CHAPTER 2 | LAPLACE

TRANSFORM &
INVERSE LAPLACE
TARNSFORM

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this chapter, it is expected that the students will
be able to:
1. Define the Laplace transform and discuss
existence and basic properties.
2. Derive the formula in taking the Laplace
transform of fundamental functions.
3. Solve the Laplace transform of different
functions not limited to elementary, unit step
and piecewise functions.
4. Derive the formula in taking the inverse
Laplace transform of fundamental functions.
5. Solve the inverse Laplace of different functions
using the methods of linearity property,
completing the squares and translations and
partial fractions
6. Use Laplace transforms to solve initial value
problems of linear differential equation with
constant coefficient.
7. Solve actual problems involving Laplace and
Inverse Laplace transform in electric circuit
problems

01 | INTRODUCTION
The Laplace Transform takes a function of time and
Can we Can we obtain the Laplace transforms of ALL
transforms it to a function of a complex variable s. Because
functions f (t)? No, but it can be shown that Laplace
the transform is invertible, no information is lost and it is
reasonable to think of a function f (t ) and its Laplace transforms exist (for some s) for all “reasonable” functions

transform F (s) as two views of the same phenomenon. Each
view has its uses and some features of the phenomenon are
easier to understand in one view or the other.
We can use the Laplace transform to transform a linear time
invariant system from the time domain to the s-domain. This
leads to the system function G( s) for the system –this is the
same system function used in the Nyquist criterion for
stability.
One important feature of the Laplace transform is that it can
transform analytic problems to algebraic problems. We will
see examples of this for differential equations.
f (t). The functions must be piecewise continuous, for
instance, and not go to infinity too rapidly as t → ∞ . Precise
conditions for the existence of the transform can be stated but
these are not necessary in this module. It is sufficient for you
to know that transforms can be found for all the standard
functions that normally arise Precise conditions for the
existence of the transform can be stated but these are not
necessary in this module. It is sufficient for you to know that
transforms can be found for all the standard functions that
normally arise.
02.1 | Transforms of Simple Functions
Example 1:
Let f ( t ) =1 , t ≥ 0. Find the F ( s ) or L [ 1 ].

Solution:
02 | DEFINITION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
The Laplace Transform satisfies:
Let f (t) be a function on ¿. The Laplace Transform of a
function f (t) is the function F (s) defined by the integral, ∞
L [ f (t ) ] =F ( s )=∫ e−st f ( t ) dt
∞ 0
L [ f (t ) ] =F ( s )=∫ e
−st
f ( t ) dt (1)
0 Such integral is called an improper integral and, by
definition, is evaluated according to the rule
The domain F ( s ) is the set of all values of s for which this
∞ T
integral converges. The Laplace Transform of f (t) is
L [ 1 ]=∫ e f ( t ) dt = lim ∫ e
−st −st
f ( t ) dt
denoted by both F ( s ) and L. 0 T →∞ 0

The definition shows that the Laplace operator L transforms Substituting f ( t )=1 in the improper integral formula leads
the function f (t), in the time or t -domain, to F (s) in the us with
frequency or s-domain.

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 ∞ T ∞
1
L [ 1 ]=∫ e (1 ) dt= lim ∫ e−st ( 1 ) dt ∫ e−x x a dx
−st
¿ ( a +1)
0 T →∞ 0 s 0
or
And hence
Γ ( a+ 1 )
L [ t a ]=
[ ]
T T
−1 −st −1 s( a+1 )
lim ∫ e− st ( 1 ) dt= lim e = lim [ e−sT −e−s (0) ]
T→∞ 0 T →∞ s 0 s T→∞
for a> 0.
Note:
lim [ e− sT ]=0
T→∞ where Γ ( a ) is the Gamma function defined by

Using this limit, we deduce that: ∞

Γ ( a )=∫ e−x x a−1 dx
−1 0
L [ 1 ]= [ 0−1 ]
s For a> 0. Integrating by parts the previous equation,

∞
−1
L [ 1 ]= (−1) Γ ( a+1 ) =∫ e
−x a
x dx
s 0

1
L [ 1 ]= , provided that s>0 ∞
∞
¿−[ x e ] +a ∫ e x dx
a −x − x a−1
s
0 0

Example 2: Exponentials
Let f ( t )=eat when t ≥ 0, where a is a constant. Find the ¿ a Γ (a )
L [ f ( t ) ].
Now, letn be a positive integer. Then,

Solution:
Using the previous definition of the transform leads to
Γ ( n+1 ) =n Γ ( n )

∞ T ¿ n ( n−1 ) Γ ( n−1 )
L [ e ] =∫ e ( eat ) dt= lim ∫ e−(s−a ) t dt
at −st

0 T →∞ 0
¿ n ( n−1 )( n−2 ) Γ ( n−2 )

[ ]
T
e−( s−a) t 1 ⋮
lim [ e −1 ]
− ( s −a ) T
¿ lim =
T → ∞ −( s−a ) 0 ( a−s ) T →∞ ¿ n ( n−1 )( n−2 ) … ( 3 )( 2 ) ( 1 ) Γ ( 1 )

Using the limit ¿n!

lim [ e− sT ]=0 Note:
T→∞ ∞
Γ ( 1 )=∫ e dx =−[ e
−x −x
] ∞ =1
We obtain 0 0
1
L [ e ]=
at
[ 0−1 ] Thus, for a positive integer n , we have
( a−s )

1 n!
L [ t ]=
n
L [ e ]=
at
( n+1)
( s−a ) s
for ( s−a ) >0 .

