Se TeANE PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS BASIC CONCEP’ |. Elasticity: When an external force is applied on a body, which is not free to move, the shape or size ofthe body tends to change. Then the body is deformed and so the external force i called deforming force. At the same time a restoring force is acting which isan interatomic force whose :magnitude is equal to the applied external foree, When this deforming force is removed, the body agin acquires is original sate, ‘The property of material ofa body by virtue of which the body regains its original undeformed sate after removal of deforming force i called the elasticity and the body is called elastic body. Plasticity: By application of external deforming force, ithe body undergoes a permanent change in shape and after removal ofthe deforming force, the body does not regan its original shape, the body scaled a plastic body and the property is called plasticity. Limit of Elasticity: The limiting deforming force below which a body retains its property is clastcty and above which i ores its property of elasticity i called the imit of elasticity. 4A. Elastic After Effect: Mos of the bodies do not recover their original position instantaneously after removal of deforming force evenifitis below the elastic limit, but take time. This ime-lag is called the ehsic ater effect Is neglibigle for quartz 5. Elastic Fatigue: The phenomenon by vitue of which an elastic body does not regain its original shape immediately after removal of deforming force rather it takes 2 longer time to get back its original configuration is called elastic fatigue. 6. Stress-Strain f= Stress: The internal restoring force acting per unit area of a deformed body i called stress. Internal restri suessia) Sl unit of stress is Nin, In scalar quantity Dimension — [ML"'T Type ofsiress 1. Normal tress or Longitudinal stress @) Tensile stress (©) Compresive stress 2. Volumetric stress oF Hydraulic stress 3. Shear stesso Tangential sess 1 Strain): The ratio of change in configuration to original configuration is called strain Change in configuration Swain 1c has no unit and dimensions.Types of Strain: © Longitudinal train = Changeinlength _ ay Original ength Change in volume _ av “Original volome” a or tangential strain ¢ Volumetric strain es ‘© When a beam is bent, then both compression strain aswell as extension stain is produced. Hooke’s Law According to this law, within the elastic limits, stress is proportional to the strain, Stress = St Stress = E Strain > a= Be where Eis constant called modulus ofclsticity ofthe material ofthe body | Modulus of Elasticity: [is defined asthe ratio of the stesso corresponding strain produced ‘within the elastic mis, Suess Strain S.L-unit = Nim? Dimension —[alz-"7-4 Its value depends upon the nature ofthe material ofthe body and the manner in which the body is deformed. Its value is independent of the dimensions (length, volume, etc) ofthe body. Ii does not depend upon the value of stress and strain, Its value depends upon the temperature ofthe body, Modulus of elasticity has same dimensional formula and nit as that of stress, since strain is dimensionless, Types of Modulus of Ela = Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (¥): Normal stress Tonga stra £ A PL BL“ aar T © Greater the value of Young's modulus of a material, larger is its elasticity: Therefore, steel is more elastic than copper ‘© Under 7, tension, the length becomes L, and under the tension Ty the length becomes Ly. Then bth Acualengh y= = © Elongation na wircby hs onn weight wr MEA Met AY AY gay ( M = mass ee 7 AL volume X density A=‘m Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (@): £ Normalstress__ 4 =r v we a (p= increase in pressure {© Value of Bis maximum for solid and minimum for gases. 1 Compressbilty (k): The reciprocal of bulk modus of elasticity is called compres ‘© Young's modulus and Bulk modulus fora perfectly rigid body is infinity. Stress-Strain Curve: Bai 4 = limit of proportionality proportional limit stress clastic limit point 19, = elastic limit stress (= upper yield point Gp = upper yielding stress 14= lower yield point 6, = lower yielding tress de = yielding of material at constant stress sukimate point Jkimate stress ‘g= breaking point Denese Q Ans. [A steel wire of length 4.7 m and cross-sectional area 3.0 x 10° m* stretches by the same amount asa copper wire of length 3.5 m and cross-sectional area of 4.0 x 10° mm? under a ven Lond. What ithe ratio of the Young's modulus of tel to that of copper? ’ PAF Young's modulus, Y= fA = FE For same extension and load, F and AL are sameGiven Ly = 4.7 m.Ay= 8.0 x 107 mi, 0x 108 mt? 50x10 1.7 (upto two significant Figures) Q.2 The given figure shows the strain-stress curve for a given material, What are (2) Young's ‘modulus and (i) approximate yield strength of this material? core #8 ‘aoT so a9 a ‘Ans. Young's