @ Teepdom cocroanuu 6 Yy8nax KpucTanauseckux pewerok (c. 130) naxodarca moneKyaol. Casas Mexny MOjneKynaMH B y3slax KpHcrasnHuecKol pewerKu cna6ble H pH HeGonbuIOM HarpeBaHHH sterKo paspsiBaiorcs. Tlostomy semjectaa ¢ moneKysApHbim CTpoeHHeM HMeIOT HH3KHe TeMMepatypbl Miapnenus. 10. Y eewecre c nemonexyaapnom crpoenuem @ ysnax Kpu- B CTANAUUECKUX peuleTOK HAXOOATCA aTOMeL UAL UOHoL (c.129). Mexny 9THMH YaCTHUAMH CYLECTBYIOT CHJIDHEIe CBASH, WA pa3spylieHuA eTCH MHOFO 9HEprHi. la gear pusHueckHx s Laaaereeesene ABICHHH C TOUKH 3peHHs aTOMHO-MoneKyasipHoro yyenHa. AToMHO-MOseKysIpHoe yueHHe 1aeT BO3MOXKHOCTh OG6OCHOBaTb «pHsHYeCKHe H XHMHYECKHE ABJEHHA. Tak, HanpHMep, mpouecc aHddyshH, 3HakOMbIli Bam 43 Kypca qpusuKn, o6bsACHHETCA cloco6HOCThIO MoNeKys (aTOMOB, 4acTHL) OMHOFO BelleCcTBa NPOHHKAaTb MexKAY moreKyslamH (aTOMaMH, geae amu) gpyroro BeujecTBa. ITO NpoHcXOAHT MOTOMy, YTO MONeKYwT (aTombl, YacTHUbI) HaXOnATCA B HENpepLIBHOM JBHXKeHHH H MeKIY ‘CA MpOMEXKYTKH. a Gycicen panne peakuwii 3aKsioyaeTca B paspylleHHH OMHHX MOeKys H O6pa3s0BaHHH H3 TeX %e aTOMOB mp yn Mo- ulekys, 7.€. MpOHcCxogHT mNeperpynmHposka aTOMoB. TP Bue TPH Pa3nO%KeHHH BOI 3EKTPHYECKHM TOKOM MONEKYJIbL Boast cHauaja pacnayalorcd Ha aTOMbl Bonopona HK KuCcNOpoOna, KOTOpLIX OOpa3yloTcA ByXaTOMHbIe MONeKyJbl KHCAOpona Ht Bogopona. Orsersre Ha Bonpochi 9—13. F 1. Yro rake BasenrHocTs xumnueckix snemenToB? TlomcHHTe 9fo Ha KOHKpeT- Hibix npHMepax. ; 2. Tlovemy sanenrHocrs Bonopona npunsra 3a eqMHHIy 3.B eae yxeulesa ¢ COMsHOM KHCTOTOH OHH ATOM MeTaJWia BHTECHSeT gpa aToMa Bonopona. Kak 3TO MOXKHO OGDbACHHTb, NONbSysCb NOHATHEM O BaseHT- HOCTH? 4. Men ¢ ponoponom coenHennii ne OOpaayer, HO coennHAeTes ¢ HeKOTO- pbimH gpyruma snementamn. Kak onpenenT ce BanewTiocte? ae 5. Onpenente panertHocr szementos no dopmyiam: HgO, KS, BOs, ZnO, MnOy, NiO, Cu,0, SnO,z, NiO, SOs, AsOs, C107. rb. Cocrapbre cootser- 6. Tank clinbonst SueMenToB H ykasavia HX naterTHOcT., CoctusbTe coorae tee ey ersyioute xumuueckne dpopmyani: LiO, BaO, PO, SnO, KO, PH, MnO, FeO, BO. Wow mor iv Ww 1, CO, CH. : a Paes ‘raGunuell 3, cocranbre XHMMUECKHE (PopMyKI coeRHeHHA se mentos: Zn0, BO, BeO, CoO, CoO, PbO, PbO, NiO, NiO. va 8. Cocranore’ doprysun oxcuz6n wenn (1). xenesa (III), wonmbpawa (V1), xeaesa (Il), yraepoxa (IV), cepiz (V1), onosa (IV), wapramua (VI). 9, Viaaoiknre CyluMocTs OCHOBHDIx MOAOXKeHH ZTOMHO-MOeKY.IApHOTO. yHenun. 10. Kakne spnenus nonrsepxnaor: a) gnHxcHHe moneKysr, 6) HanhuHe TIpOMe>kyTKOB? Mey Mean pnmMMAeTeR ZIKCHME WONKA B TASBX, XIUKOCTAN, THEPAUIX BEILE- max? e cm272. Uem ormmuaiorcn no cBoum dusHueckum cBoficrBam BelllecTRa ¢ MONeKY 2 SIPHLIM H HEMOMCKYAAPHBIM CTPOeHHeM? eee Kan oGbaennre cytunocTs ¢pHOHICCKHX HM XHMHUCCKHX staeRHA ¢ TOSKH SpeHHsl BTOMHO-MoseKyaIApHoll TeopuH? @ 1. Busncante oThocurenbabie BSAeSHIEPES a a) okcuga »ene3a (III); a a (V); 8) oKcHaa Mapranua : Beate See ate ane a ae meni (II). Hafigennie macconbie nom BEipasire B MpoweHTax. 29