02.2 | Properties of Laplace Transform

Example 3: Powers of t
Theorem 1: Linearity of the Laplace Transform
Let f ( t )=t a, where a is a constant. Find the L [ f ( t ) ]. If a and b are constants, then

∞
L [ t ] =∫ e
a −st a
t dt L {a [ f ( t ) ] +b [ g ( t ) ] }=a { L [ f ( t ) ] }+b { L [ g ( t ) ] }
0
This shows that the Laplace transform is a linear operation;
setting x=st that is, for any f ( t ) and g ( t ) whose transforms exist and any
constants a and b , the transform of a [ f ( t ) ] +b [ g ( t ) ] exists.
∞

()
a
x dx
¿∫ e
−x

0 s s PROOF
∞
L {a [ f ( t ) ] +b [ g ( t ) ] }=∫ e {a [ f ( t ) ] +b [ g ( t ) ]} dt
−st

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 ∞ ∞
¿ a∫ e f (t ) dt + b∫ e
−st −st
g ( t ) dt dt From Euler’s Identity (Chapter 1), we define
0 0

e jθ + e− jθ
cos θ=
¿ a { L [ f ( t ) ] }+b { L [ g ( t ) ] } 2
and
jθ − jθ
e −e
sin θ=
Application of Theorem 1: j2
Find the Laplace transform of cosh at and sinh at .
Then,
Solution:
Recall from Chapter 1,
1 1
cosh at= ( e at +e−at ) and sinh at = ( eat −e−at )
L [ cos ωt ] =L
2 [(
e jωt +e− jωt
)]
2 2
1
¿ L [ e jωt + e− jωt ]
Using the Linearity Theorem, we obtain 2

L [ cosh at ] =L
[ 1 at −at
2
( e +e ) ] ¿
1
2
[ L( e )+ L( e )]
jωt − jωt

1
¿ L[ e + e ]
2
at −at
¿
1
[1
+
1
2 ( s− jω) ( s+ jω ) ]
[ ]
1
¿
2
[ L ( e at ) + L ( e−at ) ] ¿
1 ( s+ jω ) + ( s− jω )
2 ( s− jω ) ( s + jω )

¿
1
[1
+
1
2 ( s−a ) ( s +a ) ] ¿
1
[ 2s
2 ( s− jω) ( s+ jω) ]
¿
[
1 ( s+ a ) + ( s−a )
2 ( s−a ) ( s +a ) ] L [ cos ωt ] =
s
s + ω2
2

¿
1
[ 2s
2 ( s−a )( s+ a ) ] Solving for the transform of sin ωt

[( )]
jωt − jωt
e −e
s L [ sin ωt ]= L
L [ cosh at ] = j2
22
s −a
Similarly, 1
L [ e −e ]
jωt − jωt
¿
j2
L [ sinh at ] =L
[ 1 at −at
2
( e −e ) ] ¿
1
[ L ( e )−L ( e ) ]
jωt − jωt
j2
1
¿ L [ e −e ]
at −at
2

1
¿
1 1
[ −
1
j 2 ( s− jω) ( s + jω ) ]
¿
2
[ L ( e )−L ( e ) ]
at −at

¿
[
1 ( s+ jω )−( s− jω )
]
[ ]
1 1 1 j 2 ( s− jω ) ( s + jω )
¿ −
2 ( s−a ) ( s+ a )
¿
1
[
j2ω
]
[ ]
1 ( s+ a )− ( s−a ) j 2 ( s− jω) ( s + jω )
¿
2 ( s−a )( s+a )
ω
L [ sin ωt ]=

[ ]
1 as s +ω 2
2

¿
2 ( s−a )( s+ a )
Theorem 2: First Shifting Theorem, s – Shifting
a
L [ sinh at ] = 2 2 If L [ f ( t ) ] =F ( s ), when s>a then,
s −a
L [ e f ( t ) ] =F ( s−a )
at
We can also obtain the transform of cos ωt and sin ωt using the
Linearity Theorem.

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

In words, the substitution s−a for s in the transform f (t ) L [f (t) ]
corresponds to the multiplication of the original function by
1
at
e . 1 1
s
1
Proof:
2 t
∞
s2
F ( s ) =∫ e
−st
f ( t ) dt n!
0 3 t2
s3
∞
n
n!
F ( s−a )=∫ e 4 t ,n ≥ 0
− ( s−a ) t
f ( t ) dt s n+1
0
a Γ (a+ 1)
5 t , a>0 a+1
∞ s
¿ ∫ e−( s−a) t f ( t ) dt 1
0 6 e at
s−a
∞ ω
7 sin ωt
¿∫ e
−st +at 2 2
f ( t ) dt s +ω
0
s
8 cos ωt 2 2
∞
s +ω
¿∫ e a
−st at
e f ( t ) dt 9 sinh at 2 2
0 s −a
s
F ( s−a )= L [ e f ( t ) ]
at 10 cosh at 2 2
s −a
ω
11 e at sin ωt
( s−a )2−ω2
Example:
s−a
1. L [ e at cos ωt ] 12 at
e cos ωt
( s−a )2−ω2
Solution:
Exercise:
First, we find the Laplace transform of cos ωt
Find the Laplace Transform of the following:
a. f ( t )=5 t−2
s
L [ cos ωt ] = 2 2 b. f ( t )=3 t −6 t 2
s +ω
c. f ( t )=e−2 t t 2
Thus, using the First-Shifting Theory where s → ( s−a ) d. f ( t )=e−5 t sin 3 t
e. f ( t )=cos 2 t
L [ e at cos ωt ] = 2
s
s + ω2 |
s → ( s−a )
Solution:
1.
s−a L [ 5 t−2 ] =L [ 5 t ] −L [ 2 ]
L [ e cos ωt ] =
at