modulus is related to linear part of stessstain curve and at yield point the material does not return to its inital state alter removal of deforming force © Choosing straight portion of stress-strain curve where they intersect. Stress = 150 x 10° Nav? Strain = 0.002 S058 = 150210 5 90 ee? ~ Surin "0.002 — = 75 * 10" Nav (@ield points approximately atthe point where the graph stars to decline 50 Yield strength = 800 < 10° = 3 x 108 Nav Q.3. The stress-strain graphs of materials A and {Bare shown in below. The graphs are drawn K | 6 to the same seale. (Which of he materia asthe greter i Young's modulus? (4) Which ofthe ewo is stronger material? ha i x = Ans. () The slope of straight line of gr ‘more than that of slope of straight line Stress Strain (i) Ais stronger material because its modulus of clatcty is more than that of B QA. Read the following statement below carefully and state, The Young's modulus of rubber is greater than that of stel False : In fact Young’s modulus of rubber is less than that of steel, because for same amount of represents ‘= Young’s modulus. So, Young’s modulus of Ais more than that of .Ans. Ans. Ans. A rigid bar of mass 15 kg is supported symmetrically by three wires each 2.0 m Two wires of diameter 0.25 em, one made of stel and the other made of brass are loaded as shown in Fig. ‘The unloaded length of stel wire is 1.5 m and that of brass wire is WANN 1.0 m. Compute the elongations of steel and brass wires. Young's modulus of material of wire of length L radius rand loaded asm by weight mg is given by 2 where lis extension of wire art Mg ary For weel wire, L= 1.5 m,M = (40 + 6.0) = 10.0 kg Extension, Radius = 9 oy 01285 10% ig = 20% 10! 3.14 x (0.125109)? 2.0 x10" Forbes, L= Mm = 0 in 6.0x98x10 3.14 (0.12510)? <0.9110"" Extension of sec wite fun 15x 10m 91 x 10" Pa Extension of brass wire, law = 13x 10¢m . Four identical hollow cylindrical columns of mild steel support a big structure of mass 50,000 kg. The inner and outer radii of each column are 30 cm and 60 em respectively. Assuming the load distribution to be uniform, calculate the compressional strain of each column. ‘The weight of structure is supported equally by all four pillers and Young's modulus Gompressional stress FA ‘Compressional strain ~ AL/Z 000 1021.25 10° N snd Herer; = 30em = 0.30 m,n, = 60m = 0.60 m 4» 2(@.0-(03081-055n? au). ease! . compen (ME) = = ABAD ay 9 tach end are of copper and the middle one is of iron. Determine the ratio of th cach is to have the same tension. 15 Load supported by each wire = 1 kg wt | of = 5g=5x98N = 490N = Mah Mel _ 4Mgl. 6 From relation,Ans. Qo. Ans. sigh a Astenon Mg length Land extension are sane, so Dt 190x108 120x107 Compute the bulk modulus of water from the following data: Initial volume = 100.0 ttre, pressure increase = 100.0 atm (1 atm = 1.013 X 10° Pa), Final volume = 100.5 lite. Compare the butk modulus of water with tha of air (at constant temperature). Explain in simple terms why the ratio is so large. ‘Change in pressure __ ap. Bulk modulus = —Votumestrain —~ BV 77 _ Hae av Given , AP = 100.00 aum = 100.0 x (L013 x 10") = LOIS x 10” Pa, Y= 100.0 lite, 00,5 100.0 = 0.5 litre change in volume =Vaai~ Vit (100 Bulk modules, Bay = 2.026% 10" Pa OS ite Bulk modulus ofa, Byy = 1.0 x 10° N mw? Praan _ 2.026%108 Buy 10x10" “The reason ofthis hrge ratio is that intermolecular forces in gases are negligible as compared to ki What is the density of water at a depth where pressure is 80.0 atm, given that surface is 1.03 x 10" kg mv? (Given, K = 45.8 x 107" Pah I 1 Bulk modulus = Gy Gompresbiliy ~ 5.8% 10- Par Consider an clement of mass of water. As mass = (Volume X density) remains constant, Le, = 2026x108 = density at = 2.1810" Pa Map scons Diteenining O=Va9+ pa" oe votume nnn AY 0 8 apa Blk mada, Be AP a ah Change in demi ao = 282 a ss, ape EAELOWBIOH LODO? tating given vie, apm TOXLOUEHIOHALOBRIO? 44 Density at required depth, p! = p + Ap = 1.03 x 10° + 0.004 x 10" = 1.084 x 10? kg/m?Q.10. Compute the fractional change in volume of a glass slab, when subjected to a hydraulic pressure of 10 atm. (Given, gg = 87 X 10? Pa) Ans. Bulk modulus, oe av ap. = Fractional change in volume, 4 VO Bo AP = 10 aum = 10% L013 x 10° Pa Ba = 87% 10? Pa AV 10%1.013%10" 2g ay cigs v 37x10" = 2.74 x 10° (decrease) 11, Determine the volume contraction of «solid copper cube, 10 cm on an edge, when subjected is, toa hydraulic pressure of 7.0 X 106 Pa. ‘Ans. Volume strain AY = AP = _7.06%10- ve ‘Volume of copper eube, ¥ = (10 em)" = 1000 em? Volume contraction, AV = 5.0% 10° = 5.0 x 10° « 1000.em? 0.050 em* Q.12, How much should the pressure on a litre of water be changed to compress it by 0.105%? Changein pressure 4p Volume stain" ~BV 77 av. 0.10 AY soto = 240 = 10x 105 ‘Ans. Bulk modulus Changein prsre ar = (82) = 22 x 10° Pa Q.18. Anvils made of single crystals of diamond, with the shape as shown pressures. Flat