PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Creatinine 0.66 mg/dL 0.5-1.0 Kinetic Alkaline Picrate

Comment:

Creatinine is a more specific and sensitive indicator of renal disease than Blood Urea Nitrogen.

Uses:

To diagnose renal insufficiency;

Adjusting dosage of renally excreted medications.
Monitoring renal transplant recipients.
Serum creatinine levels are a proxy for reduced skeletal muscle mass.
Serum creatinine measurement is used in estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) for people with Chronic Kidney
disease (CKD) and those with risk factors for CKD (Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and family
history of kidney disease).

Increased In: Blockage in the urinary tract, Pre- and postrenal azotemia, Impaired kidney function, Loss of body fluid
(dehydration), Muscle diseases such as gigantism, acromegaly.
Decreased In: Pregnancy, certain drugs (e.g., cimetidine, trimethoprim), Myasthenia Gravis, Muscular dystrophy.

Page 1 of 3
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Liver Function Test

Bilirubin-Total 0.28 mg/dL 0.2-1.2 Diazonium Salt
Bilirubin-Direct 0.15 mg/dL 0-0.5 Diazo
Bilirubin-Indirect 0.13 mg/dL 0 - 1.8 Calculated
Protein, Total 8.00 g/dL 6.0-8.3 Biuret
Albumin 4.80 g/dL 3.5-5.0 Bromocresol Green
Globulin 3.2 g/dl 1.8 - 3.6 Calculated
A/G Ratio 1.50 Ratio Calculated
Aspartate Transaminase (SGOT) 25 U/L 5-34 NADH w/o P-5’-P
Alanine Transaminase (SGPT) 29 U/L 5-55 NADH w/o P-5’-P
SGOT/SGPT 0.86 Ratio Calculated
Alkaline Phosphatase 68 U/L 40-150 Para-nitrophenyl phosphate
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 28 U/L 9-36 L-gamma-glutamyl-3-
Carboxy-4-Nitroanilide

Comment:

LFTS are based upon measurements of substances released from damaged hepatic cells into the blood that gives idea of
the Existence, Extent and Type of Liver damage. - Acute Hepatocellular damage: ALT & AST levels are sensitive index of
hepatocellular damage - Obstruction to the biliary tract,Cholestasis and blockage of bile flow:1) Serum Total Bilirubin
concentration 2) Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity 3) Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGTP) 4) 5`-
Nucleotidase - Chronic liver disease: Serum Albumin concentration
Bilirubin results from the enzymatic breakdown of heme. Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous
membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia.
Pre-hepatic or hemolytic jaundice - Abnormal red cells, antibodies,drugs and toxins,Hemoglobinopathies, Gilbert’s
syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Hepatic or Hepatocellular jaundice-Viral hepatitis,toxic hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis
Post-hepatic jaundice -Extrahepatic cholestasis, gallstones, tumors of the bile duct, carcinoma of pancreas
In viral hepatitis and other forms of liver disease associated with acute hepatic necrosis, serum AST and ALT
concentrations are elevated even before the clinical signs and symptoms of disease appear.
ALT is the more liver-specific enzyme and elevations of ALT activity persist longer than AST activity.
Peak values of aminotransferase activity occur between the seventh and twelfth days. Activities then gradually decrease,

Page 2 of 3
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
reaching normal activities by the third to fifth week. Peak activities bear no relationship to prognosis and may fall with
worsening of the patient's condition.
Aminotransferase activities observed in cirrhosis vary with the status of the cirrhotic process and range from the upper
reference limit to four to five times higher, with an AST/ALT ratio greater than 1. The ratio's elevation can reflect the grade
of fibrosis in these patients. Slight or moderate elevations of both AST and ALT activities have been observed after
administration of various medications and chronic hepatic injury such as (1) hemochromatosis, (2) Wilson disease, (3)
autoimmune hepatitis, (4) primary biliary cirrhosis, (5) sclerosing cholangitis, and (6) a1-antitrypsin deficiency.
AST activity also is increased in acute myocardial infarction, progressive muscular dystrophy and dermatomyositis, reaching
concentrations up to eight times the upper reference limit.Slight to moderate AST elevations are noted in hemolytic
disease.
GGT is a sensitive indicator of the presence of hepatobiliary disease, being elevated in most subjects with liver disease
regardless of cause. Increased concentrations of the enzyme are also found in serum of subjects receiving anticonvulsant
drugs, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital.

*** End Of Report ***

Page 3 of 3
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Creatinine 0.66 mg/dL 0.5-1.0 Kinetic Alkaline Picrate

Comment:

Creatinine is a more specific and sensitive indicator of renal disease than Blood Urea Nitrogen.