( s−a )2+ ω2
¿ 5 L [ t ] −L [ 2 ]

2. L [ e at sin ωt ] ¿5
( )()
1
s2
−
2
s
Solution:

( s5 )−( 2s )
Similar with the previous function, find first the Laplace
Transform of sin ωt ¿ 2

ω
L [ sin ωt ]= 2 2
s +ω 5−2 s
L [ 5 t −2 ] =
s2
Again, using the First-Shifting Theory where s → ( s−a )
2.
L [ 3t−6 t 2 ] =L [ 3t ] −L [ 6 t 2 ]
at ω
L [ e sin ωt ] = 2 2
s +ω |
s→ ( s−a)
¿ 5 L [ t ] −6 L [ t 2 ]
ω
L [ e sin ωt ]=
at

( s−a )2 +ω 2 ¿5
( ) ( )
1
s
2
2!
−6 3
s
Some Functions f ( t ) and Their Laplace Transforms

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 ¿
( )( )
5
s
2
12
− 3
s L [ cos t ] =L
2
[ cos 2 t+ 1
]
2
5 s−12
L [ 3t −6 t ] =
2

s
3
¿L
[ cos 2t +1
2 ]
3. L [ e−2t t 2 ]
1
¿ L [ cos 2 t+ 1 ]
Let f ( t )=t 2 and e at =e−2t , then we find first the L ( t 2 )
2
2!
L [ t ]=
2
1
s3 ¿ { L [ cos 2t ] + L [ 1 ] }
2
Applying the First Shifting Theorem, we say that

s → ( s−a ) for a=−2

¿
1 s
{+
2 s +4 s
2
1
}
{
1 s + ( s +4 )
}
2 2
Therefore,
¿
2 ( s2 + 4 ) s
L [e −2t 2 2!
t ]= 3
s |
{ }
s → ( s+2 ) 2
1 2s +4
¿
2 s 3+ 4 s
2!
¿
( s+ 2 )3
2 s2 +4
L [ cos t ] =
2

2 2 s 3 +8 s
L [ e−2t t 2 ] =
( s +2 )3
Theorem 3: Second Shifting of Laplace Transform
4. L [ e−5 t sin3 t ]

Let f ( t )=sin 3 t and e at =e−5 t , then we find first the

If L [ f ( t ) ] =F ( s ), and g ( t ) =
{f ( t−a ) t> a
0 t< a

L ( sin3 t ) then,
3 3
L [ sin 3 t ] = 2 2 = 2
L [ g ( t ) ]=e
−as
s −3 s −9 F (s )

Applying the First Shifting Theorem, we say that Proof:

s → ( s−a ) for a=−5

g (t )= {f ( t−a ) t> a
0 t< a

Therefore, ∞
L [ g ( t ) ] =∫ e
− st
g ( t ) dt

|
0
3
L [ e−5 t sin3 t ] = 2
s −9 s→ ( s+5) a ∞
L [ g ( t ) ] =∫ e ( 0 ) dt +∫ e−st f ( t−a ) dt
− st

3 0 a
¿
( s+ 5 )2−9 ∞
L [ g ( t ) ]=∫ e− st f ( t−a ) dt
3
¿ a

( s + 10 s+ 25 )−9
2
Let,

z=t−a
3
L [e −2t 2
t ]= 2 t=z +a
s +10 s+ 16 dt =dz

5. L [ cos2 t ] when t=a , z=0

Recall from that when t=∞ , z=∞

cos 2 t=2 cos2 t−1

∞
L [ g ( t ) ]=∫ e
− s( z +a )
2cos 2 t+1 f ( z ) dz
cos t= 0
2
Therefore, we can rewrite the Laplace Transform of the
function equal to

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 ∞
6 e−2 s
L [ g ( t ) ] =∫ e
− sz−sa
f ( z ) dz L [ g ( t ) ]= 4
0
s

∞
L [ g ( t ) ]=∫ e Theorem 4: Multiplication by Power of t
− sz −sa
e f ( z ) dz
0 If L [ f ( t ) ] =F ( s ), then

{ }
n
L [ g ( t ) ]=e
− sa
∫ e−sz f ( z ) dz L [ t f ( t ) ]=(−1 )
n n d
n
[ F ( s) ]
0 ds

L [ g ( t ) ]=e− sa L [ f ( z ) ] L [ t f ( t ) ]=(−1 ) F ( s)
n n ( n)

L [ g ( t ) ] =e− sa L [ f ( t−a ) ] Where n=1,2,3 , …

L [ g ( t ) ]=e− sa F ( s )
Proof:

F ( s ) =L [ f ( t ) ]
Example 1:
Find the Laplace transform of: ∞
F ( s ) =∫ e
−st
f ( t ) dt

{
2
g ( t ) = f ( t−1 ) t >1
0

0 t<1
Differentiate both sides with respect to s,
Solution:
∞
L [ g ( t ) ]=e−as F ( s ) dF d
= ∫ e− st f ( t ) dt
By inspection, ds ds 0
F ( s ) =L [ t 2 ]
Recall from Leibniz Rule of differentiation under integral sign,
and
a=1 ∞
dF ∂ −st
Then, =∫ e f ( t ) dt
2 ds 0 ∂ s
F ( s) = 3
s ∞
Thus, dF ∂ −st
=∫ e f ( t ) dt
L [ g ( t ) ]=e ds 0 ∂ s
−as
F (s )