faces atthe narrow end of the anvil have a diameter of (0.50 mm and the wide ends are subjected to a compression force of 50,000 N. What is the pressure atthe ip ofthe anit Samet Y nts gar ‘Ans. The compressional foree is same at each cross-section of erystal. Ny Pressure = Compressional stress Here, F = 50,000 N,v = 2 = 25.2 9.5 10% m 50,000 Pressure, PQu Ans. Qis. Ans. ‘Arod of length 1.05 m having negligible mass is supported at its ends by wo wires of steel (wire 4) and aluminium (wire B) ‘of equal lengths as shown in Fig. The cross-sectional area of| wires A and B are 1.0 um! and 2.0 mm? respectively. At what point along the rod should a mass m be suspended in order to produce () equal stresses and () equal strains, in the both steel and aluminium wires. Let T; and Ty be tensions in wites and B vespectively and x the distance of point P along the rod where m is suspended. For equilibrium, moments of forces about P must be 2er0, i. Ty.x = Ty (1.05-%) ro) (For equal stresses in wires A and B T_Ty we have ant Ty Ty T0720, = Tym Substituting this value in (), we get Ty.x = Wy (1.05-x) > x=210-2% = > e210 or <= 070m (i For equal strains in wires A and B a ie (Strain), = (Straimy > . (r,/10) _(t,/2.0) - oxt0") = 20x10" 1.0 > 1, = 0707, Again from (i) Ty.x = 0707, (1.05-%) > 70x = 0.70% 1.05 0.70x1.05 | = Am = 048m mild steel wir 0 m and cross-sectional area, ¢——1 0 m——— A mild steel wire of length 1.0 m and area 19 7 0.50 x 107 emis stretched, well within its elastic limits, horizontally between two pillars. Amass of 100 gi suspended 7 + from the mid-point of the wire. Caleulate the depression at the mid-point. AD = BD = 050m ‘When the mass of M Ma 100 gis atached to mid-point, the wire takes the shape ACB Tillie slaC Vay (CBF = YiO50 FF sy << 0.50 m, so using binomial theorem wheat ac=os0h+— > _| 250.5 +cn=2% soe 10+ sen = 40+ 00 =2% 080 ft + oe |= Logg Increase in length, = aca -a08 = oy is aL _ ¥050 yt Longitudinal rain ae Te For vertical equilbrium, 27°cos@ = T= F058 IFA is crosesecional area of wte,sres in wie, r Mg. SA Boost Suess Y Strain 0.50 Mg BA cos Oy Myles From fig. 088 = 4G ~ AC ~ aD ~ 050 0.50 Mg (20 24x O50 035g > 2 ‘2aY ‘Substituting M = 100g = 0.10 kg, ¢= 9.8 ms? Yong = 2.0 X 10" Nm“, A = 0.50 x 10 cm® = 0.50 x 10“ m* 025%0.10%98 = 995. oe 20.50% 10 X2.0%10" = (1225)! 108 my = 1.07 X10 Q.16. “The Marina trench is loaded in the Pacific ocean and at one place itis nearly 11 km beneath the surface of water. The water pressure atthe bottom ofthe tench is about LL X 10" Pa. A steel ball of initial volume 0.32 m? is dropped into the ocean and falls to the bottom of the trench. What isthe change in the volume of the bal when it reaches to the botiom? ‘Ans. Change in presure AP = Pressure of water at bottom LL x 108 Pa Bulk modulus ofsteel, B= 1.60 x 10!" Nv?By definition Lito" 1.60% 10" 675 xt 6.875 x 104 032 m" > 6.875% 10" Change in volume Decrease in volume PSae ee see 1. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. HOOKE’S LAW AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY From the experimental investigations, Robert Hooke, an english physicist (1635-1708 AD), formulated in 1679, a law known after him as Hooke’s law which states that the extension produced in a wire is directly proportional to the oad applied. In 1807, Thomas Young pointed ‘out thatthe strain is proportional tothe extension on the wire and the slress is proportional to the load applied. He, therefore, modified Hooke's law and stated that within the elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional stain. Thus, within the elas iit, 22% 104 mt Stress or Constant ‘The constant of proportionality is called modulus of elasticity or coefficient of elasticity of the ‘material. Is value depends on the nature ofthe material of the body and the manner in which itis deformed. 7 ( State one imitation of Hooke’s law (ii) Strese-strain graphs of two materials A and B are shown in figure. Which material has [greater Young modulus? (i), State two factors on which the modulus of elasticity depends. (i) Avice whose erosesectional ara is 2 mini stretched by 0.1 mm by 8 certain load, and ifa similar wire of tiple the area of cross-section i stretched by the same load, then what willbe the elongation in the second wire?Answers: (@ Hooke’ law is obeyed only upto the proportionality limit of the material Go y= 8S = Slope of stress-strain eutve As lope of A is more than that of B, sd has more Young's modulus (i) Tedepends upon (@) nature ofthe mate (Oeype of stress used in producing the strain, () According to Young's modulus of elastic BA vy e| 1 = aaeEd Ale 7 E 4 For same F, and ¥, 1 4 1 ¥ $ % 0.1 mm = 0.083 mm 2. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. HYDRAULIC STRESS Consider rubber ball and tit is dipped in the pond. Due to the pressure of water from all directions force acs on the ball a a ‘result the ball seems to be slightly contracted. Because of the force exerted by the water there is restoring force which develops inthe av ball which i equal in magnitude to the force applied by the water but in opposite direction, This ype of stress is known a hydraulic (]) What isthe Bull modulus fr a perfect rigid body? (i) The compressibility of water is 4 x 10° per unit atmospheric pressure, What wll be the derease in volume of 10 em! of water under a pressure of 100 (ii) Stress and pressure are both foree per unit area. Then in what respect does stress differ from pressure? (is) Which one i Answers: (@) Bulk modutusis given by _ Sires > we ®*Volumestrain = BV = a For perfectly rigid body change: more elastic-water or air? volume AV = 0, therefore volumetric strain is Hence, bulk modulus fora perfectly rigid body is infinity.is the reciprocal of bulk modulus (8) ie. K = Gi) Compressibii + Campresiiy = AY av Toox i100 AV = 04 em* (i) As both one normal force per unit area but pressure is the external force per unit area, 4x10 = while stress isthe ermal restoring force which comes into play in a deformed body acting transversely per unit area ofthe body. (io) Water is more elastic than ai, Because air can be easily compressed while water is incompressible and bulk modulus is reciprocal of compressibility. Benenson (2 marks) Q Ans. Qe Ans. Qs Ans. J. The bulk modulus of water is 2.3 x 10° Nav. Find is compress ‘Why are springs made of steel and not of copper? Because the Young’s modulus of sec is greater than that of copper so stcel spring is stretched lesser than.a copper spring under the same deforming fore, Moreover, steel return toit original state more quickly than copper on the removal of deforming force. What is elastic hysteresis We know that some materials tke appreciable time to recover to their original condition completely. In other words, the strain persists even when the stress is removed. This lagging bbehind of strain is called ebstic hysteresis, wire stretches by a certain amount under a load. Ifthe load and radius both are increased to four times, find the stretch caused in the wire. A _ Su FL Youngrmodlas, Y= Poss ay ALF Elongation, a = pa When both load and radius are increased to four times, the elongation becomes 4Pxt | Fl al Ray ay # How much pressure in atmosphere is needed to compressa sample of water by 0.1%? Take I atm = 1.01 % 10® Nav, 18 10? Newt = XI oy = 3.97 x 10am Lowi Fg gt ae! Now, AP =-o1%=58) = 0.001 tncresein prose, P= (32) 2.97 x 10! x 0.001= 22.7 atmQ.5. What are elastomers? Draw a stress-strain graph for an elastomer, ‘Ans. ‘The materials which can be elastically stretched to large values of strain are called elastomers. i h ° 5 an tO Q-6. The Young’s modulus for stel is much more than that for rubber. For the same longitudinal strain, which one will have greater tensile stress? INCERT Exemplar] ‘Tensile Stress Ans. Young's modulus (= Tre For same longitudinal strain, Young's modulus is proportional to tensile stress, ie, Ya stress Y, (eel) >> ¥, (rubber) ($e) an GES er “ Therefore, rom equation (), (155s Sire pater (Stes) * (SEs 1 Hence, for same longitudinal strain, stel wll have greater tensile stress than that of rubber, 7. () Whats the Young's modulus for a perfect rigid body? (G) Whats the Bulk modulus fora perfect rigid body? INCERT Exemplar] ‘Ans. (@ According to Hooke’s law eros rot = jongitudinal strain ~ ABT Fora perfectly rigid body, change in length Al = 0, therefore longitudinal strain i zero. e Wa txgew Hence, Young's modulus fora perfectly rigid body is infinite (0) (Bulk modulus is given by Stress Pa Volume strain" B07 ~ A w= Fora perfectly rigid body, change in ength AV = 0, therefore volumetric strain is zero. a 7 Hence, bulk modulus fora perfectly rigid body is infinite (0) Q.8. A steel rod (¥ = 2.0 x 10" Nav; and « = 10°C") of length 1 m and area of cross-section 1 emis heated from 0°C to 200°C, without being allowed to extend or bend. What is the tension produced in the rod? INCERT Exemplar}‘Ans. Ifthe temperature ofthe rod increases, length increases. The equation of thermal expansion for Q0 Ans. Qo. Ans. Jinear expansion willbe applied Young's modulus of tel, ¥= 2.0 x 10" Nim? Coetficient of thermal expansion, a = 10°° °C"! Length, L= tm Area ofcross-section A = Lem? = 1 10m? Rise in temperature AT = 200°C~ 0°: = 200°C A= Lem? = 10 m#, A= 200°C °C = 200°C AL = ALA = 109 x1 200= 2% 10m Let the tension produced in rod by the compression is T: a aL TxA =r 2X0 a got 10! I 5104 = ax108N ‘To what depth musta rubber ball be taken in deep sea 0 that its volume is decreased by 0.15. (The bulk modulus of rubber is 9.8 X 10" N mand the density of sea water i 10° kgm) (NCERT Exemplar] = or 6 Density ofsea water (p) cn, Bulk modulus of rubber (B) = 9.8 x 10" Nin? 10 kgm” av 7 Percentage decrease in volume, == 0.1% = yg = 10" p= 108 kgm? Let the rubber ball be taken up to depth CChangein pressure (AP) = hog We know, B = AP = 98% 10" x 10° = 98 x 10° Nav? Also, AP = ph Sh = 10'm=100m A truck is pulling a ear out ofa ditch by means ofa steel cable that is 9.1 m long and has @ radius of mm. When the cat just begins to move, the tension inthe eabe is 800 N. How much has the cable stretched? (Young's modulus for steel is2 x 10"! Nov!) [NCERT Exemplar] Given, Length of steel eable, = 9.1 m Radius, r= $ mm = 5 x 107m “Tension in the cable, F = 800 N Young's modulus for steel, Y= 2 x 10" Nim? si AL G10 (8.1425 x10) = AL=5x10+m=05x107 m 464 <10-%mEen eke scan Q Ans. a2 Ans. Ans. - Abba of eross-section dis subjected to equal and opposite q (Emrce Explain why steel is more elastic than rubber, Consider two pieces of wires. one of steel and the other of rubber. Let both a (L)and of equal area of cross-section (4), Let each be stretched by equal forces, each being equal to F. We find that the change in length ‘of the rubber wire (is more than that ofthe steel ())¢f,< fp ICY, and ¥, the Young's moduli fof steel and rubber Fespectvely then from the definition of Young's modulus, © of equal length EL EL Ne Tp and = TE x x Ast eh Peter wey So, the Young's modulus of stelis more than tha of rubber, Hence see is more easy than. rubber Calculate percentage increase in the length of a wire having diameter 2.5 mm and is stretched by aforce 100 kgf forthe wire = 12.5 x 10" dyne em. Here, y * dyne em = 12.5 x 10! Nev? Diameter, D = 2.5mm = 2.5 x 10° m F = 100kg f= 100 x 98 N = 980. Aa ra n(L25 x10) mt Using the relation, ve th ve ar “Be al FE FE inlength = “Px100= Fp x100=—F x 100 980 x Saac(Lasx 10x 1as x10" = 15.98 « 10 so46% ence tensile forces (F,F) at its ends. Consider a plane through the bar making an angle 0 with a plane at right angles to the bar (ig) 4 F ‘What is the tensile stress in this plane in terms of F,.A and t (0? For what value of is it maximum? (NCERT Exemplar] - 4 Area ofplane, ay = Force normal to area of plane = F cos © a Normal force ___Feos® _ Fos Tensile stress = Crone sectional area ~ AJcosO~ 4%" ® > o=0 For maximum tensile strain, cos? J. A copper wire of negligible mass, 1 m in length and cross-section area of 10° mis kept on a smooth horizontal table with one and fixed. A ball of mass 1 kg i attached to the other end. ‘Tis lh Hl ai vette aor vidocdly af SB rad, Baba cheatinin the wire is 10° m, obtain the Young's modulus. If on increasing the angular veloc 10 rad", the wire breaks down, obtain the breaking stress. ‘Ans. As ball is rotated atthe end of copper wit, restoring free inthe wie is equal to centripetal force. ee ee y Now, Breaking force = mit, = mLvi, = 1X 1x (100)% = 108N =10 Area 105 Q.5. Two diferent types of rubber are found to have the stresestrain curves as show (In which significant ways do these cere ier fom te sreeain 4 1 Fortine Breaking stress = = 10" Nm? figure. curve ofa metal wie? (i) Aeay machin is be nae in ecory. To absorb vibrations of the tetcina, «block of eater i paced berween the machinery andthe floor “agp = Which of the two rubbers 4 and: B sould you prefer to use fortis purpose? Why? (i Which ofthe wo rubber materials would you choose for aca tyre? Ans. () Theeuresshow that rubber does not follow Hooke’ even for sl sreses, while metals necessarily obey Hooks aw for sal stese, Rubber docs nol undergo permanea sin mer ae for large stresses while metals undergo permanent strain, One more important characteriatic is tha the rubber docs not retrace the same curve during unloading. Tis featare is known 2 ‘late hyteresi (i) The area ofthe hysteresis lop measures the energy dissipated inthe form of heat. Arca of Bis more than that of A. Therelore, material can absorb more vibrations than 4. Hence, to absorb vibrations rubber B would be preferred (Gi) Ima car tye iti desired to minimise the heating, Hence, rubber A would be preferred than rubber B Q.6. A-solid sphere of radius R made of a material of bulk modulus ‘Bis | 4g serrounded hy guid ina cylindrical container. A massless pson of | | area‘ floats on the surface of the liquid. When a mass ‘Mis placed on the piston to compress the liquid, what isthe fractional change in the radius ofthe sphere? ‘Ans. Normal siesson sphere = Normal stress Bulk modulus, ce = Rormabaressar Melk Me Volimestrin SY = Me Me @ Volume other, v= at “ ass change in aise ilereiaing ar = Snr an) 48 ay, rowan ae Sabasing ae in, west Me a Mm Fraional changein atin, ME = ME (7. Wats latices Mention or fon Llc yer igure thor ie uremic fort ber : sample when loaded and then unloaded. For inereasing load, the stres-stain curve is OAB and for deereasing load, the curve js, BCO. The fact that the stress-strain curve i not retracted on f reversing the strain is known as elastic hysteresis, “he shaded aren of the hysteresis loop 0480 represents the f © energy los as heat during the loading-unloading eee. Applications of elastic hysteres (Car tyres are made with synthetic