Uses:

To diagnose renal insufficiency;

Adjusting dosage of renally excreted medications.
Monitoring renal transplant recipients.
Serum creatinine levels are a proxy for reduced skeletal muscle mass.
Serum creatinine measurement is used in estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) for people with Chronic Kidney
disease (CKD) and those with risk factors for CKD (Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and family
history of kidney disease).

Increased In: Blockage in the urinary tract, Pre- and postrenal azotemia, Impaired kidney function, Loss of body fluid
(dehydration), Muscle diseases such as gigantism, acromegaly.
Decreased In: Pregnancy, certain drugs (e.g., cimetidine, trimethoprim), Myasthenia Gravis, Muscular dystrophy.

Page 1 of 3
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Liver Function Test

Bilirubin-Total 0.28 mg/dL 0.2-1.2 Diazonium Salt
Bilirubin-Direct 0.15 mg/dL 0-0.5 Diazo
Bilirubin-Indirect 0.13 mg/dL 0 - 1.8 Calculated
Protein, Total 8.00 g/dL 6.0-8.3 Biuret
Albumin 4.80 g/dL 3.5-5.0 Bromocresol Green
Globulin 3.2 g/dl 1.8 - 3.6 Calculated
A/G Ratio 1.50 Ratio Calculated
Aspartate Transaminase (SGOT) 25 U/L 5-34 NADH w/o P-5’-P
Alanine Transaminase (SGPT) 29 U/L 5-55 NADH w/o P-5’-P
SGOT/SGPT 0.86 Ratio Calculated
Alkaline Phosphatase 68 U/L 40-150 Para-nitrophenyl phosphate
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 28 U/L 9-36 L-gamma-glutamyl-3-
Carboxy-4-Nitroanilide

Comment:

LFTS are based upon measurements of substances released from damaged hepatic cells into the blood that gives idea of
the Existence, Extent and Type of Liver damage. - Acute Hepatocellular damage: ALT & AST levels are sensitive index of
hepatocellular damage - Obstruction to the biliary tract,Cholestasis and blockage of bile flow:1) Serum Total Bilirubin
concentration 2) Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity 3) Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGTP) 4) 5`-
Nucleotidase - Chronic liver disease: Serum Albumin concentration
Bilirubin results from the enzymatic breakdown of heme. Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous
membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia.
Pre-hepatic or hemolytic jaundice - Abnormal red cells, antibodies,drugs and toxins,Hemoglobinopathies, Gilbert’s
syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Hepatic or Hepatocellular jaundice-Viral hepatitis,toxic hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis
Post-hepatic jaundice -Extrahepatic cholestasis, gallstones, tumors of the bile duct, carcinoma of pancreas
In viral hepatitis and other forms of liver disease associated with acute hepatic necrosis, serum AST and ALT
concentrations are elevated even before the clinical signs and symptoms of disease appear.
ALT is the more liver-specific enzyme and elevations of ALT activity persist longer than AST activity.
Peak values of aminotransferase activity occur between the seventh and twelfth days. Activities then gradually decrease,

Page 2 of 3
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
reaching normal activities by the third to fifth week. Peak activities bear no relationship to prognosis and may fall with
worsening of the patient's condition.
Aminotransferase activities observed in cirrhosis vary with the status of the cirrhotic process and range from the upper
reference limit to four to five times higher, with an AST/ALT ratio greater than 1. The ratio's elevation can reflect the grade
of fibrosis in these patients. Slight or moderate elevations of both AST and ALT activities have been observed after
administration of various medications and chronic hepatic injury such as (1) hemochromatosis, (2) Wilson disease, (3)
autoimmune hepatitis, (4) primary biliary cirrhosis, (5) sclerosing cholangitis, and (6) a1-antitrypsin deficiency.
AST activity also is increased in acute myocardial infarction, progressive muscular dystrophy and dermatomyositis, reaching
concentrations up to eight times the upper reference limit.Slight to moderate AST elevations are noted in hemolytic
disease.
GGT is a sensitive indicator of the presence of hepatobiliary disease, being elevated in most subjects with liver disease
regardless of cause. Increased concentrations of the enzyme are also found in serum of subjects receiving anticonvulsant
drugs, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital.