( )
∞
2 dF
L [ g ( t ) ] =e
−s
=∫ (−t e ) f ( t ) dt
−st
3
s ds 0

−s
2e dF
∞
L [ g ( t ) ]= 3 =−∫ ( e ) [ tf ( t ) ] dt
−st
s ds 0

Example 2:
dF
Find the Laplace transform of: =−L [ tf ( t ) ]
ds
Thus,

g (t )=
{
f ( t−2 )3 t >2
0 t< 2
L [ tf ( t ) ] =
−dF
ds
which proves the theorem for n=1.
'
=−F ( s ) → Equation 1

Solution:
L [ g ( t ) ]=e−as F ( s ) Assuming the theorem is true for n=k ,
By inspection,
k
F ( s ) =L [ t 3 ] d F ( )k k ( )
L [ t k f ( t ) ]=(−1 )
k
k
= −1 F s → Equation2
and ds
a=2
Then, Differentiating both sides with respect to s,
3! 6
F ( s) = =
[ ]
∞ k
s3 +1 s 4 d k d d F k d
∫ e [
−st k
t f ( t ) ] dt = ( −1 ) = (−1 ) [ F k ( s) ]
Thus, ds 0 ds ds k ds
L [ g ( t ) ]=e−2 s
( ) 6
s
4

[ ]
∞ − st ( k+1)
∫ ∂∂s e [ t k f ( t ) ] dt =(−1 )k d
ds
F
( k+1 )
=(−1 )
k d
ds
[ F (s )]
( k+1 )

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 Then,

[ ]
∞ ( k+1)
k +1 d F k+1 d
∫ ( −te
−st
) [ t
k
f ( t ) ] dt= ( −1 ) ( k+1 )
= (−1 ) [ F (k +1) ( s ) ] ds L [ e ]=
7t 1
0 ds s−7

[ ] [ ]
∞ ( k+1 )
) [ t ( k+1) f ( t ) ] dt= (−1 )k+1 d (k +1F) =(−1 )k+1 d [ F (k +1) ( s ) ]
n
−∫ ( e d
L [ t f ( t ) ]=(−1 )
− st n n
ds F ( s ) ;n=2
0 ds ds n

[ ] [ ]
∞ ( 2)
( 2) d F d2 1
∫ [ ] =(−1 ) [ F ( s ) ] → Equation3 L [ t e ]=(−1 )
2
( e
−st
) t
( 2)
f ( t ) dt = ( −1 ) ( 2) (2 ) 2 7t

0
( 2)
ds ds 2 s−7

n=k from Equation2 and for n=k +1 from

This shows that the theorem is true for Solving for the second derivative of F ( s ) ,

Equation3 . From Equation 1, the theorem is true for n=1. Hence, it is true for
[ ]
2
n=1+1=2 and n=2+1=3 , and so on, thus, for all positive integer values of n .
d 1 2
2
=
Therefore, ds s−7 ( s−7 )3
Then,
L [ t f ( t ) ]=(−1 ) F (s)
[ ]
n n ( n)
2
L [ t e ]=( 1 )
2 7t
where n=1,2,3 , … ( s−7 )3
Example 1:
Find the Laplace transform of 2
L [ t e ]=
2 7t

f ( t )=t cos 5 t
( s−7 )3

02 | DEFINITION OF THE INVERSE LAPLACE

L [ t n f ( t ) ]=(−1 ) F( n) ( s)
n
TRANSFORM
From L [ f (t ) ] =F ( s ) , the value of f (t) is called the inverse
n 1
t =t ; n=1 Laplace transform of F ( s ) . In symbol,

Solution:
Let L
−1
[ F ( s ) ]=f (t)
F ( s ) =L [ cos 5 t ]
Then, where L−1 is called the inverse Laplace transform operator.
s s
L [ cos 5t ] = 22
= 2
s +5 s +25
02.1 | Theorem on the Inverse Laplace Transform
Theorem 1: If a and b are constants, then

[ ]
n
d
L [ t n f ( t ) ]=(−1 )
n
n
F ( s ) for n=1
ds L−1 [ a F ( s ) +b G ( s ) ]=a L−1 [ F ( s ) ] +b L−1 [G ( s ) ]

L [ t cos 5 t ]= (−1 )
1 d s
ds s +25
2 [ ] Theorem 2:

L
−1
[ F ( s ) ]=e−at L−1 [ f ( s−a)]
¿−
[
( s 2+ 25 ) ( 1 )−s ( 2 s )
( s 2+25 )
2
] Table of Inverse Laplace Transform

[ ]
2
25−s
¿− 2
( s 2+ 25 )
2
s −25
L [ t cos 5 t ]= 2
( s2 +25 )

Example 2:
Find the Laplace transform of

f ( t )=t 2 e7 t

n 2
t =t ; n=2

Solution:
Let
F ( s ) =L [ e ]
7t

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 F ( s) L
−1
[F (s)]
1
1 1
s
1 at
2 e
s−a
t n−1
1 ;
3 ( n−1 ) !
sn
n=1,2,3 , …
1 e t
at n−1
4
( s−a )n ( n−1 ) !
1 1
5 2 2 sin ωt
s +ω ω
s
6 2 2 cos ωt
s +ω
a 1
7 2 2 sinh at
s −a a
s
8 2 2 cosh at
s −a
ω 1 at
9 e sin ωt
( s−a )2+ ω2 ω
s−a at
10 e cos ωt
( s−a )2+ ω2
Example 1: s 1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of 11 2 2
t sin ωt
( s +ω )
2
2ω
6 1 4 1 1
F ( s) = − + 12 2 2
( sin ωt−ωt cos ωt )
s s−8 s−3 ( s +ω )
2
2ω 3