rubbers having smallarea hysteresis loop because such tyres will not get excessively heated during the journey: (i) Appadding of vuleanized rubber having large-area hysteresis loop is used in shock absorbers between the vibrating system and the fla board. As the rubber is compressed and released during each vibration, it dissipates large amount vibrational energy. Q.8. ‘Theelastic limit ofa steel cable is 3.0x 10" Nim" and the eross-aection area is 4 cmt, Caleulate the maximum upward acceleration that can be given to 900 kg elevator supported by the if the stress i not to exceed one-third ofthe elastic Limit [HOTS] ‘Ans. Given mass oF elevator, m = 900 kg, elastic limit of sect cable = 8.0 x 10* Nim? and cross-section 4x 1m Sees — area, = em? T= meta T_me+a) 9000840) 4 sues = & OO SO a7 a 10% As stress should not exceed one-third of elastic limit of steel cable, hence in limiting case s sox1o' _ 900008+a) So, ° read 3 10" 04x10 > ow WRT ose tana = 34.6 msQ.9. When weight Wis hung from one end of awire of length L (other end being fixed, the length of the wire increases by 1 (Fig. a). Ifthe wire is passed over a pulley and two weights W each are hung at the two ends (Fig, b), what will be the total elongation in the wire? (HOTS) @) w Ww ‘Ans. Let ¥ = Young's modulus of the matt ICA be ts area of cross-section, then FA _ WL y= fhm (Few wi. or 1 “0 ‘When the wire is passed over a pulley, let 1" be the increase in length of the each segment. since & = length of cach segment. 2 Wil) ya WEL or = BEE prom equation (0 Ai) “Total increase in the length of the wire 1 aretemaax gar Q.10, Artificial diamond crystals have been manufactured by subjecting carbon in the form of sraphite to a pressure of 1.55 x 10" Nu at a high temperature. Assuming that natural diamonds were formed at similar high pressure within the earth, what must have been the original volume ofthe Kehinor diamond, whove mats before cultng was sbout 175g? The density of the diamond = 3.5 gem and its bulk modulus = 62 x 10" Nav. ‘Ans: Mass ofthe diamond = 175 g Density = 85 genr 175 ’ Volume = V3 = 50m! IF the original volume ofthe diamond were ¥ then v= 50+aV ‘where AVis increase in volume under the pressure during its formation. Py, Bulk modulus, B= = BE Substuting (V=50) for AV a 8 _ 62x10" |v P * Ys5x10" or ¥ = 40v-2000 V = 5128em> the values of Pa B,wehaveane (eines Qn Ans. (i) Define the term stress and strain, Also describe the different types of stress and str (Gi) Explain an experiment for determination of Young's modulus of the material ofa wire. (@ Stress: The internal restoring force ating per unit area ofa deformed body is called stress. Internal restoring force Fens “Area of crossseetion "A I there is no permanent change in the configuration ofthe body, then the restoring force is ‘equal and opposite tothe external deforming force applied. St unit: Nim? Dimensions : (M! L*T*] ‘Types of Stress (@) Normal stress or Longitudinal stres When a deforming force acts normally over an area ofa body, then internal restoring force set up per unit arca of the bod is called normal stress, 1. Tensile stress: Stress there i an increase in the length or extension ofthe body in the direction of applied force, then the stress setup isclled tensile stress. 2. Compressive Stress: there isa decrease in the length or compression of the body due to applied force then, the stress sct up is ealled compressive stress (©) Volume stress or Hydraulic stress: If equal normal forces are applied on every plane surface of a body, then it undergoes ‘change in volume. The restoring force opposing this change in volume per unit area is defined as volume stress. nis generally porble when a solid spherical body is place in a uid under high pressure. (©) Tangential or Shearing stress When a deforming force acting tangentially to ihe surface ofa body produces a change in the shape ofthe body without any change in volume then the sires setup in the body i called tangential or shearing sre Sirsins The rato of change in configuration tothe original configuration is called srsin Change in configuration Strain = Original configuration — Sarain has no units and dimensions. (@) Longiudioal sal [fhe deforming force produces a change in length alone, then the srsn produced in the body called longitudinal or tensile tran, Changeinlength ar “Original lengih ~T Longitudinal sso © ro) ‘Volumetrie strain: Ifthe deforming force produces a change in volume alone, then the strain produced in the body scaled volumetric stain. Chang. “Original volume ~ 17 v | volume _ av, Volumetric strain = Shearing strain: the deforming force produces a change in the shape ‘of the body without changing its volume, then the stain produced is called sheating strain, is defined as angle in radian through which a plane perpendicular tothe fixed surface of the cubical body gett turned under the effet of tangential orce Shearing stain 6 = = Experiment to determine the Young’s modulus of the ‘material ofa wire. As shown in Figure, the experimental arrangement consist of two long straight wires of same length and equal radius suspended side by side from a fixed rigid support. The wire A called the merece wire, Reference ‘carries a main millimeter scale M and below ita heavy“ fixed load, This load keeps the wire tight and fre from Sxparnera Kinks. The wite B, called the experimental wire, carts a eric ees bom. The semi eale aade ain che main sale ached wtheretrencewite. A MBO a Nngerisstached atte ler end he veri se Slotied halt kg weights can be slipped into this hanger. Both the reference and experimental wites are given Fea ‘an initial small load to keep the wires straight and the Weaht verier reading is noted. Now the experimental wir is loaded witha smalladdiional mass. The wireisallowed toe reading is noted again, The difference betwcen the two vernier readings give ‘sites welts \gateforaminute, Thevernier the elongation [AL produced in the wire. Let rand L-be initial radius and length of the experimental wire respectively: Then the Young's modulus ofthe material ofthe experimental wire is given by2 State Hooke’s law and define diferent types of elastic constant with units and formula. i) A cable is replaced by another of the same length and material but of twice the diameter. (a) How does ths affect its elongation under a given load? (6) How many times will be the maximum load it can now support without exceeding the clastic limit (@ Hooke’s Law: The strain of the material is proportional to the applied stress within the clastic imit ofthat material ‘Types of modulus of elasticity: Young's modulus of elasticity (¥) It is defined as the ratio of normal stress to the longitudinal strain within the elastic imi. [Normal stress Longin rain = AE T FA Sotha y= fe FL. or ve fh Greater the value of Young's modulus of material, larger sits elasticity. Therefore stel is more elastic than copper. Bulk modulus of elasticity (B) Its defined asthe ratio of normal stress tothe volumetric strain within the clastic mit, Normal stress 8 Volumetric strain FE Normal stress = Volumetric strain = SY “The value of Bis ma (i (@) Young’s modulus, ‘Mal -Mel_ 4 Mt “FahyDis the diameter of the wire. 4 Mel Elongation, A= = ie, Mat =DY D Geary ifthe diameter is doubled, elongation will become one-fourth, sh aby (0) Ato toad, Mg= #8 in, Mgeot Clearly ifthe diameters doubled, the wire an support times the original load Q.8. Explain sress es strain curve fora loaded steel wire and hence explain the term elas limit yield point and plate range. Ans. f= slime point ( 4 = breaking point (99 For ductile materials wild steel) 4. = limit of proportional () = elastic imit pon (,) 6 = upper yield point (9) = lower yield point (6,1) de = yielding of material at constant stress osm) nee “The curve starts from the origin O showing thereby that there is no intial stressor train inthe test specimen upto point’, Hooke’ law is obeyed and @ strain, Therefore Oa ie straight line and js called the limit of proportionality and the stress at point ais ealled the proportional limits stress (6) ‘The portion of the diagram between ab is not a straight line but upto point B the material ‘remains elastic and point bs called elastic imit stress (g,). In actual practice the point and bare 0 close to each other that it becomes dificult to differentiate between them, Beyond point, the material gocs to phstic stage until the upper yield point. is reached. At this point the cross sectional area ofthe material starts decreasing. So, the stress decreases toa lower value toa point alled lower yeld point. Atpointd specimen elongatesby a considerable amount without any increase in stress upto pointe. The portion de is called yielding of the material at constant stress, From point ¢ onward, the train hardening phenomena becomes predominant and the strength of material increases thereby requiring more stress for deformation until point{is veached. Point fis called the ukimate point and stress corresponding to this point is called the ultimate stress (o,). It is the maximum stress to which the material can be subjected in simple tensile and ultimately the specimen breaks at point known as breaking point and the corresponding stress i ealled breaking sre, Fora britle material ike cat ron theres very lite elongation and reduction in area of specimen, for such materials. The yield point is not marked at all and straight line portion of diagram is alo very small “The material which breaks as soon as stress is inereased beyond the elastic limits called brite (Portion of graph b wo gis zero) “The material which have good plastic range portion are called ductile material Q.4. (A steel wire of mass m per unit length with a circular cross-section has a radius 0.1 em. is of length 10 m when measured lying horizontal and hangs from a hook