*** End Of Report ***

Page 3 of 3
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017326 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:26PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Whole Blood-EDTA Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 08:42PM

HAEMATOLOGY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Complete Blood Count

Hemoglobin 13.2 g/dL 12.0 - 15.0 Cyanide-free SLS-
Hemoglobin
RBC 4.21 mili/cu.mm 3.8-4.8 DC Impedence Method
HCT 41.3 % 40 - 50 RBC pulse height detection
MCV 98.1 fl 83 - 101 Calculated
MCH 31.4 pg 27 - 32 Calculated
MCHC 32.0 g/dL 31.5 - 34.5 Calculated
RDW-CV 12.1 % 11.5-14 Calculated
Total Leucocyte Count 10.38 10^3/µI 4 - 10 Flowcytometery/Microscopic
Differential Leucocyte Count
Neutrophils 86.2 % 40-80 Flowcytometery/Microscopic
Lymphocytes 7.4 % 20-40 Flowcytometery/Microscopic
Monocytes 5.9 % 2-10 Flowcytometery/Microscopic
Eosinophils 0.3 % 1-6 Flowcytometery/Microscopic
Basophils 0.2 % 0-2 Flowcytometery/Microscopic
Absolute Leucocyte Count
Absolute Neutrophil Count 8.95 10^3/µL 2-7 Calculated
Absolute Lymphocyte Count 0.77 10^3/µL 1-3 Calculated
Absolute Monocyte Count 0.61 10^3/µL 0.2-1 Calculated
Absolute Eosinophil Count 0.03 10^3/µL 0.02-0.5 Calculated
Absolute Basophil Count 0.02 10^3/µL 0.02-0.1 Calculated
Platelet Count 307 10^3/µI 150-410 Electrical
Impedence/Microscopic
MPV 13 fl 6.5 - 12 Calculated
PDW 17 fL Calculated

Comment:

As per the recommendation of International council for Standardization in Hematology, the differential leucocyte counts are

Page 1 of 7
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017326 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:26PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Whole Blood-EDTA Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 08:42PM

HAEMATOLOGY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
additionally being reported as absolute numbers of each cell in per unit volume of blood.
Test conducted on EDTA whole blood.

Page 2 of 7
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:56PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Creatinine 0.66 mg/dL 0.5-1.0 Kinetic Alkaline Picrate

Comment:

Creatinine is a more specific and sensitive indicator of renal disease than Blood Urea Nitrogen.

Uses:

To diagnose renal insufficiency;

Adjusting dosage of renally excreted medications.
Monitoring renal transplant recipients.
Serum creatinine levels are a proxy for reduced skeletal muscle mass.
Serum creatinine measurement is used in estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) for people with Chronic Kidney
disease (CKD) and those with risk factors for CKD (Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and family
history of kidney disease).

Increased In: Blockage in the urinary tract, Pre- and postrenal azotemia, Impaired kidney function, Loss of body fluid
(dehydration), Muscle diseases such as gigantism, acromegaly.
Decreased In: Pregnancy, certain drugs (e.g., cimetidine, trimethoprim), Myasthenia Gravis, Muscular dystrophy.

Serum Electrolyte
Sodium 136 mmol/L 136-145 INDIRECT ISE
Potassium 5.36 mmol/L 3.5 - 5.1 INDIRECT ISE
Chloride 99.0 mmol/L 98-107 INDIRECT ISE

Comment:

Kidneys actively reabsorb or excrete electrolytes to maintain the electrolyte balance of the body. Owing to their small size,
almost all electrolytes are filtered at the glomerulus. After filtration, most of the electrolytes are absorbed back at the
tubular level but any problem at the tubular level will result in non- absorption and excessive loss of electrolytes in urine.
Sodium along with chloride, potassium, and water is important in the regulation of osmotic pressure and water balance
between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
An increase in sodium concentration (hypernatremia) may indicate impaired sodium excretion or dehydration.

Page 3 of 7
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:56PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
Hypernatremia is rare but occurs most often in the elderly and is often hospital-acquired. A decrease in sodium
concentration (hyponatremia) may reflect over hydration, abnormal sodium loss, or decreased sodium intake, seen in
conditions such as nephrotic syndrome, heart failure, generalized edema, and cirrhosis.
Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are caused by changes in potassium intake, altered excretion, or transcellular shifts.
Diuretic use and gastrointestinal losses are common causes of hypokalemia, whereas kidney disease, hyperglycemia, and
medication use are common causes of hyperkalemia. When severe, potassium disorders can lead to life-threatening
cardiac conduction disturbances and neuromuscular dysfunction. Therefore, a first priority is determining the need for
urgent treatment through a combination of history, physical examination, laboratory, and electrocardiography findings.
Serum chloride concentration can be elevated above the normal range – hyperchloremia - either by the addition of excess
chloride to the ECF compartment or by the loss of water from this compartment, and vice versa. The serum chloride
concentration can be reduced below the normal range (hypochloremia) by the loss of chloride from the ECF or the addition
of water to this compartment.Hyperchloremia is common in critically ill people.Severe dehydration, Diarrhea and excessive
urination, Metabolic acidosis, Kidney disease, Chemotherapy may lead to hyperchloremia. Newborn babies often have
hyperchloremia because their chloride levels rise in the week after birth. However, this is nothing to worry about, as the
levels rise naturally and do not indicate a health problem.Hypochloremia may be seen in Low salt intake in the
diet, Metabolic alkalosis, Certain medications, such as diuretics and laxatives, as these may reduce the amount of fluid in
the body, Addison's Disease, etc.