Solution: ¿ 19 L−1
[ ] [
1
s+2
−L−1
1
3 s−5
1
+7 L−1 5
s ] [ ]
L
−1
[ F ( s ) ]=L −1
[ 6
−
1
+
4
]
[ ][
s s−8 s−3
1

¿L
−1
[] [ ] [ ]
6
s
−L
−1 1
s−8
+L
−1 4
s−3
¿ 19 e−2 t−L−1
3
3 s−5
3
+7
t 5−1
( 5−1 ) ! ]
−1
[] [ ]
1 −1 1 −1 1
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
¿6 L −L +4 L
s s−8 s−3 1 1 t4
¿ 19 e−2 t− L−1 +7
3 5 ( 4) !
s−
From the given table above, 3
8t 3t

[ ]
¿ 6(1)−e + 4 e −1 19 1 7 1 t 7t
5 4
L − + 5 =19 e−2 t− e 3 +
s+ 2 3 s−5 s 3 24
L
−1
[ 6
−
1
+
4
s s−8 s−3
8t
=6−e + 4 e
]
3t

02.2 | Solution of the Inverse Laplace Transform using

Example 2: Partial Fraction
Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of Many transforms that one encounters are of form

19 1 7 P(s )
F ( s) = − + 5 F ( s) =
s+2 3 s−5 s Q(s)
Solution:
Where P and Q are polynomials in terms of s with
−1
L [ F ( s ) ]=L −1
[ 19
−
1 7
+ 5
s+ 2 3 s−5 s ] deg {Q }> deg { P }. To evaluate L−1 [ F ( s ) ], we can write

F ( s) =
P(s )
in terms of Partial Fractions.
Q( s)
¿ L−1
[ ] [19
s+ 2
−L−1
1
3 s−5
7
+ L−1 5
s ] [ ] Partial Fractions is a method to reduce a complex rational
function into a sum of much simpler terms.

1. Non-repeated Linear Factors

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE
 If Q ( s )=( s−r 1 ) ( s−r 2) ( s−r 3 ) … ( s−r n ) and r i ≠ r j for
i≠ j
¿L
−1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2
s+1
−L
−1 3
s+2
+L
−1 1
s−3

P( s)
=
A1
+
A2
+
A3
Q(s ) ( s−r 1 ) ( s−r 2 ) ( s−r 3 )
+…+
An
( s−r n )
¿2 L
−1
[ ]
1
s+1
−3 L
−1 1
s+ 2
+L
−1
[ ] [ ]
1
s−3

Then we solve for the values of A1 , A 2 , A3 , … A n L

−1
[ 7 s−1
( s+1 )( s+2 ) ( s−3 )
−t
]−2 t
=2 e −3 e + e
3t

Example:
Find 2. Repeated Linear Factors

L−1 [ F ( s ) ] =L−1
[ 7 s−1
( s+ 1 )( s+2 ) ( s−3 ) ] If Q ( s ) contains a factor of the form ( s−r )m then you must
have the following terms

Solution: P( s) A1 A2 A3 Am
= + + +…+
Q(s ) ( s−r ) ( s−r )2 ( s−r )3 ( s−r )m
7 s−1 A B C
= + +
( s+ 1 )( s+2 ) ( s−3 ) s+1 s+ 2 s−3 Then we solve for the values of A1 , A 2 , A3 , … A m

A ( s+ 2 )( s−3 ) +B ( s+1 ) ( s−3 )+C ( s +1 )( s+2 ) Example:

¿
( s+1 )( s+2 ) ( s−3 ) Find

[ ]
2
s + 9 s+ 2
L−1
A ( s −s−6 ) + B ( s −2 s−3 ) + C ( s +3 s +2 )
2 2 2
¿
( s−1 )2 ( s+3 )
( s+1 ) ( s +2 ) ( s−3 )
Solution:
2
( A +B+ C ) s −( A+2 B−3 C ) s−6 A−3 B+2 C 2
s + 9 s +2 A B C
¿ = + +
( s +1 ) ( s+ 2 )( s−3 ) ( s−1 ) ( s+ 3 ) s−1 ( s−1 ) s+3
2 2

Then, A ( s−1 ) ( s+ 3 )+ B ( s+3 )+C ( s−1 )

2
¿ 2
( s−1 ) ( s+ 3 )
7 s−1=( A + B+C ) s2− ( A+ 2 B−3C ) s−6 A−3 B+2 C

By equating the coefficients of “powers of s”, A ( s 2+ 2 s−3 ) + B ( s+ 3 ) +C ( s2−2 s+1 )

¿
for s2 ( s−1 )2 ( s+3 )
A+ B+C=0 → eq .1
for s
( A +C ) s 2 + ( 2 A +B−2 C ) s + (−3 A +3 B +C )
¿
−( A+2 B−3 C )=7 → eq .2 ( s−1 )2 ( s +3 )
and for constant term
−6 A−3 B+ 2C=−1 → eq .3 Then,
2
s +9 s+2=¿
2
Using Eq' s . 1 ,2 , and 3 we can now solve the values of ( A+C ) s + ( 2 A+ B−2C ) s+ (−3 A+ 3 B+C )
A , B∧C , we obtain:
By equating the coefficients of “powers of s”,

| ||| |
1 1 1 A 0 for s2
−1 −2 3 B = 7 A+C=1 → eq .1
−6 −3 2 C −1 for s
( 2 A +B−2 C ) =9 → eq .2
A=2 and for constant term
B=−3 −3 A+3 B+C=2→ eq .3
C=1
Then, Using Eq ' s . 1 ,2 , and 3 we can now solve the values of
A , B∧C , we obtain:
7 s−1 2 −3 1
= + +

| | | ||
( s+ 1 )( s+2 ) ( s−3 ) s+1 s+ 2 s−3 1 0 1 A 1
2 1 −2 B = 9
Now taking the Inverse Laplace −3 3 1 C 2