on I. A mass of 25 kg is hung from the free end of the wire. Assuming the wire to be form and lateral strain << longitudinal strain, find the extension in the length ofthe wire. The density of steel is 7860 kg m*, (Young's modulus ¥ = 2x 10" Nim#,g = 10 m/s! (i) the yield stress of steel i 2.5 x 10" Nim, whats the maximum weight that can be hung atthe lower end ofthe wire? ‘Ans. @ Consider an element py of width deat a distance x from the lower end where load sted. “Tension on clement dis The + ds)—T) = (marie 4 = ae = nang te = aT = mise I: Invegrating Tis) = mex +6 Af aaa where Cis constant of integration, Ate= 0,7(9)= Mg Mg20+¢ 3 CaMg In view ofthis, equation () become Te) = Me + mex Ai) Let increase in length of element debe dl, then Toi ve ade Teyde _ (ig-+mes) ewe a Total elongation (), (M+ mg) Ia Fafrerme's| pron + meee ya| Melty Given A = we? = 8.14 % (0.1. 10)8 mi = 5.14 104M = 25 kg,m = mrp = 3.14 x 10% x 7860 kgm aa 1 4 10° 7860 10 (10) 2x10" (8.14 x10) 2 asx 1010+ 2512x1010 cory 10° fy 10? 1 1E Zs x10" +001210 = 410% m= 4mm (2) Let maximum weight that can be hung be M’ ‘The maximum tension atthe top most point i, atx = L. Tay (M+ mL) g Vield force, "F = (Yield stress) x Cross-section area 25 10 8.4 x LO}! = 785 N Atyield (8 + my g = 785.N > (a + 8.14% 10" > 7860 % 10) = 78.5 = M+ 095 = 785 M = 78.5 ~0.25 = 78.25 kg Q.5. A steel rod of length 2, cross-sectional area A and mass M is set rotating in @ horizontal plane about an axis passing through the centre, IfY is the Young's modulus for stel, find the extension inthe length ofthe rod. (Assume the rod is uniform) (NCERT Exemplar|[HOTS] Ans. First we have 1 consider a small element on the tod of mass di to find tension in the rod at this clement and then caleulate for the whole rod. Let us consider an element of width data distance x from the given axis oF rotation as shown in the diagram. Asn now the rds nn, so mas pra engi w= Mas ofsmaelement d= (22 (Centripetal force acting on this element, dP = dm x0" = are (dat Here, dis provided by tension in element de ofthe rod due to clastic Let tension inthe rod be F ata distance x from the axis of rotation, Fis due w centripetal force acting om all the elements from x10, Ma? | Mie a jen fade Se1) isthe extension inthe clement of length deat position x, then | Hence, extension in the half ofthe rod (from axis to point A) is given by 40) ( Fe a= fan= oe Mo'[, Sf _Mo"|, P)_ Mot? awal| 0-5], ~ avail 3] "era Hence total extension in entire rod of length 2, Mat Par = “Sa “Toul change in length, 247 = ger nat Ese eee A hil hae volume 1.5 % 1°, When a pressure change of 5.0 % 10° Nim? is subjected to i it volume reduces by 3.0 x 107m’. Find the Bulk modulus ofthe Hid ‘The mean depthof Indian canis 300m Cala the actonalcompresion (21) of water atthe photon ofthe bottom. Bulk modulus of water = 2.2 x 10" Nm, CTakeg = 10 mis) Aslica glass rod has a diameter of 1m and is 10 em long. Estimate the largest mass that can be hung from it without breaking Given, breaking stress = 50 x 10° N mi. Take g A uniform heavy rod of weight H, crosecctional aca A and length Ls hanging from a fixed support Caleuate the elongation of rod. Young's modulus of material of rod is ¥. (Neglet lateral contraction) ‘The graph shows extension (Al) of « wire of length Im suspended from the top of a roof at cone end and with a load w connected to the other end. Ifthe crosesectionalarca ofthe wire 10°* ms, calculate the Young’s modulus ofthe material ofthe wie. 0 ms a 5. A ring of radius R = 25 cm made of a material (of relative humidity 11.3 and breaking tress 1.5 107 Nm) rotates about its ans. What mut be the angular speed a which will rupture? A sphere of radius 10cm and 25 kgisattached w the lower end of stel wire which is suspended from the ceiling of a room, The point of sipport is 5.21 m above the floor. When the sphere i set swinging as simple pendulum its lower point just grazes the floor. Caleulate the velocity of the ball tts lowest position, Young's modulus for steel = 2.0 x 10" Nim; unstretched length ‘of wire = 5.00 m; radius of steel wirAnaluminium wire 1 min length and radius { mm soaded with a mass 40 kg hanging vertically. Young's modulus of Ali 7.0 x 10" Nim Calculate () tensile stres, (i) change in length, (Gi) ensite strain and (i) the force constant of such a wire. 9, A force of 450 ky Fan break a wire. What must be the force required to break a wire of same ‘material but double the diameter? 10, A.stone of mass 0.5 kgs atached to one end of 0.8 m long aluminium wite of 0.7 mm diameter and suspended vertically, The stone is now rotated in a horizontal plane at rate such that the ‘wire makes an angle of 87° with vertical, Find the increase in the length. Given, Yy = 7% 10" Nim?) ‘Answers 1.25 « 10! Nim? 2.1.36 3.92.5 kg Wh 2 wis. a 5.2% 10!" Nm? 6,145.7 rads 7.38 me" 8.) 127 x 10" Nim® Gi) 18 10%m Gi) 8 10° (x) 22 10" Nim 9.1800 kgf 10.287 mm