Page 4 of 7
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Liver Function Test

Bilirubin-Total 0.28 mg/dL 0.2-1.2 Diazonium Salt
Bilirubin-Direct 0.15 mg/dL 0-0.5 Diazo
Bilirubin-Indirect 0.13 mg/dL 0 - 1.8 Calculated
Protein, Total 8.00 g/dL 6.0-8.3 Biuret
Albumin 4.80 g/dL 3.5-5.0 Bromocresol Green
Globulin 3.2 g/dl 1.8 - 3.6 Calculated
A/G Ratio 1.50 Ratio Calculated
Aspartate Transaminase (SGOT) 25 U/L 5-34 NADH w/o P-5’-P
Alanine Transaminase (SGPT) 29 U/L 5-55 NADH w/o P-5’-P
SGOT/SGPT 0.86 Ratio Calculated
Alkaline Phosphatase 68 U/L 40-150 Para-nitrophenyl phosphate
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 28 U/L 9-36 L-gamma-glutamyl-3-
Carboxy-4-Nitroanilide

Comment:

LFTS are based upon measurements of substances released from damaged hepatic cells into the blood that gives idea of
the Existence, Extent and Type of Liver damage. - Acute Hepatocellular damage: ALT & AST levels are sensitive index of
hepatocellular damage - Obstruction to the biliary tract,Cholestasis and blockage of bile flow:1) Serum Total Bilirubin
concentration 2) Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity 3) Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGTP) 4) 5`-
Nucleotidase - Chronic liver disease: Serum Albumin concentration
Bilirubin results from the enzymatic breakdown of heme. Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous
membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia.
Pre-hepatic or hemolytic jaundice - Abnormal red cells, antibodies,drugs and toxins,Hemoglobinopathies, Gilbert’s
syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Hepatic or Hepatocellular jaundice-Viral hepatitis,toxic hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis
Post-hepatic jaundice -Extrahepatic cholestasis, gallstones, tumors of the bile duct, carcinoma of pancreas
In viral hepatitis and other forms of liver disease associated with acute hepatic necrosis, serum AST and ALT
concentrations are elevated even before the clinical signs and symptoms of disease appear.
ALT is the more liver-specific enzyme and elevations of ALT activity persist longer than AST activity.
Peak values of aminotransferase activity occur between the seventh and twelfth days. Activities then gradually decrease,

Page 5 of 7
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
reaching normal activities by the third to fifth week. Peak activities bear no relationship to prognosis and may fall with
worsening of the patient's condition.
Aminotransferase activities observed in cirrhosis vary with the status of the cirrhotic process and range from the upper
reference limit to four to five times higher, with an AST/ALT ratio greater than 1. The ratio's elevation can reflect the grade
of fibrosis in these patients. Slight or moderate elevations of both AST and ALT activities have been observed after
administration of various medications and chronic hepatic injury such as (1) hemochromatosis, (2) Wilson disease, (3)
autoimmune hepatitis, (4) primary biliary cirrhosis, (5) sclerosing cholangitis, and (6) a1-antitrypsin deficiency.
AST activity also is increased in acute myocardial infarction, progressive muscular dystrophy and dermatomyositis, reaching
concentrations up to eight times the upper reference limit.Slight to moderate AST elevations are noted in hemolytic
disease.
GGT is a sensitive indicator of the presence of hepatobiliary disease, being elevated in most subjects with liver disease
regardless of cause. Increased concentrations of the enzyme are also found in serum of subjects receiving anticonvulsant
drugs, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital.

Page 6 of 7
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:49PM

Immunology
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Vitamin D (25-OH) 9.3 ng/mL Deficiency:< 20, CMIA

Insufficiency:20-29,
Sufficiency:30-100,
Hypervitaminosis:> 100

Comment:

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid prohormone involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and the regulation of calcium
homeostasis.
Two forms of vitamin D are biologically relevant - vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol).
Both vitamins D3 and D2 can be absorbed from food but only an estimated 10-20perc. of vitamin D is supplied through
nutritional intake.
Vitamin D is converted to the active hormone 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D (Calcitriol) through two hydroxylation reactions. The
first hydroxylation converts vitamin D into 25-OH vitamin D and occurs in the liver. The second hydroxylation converts 25-
OH vitamin D into the biologically active 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D and occurs in the kidneys as well as in many other cells of
the body.
Most cells express the vitamin D receptor and about 3perc. of the human genome is directly or indirectly regulated by the
vitamin D endocrine system.
The major storage form of vitamin D is 25-OH vitamin D and is present in the blood at up to 1,000 fold higher
concentration compared to the active 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D. 25-OH vitamin D has a half-life of 2-3 weeks vs. 4 hours for
1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D. Therefore, 25-OH vitamin D is the analyte of choice for determination of the vitamin D status.
Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency include low sun exposure, inadequate intake, decreased absorption, abnormal
metabolism, vitamin D resistance and and liver or kidney diseases.
Vitamin D deficiency is a cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism and diseases resulting in impaired bone metabolism (like
rickets, osteomalacia).
Recently, many chronic diseases such as cancer, high blood pressure, osteoporosis and several autoimmune diseases
have been linked to vitamin D deficiency.

Utility Quantitative determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitamin D).

*** End Of Report ***

Page 7 of 7
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:56PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Creatinine 0.66 mg/dL 0.5-1.0 Kinetic Alkaline Picrate

Comment:

Creatinine is a more specific and sensitive indicator of renal disease than Blood Urea Nitrogen.

Uses:

To diagnose renal insufficiency;

Adjusting dosage of renally excreted medications.
Monitoring renal transplant recipients.
Serum creatinine levels are a proxy for reduced skeletal muscle mass.
Serum creatinine measurement is used in estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) for people with Chronic Kidney
disease (CKD) and those with risk factors for CKD (Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and family
history of kidney disease).

Increased In: Blockage in the urinary tract, Pre- and postrenal azotemia, Impaired kidney function, Loss of body fluid
(dehydration), Muscle diseases such as gigantism, acromegaly.
Decreased In: Pregnancy, certain drugs (e.g., cimetidine, trimethoprim), Myasthenia Gravis, Muscular dystrophy.

Serum Electrolyte
Sodium 136 mmol/L 136-145 INDIRECT ISE
Potassium 5.36 mmol/L 3.5 - 5.1 INDIRECT ISE
Chloride 99.0 mmol/L 98-107 INDIRECT ISE

Comment:

Kidneys actively reabsorb or excrete electrolytes to maintain the electrolyte balance of the body. Owing to their small size,
almost all electrolytes are filtered at the glomerulus. After filtration, most of the electrolytes are absorbed back at the
tubular level but any problem at the tubular level will result in non- absorption and excessive loss of electrolytes in urine.
Sodium along with chloride, potassium, and water is important in the regulation of osmotic pressure and water balance
between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
An increase in sodium concentration (hypernatremia) may indicate impaired sodium excretion or dehydration.

Page 1 of 5
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:56PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
Hypernatremia is rare but occurs most often in the elderly and is often hospital-acquired. A decrease in sodium
concentration (hyponatremia) may reflect over hydration, abnormal sodium loss, or decreased sodium intake, seen in
conditions such as nephrotic syndrome, heart failure, generalized edema, and cirrhosis.
Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are caused by changes in potassium intake, altered excretion, or transcellular shifts.
Diuretic use and gastrointestinal losses are common causes of hypokalemia, whereas kidney disease, hyperglycemia, and
medication use are common causes of hyperkalemia. When severe, potassium disorders can lead to life-threatening
cardiac conduction disturbances and neuromuscular dysfunction. Therefore, a first priority is determining the need for
urgent treatment through a combination of history, physical examination, laboratory, and electrocardiography findings.
Serum chloride concentration can be elevated above the normal range – hyperchloremia - either by the addition of excess
chloride to the ECF compartment or by the loss of water from this compartment, and vice versa. The serum chloride
concentration can be reduced below the normal range (hypochloremia) by the loss of chloride from the ECF or the addition
of water to this compartment.Hyperchloremia is common in critically ill people.Severe dehydration, Diarrhea and excessive
urination, Metabolic acidosis, Kidney disease, Chemotherapy may lead to hyperchloremia. Newborn babies often have
hyperchloremia because their chloride levels rise in the week after birth. However, this is nothing to worry about, as the
levels rise naturally and do not indicate a health problem.Hypochloremia may be seen in Low salt intake in the
diet, Metabolic alkalosis, Certain medications, such as diuretics and laxatives, as these may reduce the amount of fluid in
the body, Addison's Disease, etc.

Page 2 of 5
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Liver Function Test

Bilirubin-Total 0.28 mg/dL 0.2-1.2 Diazonium Salt
Bilirubin-Direct 0.15 mg/dL 0-0.5 Diazo
Bilirubin-Indirect 0.13 mg/dL 0 - 1.8 Calculated
Protein, Total 8.00 g/dL 6.0-8.3 Biuret
Albumin 4.80 g/dL 3.5-5.0 Bromocresol Green
Globulin 3.2 g/dl 1.8 - 3.6 Calculated
A/G Ratio 1.50 Ratio Calculated
Aspartate Transaminase (SGOT) 25 U/L 5-34 NADH w/o P-5’-P
Alanine Transaminase (SGPT) 29 U/L 5-55 NADH w/o P-5’-P
SGOT/SGPT 0.86 Ratio Calculated
Alkaline Phosphatase 68 U/L 40-150 Para-nitrophenyl phosphate
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 28 U/L 9-36 L-gamma-glutamyl-3-
Carboxy-4-Nitroanilide

Comment:

LFTS are based upon measurements of substances released from damaged hepatic cells into the blood that gives idea of
the Existence, Extent and Type of Liver damage. - Acute Hepatocellular damage: ALT & AST levels are sensitive index of
hepatocellular damage - Obstruction to the biliary tract,Cholestasis and blockage of bile flow:1) Serum Total Bilirubin
concentration 2) Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity 3) Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGTP) 4) 5`-
Nucleotidase - Chronic liver disease: Serum Albumin concentration
Bilirubin results from the enzymatic breakdown of heme. Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous
membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia.
Pre-hepatic or hemolytic jaundice - Abnormal red cells, antibodies,drugs and toxins,Hemoglobinopathies, Gilbert’s
syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Hepatic or Hepatocellular jaundice-Viral hepatitis,toxic hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis
Post-hepatic jaundice -Extrahepatic cholestasis, gallstones, tumors of the bile duct, carcinoma of pancreas
In viral hepatitis and other forms of liver disease associated with acute hepatic necrosis, serum AST and ALT
concentrations are elevated even before the clinical signs and symptoms of disease appear.
ALT is the more liver-specific enzyme and elevations of ALT activity persist longer than AST activity.
Peak values of aminotransferase activity occur between the seventh and twelfth days. Activities then gradually decrease,

Page 3 of 5
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
reaching normal activities by the third to fifth week. Peak activities bear no relationship to prognosis and may fall with
worsening of the patient's condition.
Aminotransferase activities observed in cirrhosis vary with the status of the cirrhotic process and range from the upper
reference limit to four to five times higher, with an AST/ALT ratio greater than 1. The ratio's elevation can reflect the grade
of fibrosis in these patients. Slight or moderate elevations of both AST and ALT activities have been observed after
administration of various medications and chronic hepatic injury such as (1) hemochromatosis, (2) Wilson disease, (3)
autoimmune hepatitis, (4) primary biliary cirrhosis, (5) sclerosing cholangitis, and (6) a1-antitrypsin deficiency.
AST activity also is increased in acute myocardial infarction, progressive muscular dystrophy and dermatomyositis, reaching
concentrations up to eight times the upper reference limit.Slight to moderate AST elevations are noted in hemolytic
disease.
GGT is a sensitive indicator of the presence of hepatobiliary disease, being elevated in most subjects with liver disease
regardless of cause. Increased concentrations of the enzyme are also found in serum of subjects receiving anticonvulsant
drugs, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital.

Page 4 of 5
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:49PM

Immunology
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Vitamin D (25-OH) 9.3 ng/mL Deficiency:< 20, CMIA

Insufficiency:20-29,
Sufficiency:30-100,
Hypervitaminosis:> 100

Comment:

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid prohormone involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and the regulation of calcium
homeostasis.
Two forms of vitamin D are biologically relevant - vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol).
Both vitamins D3 and D2 can be absorbed from food but only an estimated 10-20perc. of vitamin D is supplied through
nutritional intake.
Vitamin D is converted to the active hormone 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D (Calcitriol) through two hydroxylation reactions. The
first hydroxylation converts vitamin D into 25-OH vitamin D and occurs in the liver. The second hydroxylation converts 25-
OH vitamin D into the biologically active 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D and occurs in the kidneys as well as in many other cells of
the body.
Most cells express the vitamin D receptor and about 3perc. of the human genome is directly or indirectly regulated by the
vitamin D endocrine system.
The major storage form of vitamin D is 25-OH vitamin D and is present in the blood at up to 1,000 fold higher
concentration compared to the active 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D. 25-OH vitamin D has a half-life of 2-3 weeks vs. 4 hours for
1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D. Therefore, 25-OH vitamin D is the analyte of choice for determination of the vitamin D status.
Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency include low sun exposure, inadequate intake, decreased absorption, abnormal
metabolism, vitamin D resistance and and liver or kidney diseases.
Vitamin D deficiency is a cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism and diseases resulting in impaired bone metabolism (like
rickets, osteomalacia).
Recently, many chronic diseases such as cancer, high blood pressure, osteoporosis and several autoimmune diseases
have been linked to vitamin D deficiency.

Utility Quantitative determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitamin D).

*** End Of Report ***

Page 5 of 5
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:56PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Creatinine 0.66 mg/dL 0.5-1.0 Kinetic Alkaline Picrate

Comment:

Creatinine is a more specific and sensitive indicator of renal disease than Blood Urea Nitrogen.

Uses:

To diagnose renal insufficiency;

Adjusting dosage of renally excreted medications.
Monitoring renal transplant recipients.
Serum creatinine levels are a proxy for reduced skeletal muscle mass.
Serum creatinine measurement is used in estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) for people with Chronic Kidney
disease (CKD) and those with risk factors for CKD (Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and family
history of kidney disease).

Increased In: Blockage in the urinary tract, Pre- and postrenal azotemia, Impaired kidney function, Loss of body fluid
(dehydration), Muscle diseases such as gigantism, acromegaly.
Decreased In: Pregnancy, certain drugs (e.g., cimetidine, trimethoprim), Myasthenia Gravis, Muscular dystrophy.

Serum Electrolyte
Sodium 136 mmol/L 136-145 INDIRECT ISE
Potassium 5.36 mmol/L 3.5 - 5.1 INDIRECT ISE
Chloride 99.0 mmol/L 98-107 INDIRECT ISE

Comment:

Kidneys actively reabsorb or excrete electrolytes to maintain the electrolyte balance of the body. Owing to their small size,
almost all electrolytes are filtered at the glomerulus. After filtration, most of the electrolytes are absorbed back at the
tubular level but any problem at the tubular level will result in non- absorption and excessive loss of electrolytes in urine.
Sodium along with chloride, potassium, and water is important in the regulation of osmotic pressure and water balance
between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
An increase in sodium concentration (hypernatremia) may indicate impaired sodium excretion or dehydration.

Page 1 of 5
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:56PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
Hypernatremia is rare but occurs most often in the elderly and is often hospital-acquired. A decrease in sodium
concentration (hyponatremia) may reflect over hydration, abnormal sodium loss, or decreased sodium intake, seen in
conditions such as nephrotic syndrome, heart failure, generalized edema, and cirrhosis.
Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are caused by changes in potassium intake, altered excretion, or transcellular shifts.
Diuretic use and gastrointestinal losses are common causes of hypokalemia, whereas kidney disease, hyperglycemia, and
medication use are common causes of hyperkalemia. When severe, potassium disorders can lead to life-threatening
cardiac conduction disturbances and neuromuscular dysfunction. Therefore, a first priority is determining the need for
urgent treatment through a combination of history, physical examination, laboratory, and electrocardiography findings.
Serum chloride concentration can be elevated above the normal range – hyperchloremia - either by the addition of excess
chloride to the ECF compartment or by the loss of water from this compartment, and vice versa. The serum chloride
concentration can be reduced below the normal range (hypochloremia) by the loss of chloride from the ECF or the addition
of water to this compartment.Hyperchloremia is common in critically ill people.Severe dehydration, Diarrhea and excessive
urination, Metabolic acidosis, Kidney disease, Chemotherapy may lead to hyperchloremia. Newborn babies often have
hyperchloremia because their chloride levels rise in the week after birth. However, this is nothing to worry about, as the
levels rise naturally and do not indicate a health problem.Hypochloremia may be seen in Low salt intake in the
diet, Metabolic alkalosis, Certain medications, such as diuretics and laxatives, as these may reduce the amount of fluid in
the body, Addison's Disease, etc.

Page 2 of 5
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Liver Function Test

Bilirubin-Total 0.28 mg/dL 0.2-1.2 Diazonium Salt
Bilirubin-Direct 0.15 mg/dL 0-0.5 Diazo
Bilirubin-Indirect 0.13 mg/dL 0 - 1.8 Calculated
Protein, Total 8.00 g/dL 6.0-8.3 Biuret
Albumin 4.80 g/dL 3.5-5.0 Bromocresol Green
Globulin 3.2 g/dl 1.8 - 3.6 Calculated
A/G Ratio 1.50 Ratio Calculated
Aspartate Transaminase (SGOT) 25 U/L 5-34 NADH w/o P-5’-P
Alanine Transaminase (SGPT) 29 U/L 5-55 NADH w/o P-5’-P
SGOT/SGPT 0.86 Ratio Calculated
Alkaline Phosphatase 68 U/L 40-150 Para-nitrophenyl phosphate
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 28 U/L 9-36 L-gamma-glutamyl-3-
Carboxy-4-Nitroanilide

Comment:

LFTS are based upon measurements of substances released from damaged hepatic cells into the blood that gives idea of
the Existence, Extent and Type of Liver damage. - Acute Hepatocellular damage: ALT & AST levels are sensitive index of
hepatocellular damage - Obstruction to the biliary tract,Cholestasis and blockage of bile flow:1) Serum Total Bilirubin
concentration 2) Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity 3) Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGTP) 4) 5`-
Nucleotidase - Chronic liver disease: Serum Albumin concentration
Bilirubin results from the enzymatic breakdown of heme. Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous
membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia.
Pre-hepatic or hemolytic jaundice - Abnormal red cells, antibodies,drugs and toxins,Hemoglobinopathies, Gilbert’s
syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Hepatic or Hepatocellular jaundice-Viral hepatitis,toxic hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis
Post-hepatic jaundice -Extrahepatic cholestasis, gallstones, tumors of the bile duct, carcinoma of pancreas
In viral hepatitis and other forms of liver disease associated with acute hepatic necrosis, serum AST and ALT
concentrations are elevated even before the clinical signs and symptoms of disease appear.
ALT is the more liver-specific enzyme and elevations of ALT activity persist longer than AST activity.
Peak values of aminotransferase activity occur between the seventh and twelfth days. Activities then gradually decrease,

Page 3 of 5
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:17PM

BIOCHEMISTRY
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
reaching normal activities by the third to fifth week. Peak activities bear no relationship to prognosis and may fall with
worsening of the patient's condition.
Aminotransferase activities observed in cirrhosis vary with the status of the cirrhotic process and range from the upper
reference limit to four to five times higher, with an AST/ALT ratio greater than 1. The ratio's elevation can reflect the grade
of fibrosis in these patients. Slight or moderate elevations of both AST and ALT activities have been observed after
administration of various medications and chronic hepatic injury such as (1) hemochromatosis, (2) Wilson disease, (3)
autoimmune hepatitis, (4) primary biliary cirrhosis, (5) sclerosing cholangitis, and (6) a1-antitrypsin deficiency.
AST activity also is increased in acute myocardial infarction, progressive muscular dystrophy and dermatomyositis, reaching
concentrations up to eight times the upper reference limit.Slight to moderate AST elevations are noted in hemolytic
disease.
GGT is a sensitive indicator of the presence of hepatobiliary disease, being elevated in most subjects with liver disease
regardless of cause. Increased concentrations of the enzyme are also found in serum of subjects receiving anticonvulsant
drugs, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital.

Page 4 of 5
PO No :PO3979242722-431

Name : Ms.SHRABANTI DAS :

Age/Gender : 38/Female Registration Date : 28-Dec-22 01:02 PM
Patient ID : MGB310301 Collection Date : 28/Dec/2022 10:40AM
Barcode ID / Order ID : D1017322 / 6352298 Sample Receive Date : 28/Dec/2022 02:37PM
Referred By : Dr. Report Status : Final Report
Sample Type : Serum Report Date : 28/Dec/2022 07:49PM

Immunology
Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method

Vitamin D (25-OH) 9.3 ng/mL Deficiency:< 20, CMIA

Insufficiency:20-29,
Sufficiency:30-100,
Hypervitaminosis:> 100

Comment:

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid prohormone involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and the regulation of calcium
homeostasis.
Two forms of vitamin D are biologically relevant - vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol).
Both vitamins D3 and D2 can be absorbed from food but only an estimated 10-20perc. of vitamin D is supplied through
nutritional intake.
Vitamin D is converted to the active hormone 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D (Calcitriol) through two hydroxylation reactions. The
first hydroxylation converts vitamin D into 25-OH vitamin D and occurs in the liver. The second hydroxylation converts 25-
OH vitamin D into the biologically active 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D and occurs in the kidneys as well as in many other cells of
the body.
Most cells express the vitamin D receptor and about 3perc. of the human genome is directly or indirectly regulated by the
vitamin D endocrine system.
The major storage form of vitamin D is 25-OH vitamin D and is present in the blood at up to 1,000 fold higher
concentration compared to the active 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D. 25-OH vitamin D has a half-life of 2-3 weeks vs. 4 hours for
1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D. Therefore, 25-OH vitamin D is the analyte of choice for determination of the vitamin D status.
Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency include low sun exposure, inadequate intake, decreased absorption, abnormal
metabolism, vitamin D resistance and and liver or kidney diseases.
Vitamin D deficiency is a cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism and diseases resulting in impaired bone metabolism (like
rickets, osteomalacia).
Recently, many chronic diseases such as cancer, high blood pressure, osteoporosis and several autoimmune diseases
have been linked to vitamin D deficiency.

Utility Quantitative determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitamin D).

*** End Of Report ***

Page 5 of 5