L−1
[ 7 s−1
( s+1 )( s+2 ) ( s−3 ) ] [
=L−1
2
+
−3
+
1
s+1 s+2 s−3 ] A=2
B=3
C=−1
Then,

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 s 2+ 9 s +2 2 3 1
2
= + 2
− Using Eq ' s . 1 ,2 , and 3 we can now solve the values of
( s−1 ) ( s+ 3 ) s−1 ( s−1 ) s +3
A , B∧C , we obtain:
Now taking the Inverse Laplace

| ||| |
1 1 0 A 3

[ ] [ ]
2
s + 9 s+ 2 2 3 1 0 −4 1 B = 0
L−1 =L−1 + − 1 0 −1 C −7
2
( s−1 ) ( s+3 ) s−1 ( s−1 ) s +3
2

A=1
¿L
−1
[ ] [2
] [ ]
s−1
+L
−1 3
( s−1 ) 2
−L
−1 1
s+3
B=2
C=8
Then,
¿2 L
−1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1
s−1
+3 L
−1 1
( s−1 ) 2
−L
−1 1
s+ 3 3 s 2−28
=
1 2 s+8
+ 2
( s−4 ) ( s +4 )
2
s−4 s +4
L −1
[ s 2+ 9 s+ 2
2
( s−1 ) ( s+3 ) ]
=2 et + 3 te t−e−3 t Now taking the Inverse Laplace

[ ] [ ]
2
−1 3 s −28 −1 1 2 s +8
L =L + 2
3. Non-repeated Quadratic Factors ( s−4 ) ( s + 4 )
2
s−4 s +4
If Q ( s ) contains a factor of the form ( as 2−bs +c ) then
you must have the following terms

P(s)
¿ L−1
[ ] [
1
s−4
2 s +8
+ L−1 2
s +4 ]
As+ B
= 2
Q(s ) as −bs +c

Then we solve for the values of A and B.

¿ e 4 t + L−1
[ ] [ ]
2s
s +4
2
+ L−1 2
8
s +4

Example:
Find
4t
¿e +2L
−1
[ ]s
s +4
2
+4 L
−1
2
2
s +4 [ ]
[ ]
2
−1 3 s −28
L

Solution:
( s−4 ) ( s 2+ 4 ) L
−1
[ 3 s2 −28
( s−4 ) ( s + 4 )
2
4t
]
=e + s cos 2t +¿ 4 sin2 t ¿

Using Partial Fractions, 4. Repeated Quadratic Factors

k
2
If Q ( s ) contains a factor of the form ( as 2−bs +c )
3 s −28 A Bs+C
= + 2 then you must have the following terms
( s−4 ) ( s +4 ) s−4 s +4
2

P( s) A 1 s+ B1 A2 s +B 2 A k s+ Bk
= 2 + 2 +…+ 2
A ( s + 4 )+ ( Bs+ C ) ( s−4 )
2
Q(s ) ( as −bs +c ) ( as −bs+c ) 2
( as −bs+ c )
k
¿
( s−4 ) ( s2 +4 )
Then we solve for the values of Ak ' s and Bk ' s .
2 2
A s + 4 A+ B s + Cs−4 Bs−4 C
¿
( s−4 ) ( s2 +4 ) Example:
Find

[ ]
2
( A +B ) s2 + (−4 B+C ) s +4 ( A−C ) −1 s −10
¿ L 2
( s−4 ) ( s2 + 4 ) ( s 2∓1 )

Then, Solution:
2 2 Using Partial Fractions,
3 s −28=( A + B ) s + (−4 B+C ) s+ 4 ( A−C ) 2
s −10 As+ B Cs+ D
2
= 2
+ 2
By equating the coefficients of “powers of s”, ( s +1 )
2
s + 1 ( s2 +1 )
2
for s
A+ B=3→ eq .1 ( As+ B ) ( s2 +1 ) +Cs+ D
¿
for s ( s2 +1 )
2

−4 B+ C=0 →eq .2
and for constant term 3 2
A s + A s+ B s +B+ Cs+ D
4 ( A−C )=−28 ¿ 2
( s2 +1 )
A−C=−7 → eq .3
Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE
 A s 3+ B s 2 + ( A +C ) s+ B+ D 03.2 | Theorem 2: Laplace Transform of Derivative f (n) of
¿
( s 2+1 )
2 Any Order n
Then, Suppose that f , f ' , f ' ' , … , f (n−1 ) are continuous and that

s2−10= A s 3 +B s2 + ( A+C ) s +B+ D f (n) is piecewise continuous on any interval 0 ≤ t ≤ A .

Suppose that f , f ' , f ' ' , … , f (n)are of exponential order
By equating the coefficients of “powers of s”, with |f (i) ( t )|≤ K e at for some constant K and a and
for s3
0 ≤ i≤ n. Then Then L [ f (n) (t ) ] exist for s>a , and satisfies
A=0
for s2
L [ f ( t ) ]=s L [ f ( t ) ] −s
( n) ( n−2)
n n−1
f ( 0 )−…−s f ( 0 )−f ( n−1 ) ( 0 ) .
B=1
for s
Such that for a 2nd order differential equation we have
A+C=0
0+C=0 L [ f ' ' ( t ) ]=s L [ f ( t ) ] −sf ( 0 )−f ( 0 )
2

C=0
and for constant term and for a 3rd order differential equation we have
B+ D=−10
1+ D=−10 L [ f ' ' ' ( t ) ] =s 3 L [ f ( t ) ] −s2 f ( 0 ) −s f ' (0)−f ' ' (0)
D=−11
Then,
s 2−10 1 11
2
= 2
− 2 2
( s +1 )
2
s +1 ( s +1 )

Now taking the Inverse Laplace

L−1
[ ] [
s 2−10
( s 2+ 1 )
2
=L−1
1
−
11
s +1 ( s 2 +1 )2
2
]
¿L
−1
[ ] [
1
s +12
−L
−1 11
( s +1 )
2 2
] Example 1:
Consider the initial value problem below.
¿ sin t−11 L−1
[ ( s +1 )
2
1
2
] y ' ' − y ' =2 t
y ( 0 )=1 , y ' ( 0 )=−2
From the Table,

[ ]
1 1 Solution:
L−1 2 2
= 3
( sin ωt −ωt cos ωt ) Taking Laplace transform of the given Differential equation,
(s +ω )
2
2ω

L [ y − y =2 x ]
'' '
So that,

L [ y ] −L [ y ] =L [ 2 x ]
[ ] [
'' '

]
2
−1 s −10 1
L 2
=sin t−11 3
( sin t−t cos t )
( s + 1)
2
2 (1) With Y ( s )=L [ f (t ) ], our derivative theorems give

L
[ ]
−1 s 2−10
( s 2+ 1 )
2
=sin t−
11
2
( sin t−t cos t ) [ s2 Y ( s )−sy ( 0 )− y ' (0)]−[ sY ( s )− y ( 0 ) ]= 22
s

substituting the initial values,

03 | SOLVING INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS (IVP)
UISNG y ( 0 )=1 , y ' ( 0 )=−2
[ s2 Y ( s )−s (1)−(−2)] −[ sY ( s ) −(1)]= 22
LAPLACE TARNSFORM
03.1 | Theorem 1: Laplace Transform of Derivatives
s
Suppose that f is continuous and f ' is a piecewise
Simplifying,
continuous on any interval 0 ≤ t ≤ A . Suppose that f and f '
are of exponential order with |f (i) ( t )|≤ K e at for some
[ s2 Y ( s )−s +2¿ ]− [ sY ( s )−1 ]= 22
constant K and a and i=0,1 . Then L [ f ’( t ) ] exist for s>a , s
and satisfies
2
s2 Y ( s ) −sY ( s ) −s +1=
L [ f ’( t) ] =s L [ f (t ) ] −f ( 0 ) . s2

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 [ s2−s ] Y ( s )= 22 + s−1 2 x
s ¿−2 ( 1 ) −2 x−x +2 e +1

or we can write the above equation as L

−1
[ Y ( s ) ]=−1−2 x−x 2+ 2e x
or
2 s−1 2 x
Y ( s )= + f ( x )=−1−2 x −x +2 e
s ( s −s ) ( s −s )
2 2 2

2 s−1
Y ( s )= +
s ( s−1 ) s ( s−1 )
3

Example 2:
or Solve the initial value problem below.
2 1
Y ( s )= + ''
y −2 y +5 y=−8 e
' −x
s ( s−1 ) s
3

y ( 0 )=2 , y ' ( 0 )=12

Then, to solve for the IVP, perform the Inverse Laplace of the
previous equation of Y ( s ), so Solution:

L [ y −2 y + 5 y =−8 e ]
'' ' −x

L −1
[ Y ( s ) ]=L −1
[ 3
2
+
s ( s−1 ) s
1
] L [ y ]−2 L [ y ] +5 L [ y ] =−8 L [ e
'' ' −x
]
Using Partial Fraction Decomposition,
−8
[ s2 Y ( s )−sy ( 0 )− y ' (0)]−2 [ sY ( s ) − y ( 0 ) ]+5 Y ( s )= s+1
2 A B C D
= + 2+ 3+
s ( s−1 ) s s s s−1
3

−8
[ s2 Y ( s )−s ( 2 )−12 ]−2 [ sY ( s )−2 ] +5 Y ( s ) = s+1
A s 2 ( s−1 )+ Bs ( s−1 ) +C ( s−1 ) + D s 3
¿ 3
s ( s−1 ) −8
[ s2 Y ( s )−2 s−12 ]−2 sY ( s )+ 4+ 5Y ( s )= s+1
3 2 2 3
A s −A s + B s −Bs+Cs−C+ D s
¿
s3 ( s−1 )
[ s2−2 s+5 ] Y ( s )−2 s−8= −8
s+ 1
Then,

3 2 2 3 [ s2−2 s+5 ] Y ( s )= −8 +2 s +8
2= A s −A s + B s −Bs+Cs−C+ D s s+ 1

By equating the coefficients of “powers of s”, −8

+2 s +8
s+1
Y ( s )= 2
s3 A+ D=0 s −2 s+5
s
2
− A+ B=0
s −B+C=0 −8 2s 8
Y ( s )= + 2 +
s0 −C=2 ( s +1 ) ( s −2 s+ 5 ) s −2 s+5 s −2 s+ 5
2 2

Using these equations, we then solve for A , B , C and D . Simplifying:

2
We obtain, 2 s +10 s
Y ( s )=
A=B=C=−2 ( s +1 ) ( s 2−2 s+ 5 )
C=3

[ ]
So that,
2 s 2+10 s
s +2 3
−2 2 2 2 L−1 [ Y ( s ) ]=L−1
= − 2− 3+ ( s+1 ) ( s 2−2 s +5 )
s ( s−1 ) s
3
s s s−1
Using Partial Fraction Decomposition,
Now we take the Inverse Laplace

L−1
[ ] [2 1
+ =L−1
s ( s−1 ) s
3
−2 2 2
s
− 2− 3+
s s s−1
2
+ L−1
1
s ] [] 2 s2 +10 s
( s+ 1 ) ( s −2 s+5 )
2
=
A
s+1
+ 2
Bs+C
s −2 s +5

¿L
−1
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] []
−2
s
−L
−1 2

s2
−L
−1 −2

s 3
+L
−1 2
s−1
+L
−1 1
s ¿
A ( s 2−2 s+ 5 ) + ( Bs+C )( s+1 )
( s +1 ) ( s 2−2 s+ 5 )

¿−2 L−1
[] [ ] [ ] [ ] []
1
s
1 −2
−2 L−1 2 −L−1 3 +2 L−1
s s
1
s−1
+ L−1
1
s
Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE
Then,
¿
A s 2−2 As+5 A+ B s 2 +Bs+ Cs+C
( s +1 ) ( s 2−2 s +5 )
¿3 L
−1
[ ( s−1 )
2
( s−1 ) + 4 ] [
+L
−1 4 (2)
( s−1 )2 +4 ]
2 2
2 s + 10 s= A s +B s −2 As+ Bs+Cs+5 A+C
2
x
¿ 3 e cos 2 x + 4 L
−1
[ 4
( s−1 )2+ 4 ]
By equating the coefficients of “powers of s”,
s
s
2
A+ B=2
−2 A + B+C=10
L−1
[ 2
3 s +5
s −2 s+ 5 ]
=3 e x cos 2 x + 4 e x sin2 t

s
0
5 A +C=0
Therefore,
Using Gaussian Elimination Method

[ ]
2

| | || |
−1 2 s +10 s −x x x
1 1 0 A 2 L =−e +3 e cos 2 x+ 4 e sin 2t
−2 1 1 B = 10 ( s+1 ) ( s −2 s+5 )
2

5 0 1C 0

We obtain,
A=−1
B=3
C=5
Then,
2 s2 +10 s −1 3 s+5
= + 2 04 | APPLICATION OF AND LAPLACE TRANSFORM
( s+ 1 ) ( s −2 s+5 ) s+1 s −2 s +5
2
AND INVERSE LAPLACE IN SOLVING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
So that, The Laplace transform is used frequently in engineering and
physics; the output of a linear dynamic system can be

[ ] [ ]
2
−1 2 s +10 s −1 −1 3 s +5 calculated by convolving its unit impulse response with the
L =L + 2
( s+1 ) ( s −2 s+5 )
2
s+1 s −2 s+ 5 input signal. Performing this calculation in Laplace space
turns the convolution into a multiplication; the latter being
easier to solve because of its algebraic from.

¿L
−1
[ ] [
−1
s+1
+L
−1
2
3 s+5
s −2 s +5 ] 04.1 | Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis
The Laplace transform can be applied to solve the switching
transient phenomenon in the series or parallel RL, RC or
First, RLC circuits.

L−1
[ ] −1
s+ 1
=−L−1
1
s+1 [ ] How can we use the Laplace transform to solve problems?
1. Write the set of differential equations in the time
domain that describe the relationship between voltage
L−1
[ ]
−1
s+ 1
=−e− x and current for the circuit.
2. Use KVL, KCL and the laws governing voltage and
current of resistor, inductors (and coupled coils) and
Next,
capacitors.

[ ] [ ]
3. Laplace transform the equations to eliminate the
−1 3 s +5 −1 3 s+5
L =L integrals and derivates and solve these equations for
2
s −2 s+ 5 ( s −2 s+ 1 ) +5−1
2
V ( s) and I (s ).
4. Inverse Laplace transform to get v(t) and i(t).
¿L −1
[ 3 s +5
2
( s−1 ) + 4
=L−1
] [
3 ( s−1 )+ 8
( s−1 )2+ 4 ] Laplace Transform – Resistors

¿3 L
−1
[ ( s−1 )
2
( s−1 ) + 4
+L
−1
] [ 8
( s−1 )2 +4 ]
Recall from the Table of Inverse Laplace,

L
−1
[ ω
2
( s−a ) −ω2
1 at
]
= e sin ωt
ω
Laplace Transform – Inductor

and

L
−1
[ s−a
2
( s−a ) −ω2
at
]
=e cos ωt

Then,

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

Laplace Transform – Capacitor

Example:
1. Given the differential equation:

di
L + Ri=100 sin 377 t
dt
where L=0.1 henry, R=10 ohms and i ( 0 )=0 . Determine
the current at t=0.01 second.

2. A series RC circuit with R=30 ohms and C=250 µF is

connected across an AC voltage source of
v=100 sin 100t through a switch. The switch is closed at
t=0 . Determine the current when t=0.01 second.
Assume at t=0 , the capacitor is uncharged. Use the
differential equation:
d vt di 1
=R + i
dt dt C

3. A series circuit has R=10 ohms, L=0.1 henry and

C=0.0001 farad. An AC voltage v=100 sin 377 t is
applied across the series circuit and the applicable
differential equation is:

d vt 2
d i di 1
=L 2 + R + i
dt dt dt C

Solve for the particular solution (without the

complementary solution) and determine the amplitude of
the resulting sinusoidal current i(t).

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE