Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department Ac Generators Ac Generator Components

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

BatStateU Alangilan
Alangilan, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
https://batstate-u.edu.ph/, Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118/2121
Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department
AC GENERATORS
AC GENERATOR COMPONENTS
AC generators are widely used to produce AC voltage. To understand how these generators
operate, the function of each component of the generator must first be understood.
1. Field
The field in an AC generator consists of coils of conductors within the generator that
receive a voltage from a source (called excitation) and produce a magnetic flux. The
magnetic flux in the field cuts the armature to produce a voltage. This voltage is
ultimately the output voltage of the AC generator.
2. Armature
The armature is the part of an AC generator in which voltage is produced. This
component consists of many coils of wire that are large enough to carry the full-load
current of the generator.
3. Prime Mover
The prime mover is the component that is used to drive the AC generator. The prime
mover may be any type of rotating machine, such as a diesel engine, a steam turbine, or a
motor.
4. Rotor
The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating component of the generator, as shown in
Figure 1. The rotor is driven by the generator’s prime mover, which may be a steam
turbine, gas turbine, or diesel engine. Depending on the type of generator, this
component may be the armature or the field. The rotor will be the armature if the voltage
output is generated there; the rotor will be the field if the field excitation is applied there.
Figure 1. Basic AC Generator
Two types of rotors are used in alternators (a) salient-pole type and (b) smooth-
cylindrical type.
a. Salient (or projecting) Pole Type. It is used in low- and medium-speed (engine
driven) alternators. It has been a large number of projecting (salient) poles, having
their cores bolted or dovetailed onto a heavy magnetic wheel of cast iron, or steel of
good magnetic quality. Such generators are characterized by their large diameters and
short axial lengths. The poles and pole-shoes (which cover two-thirds of pole-pitch)
are laminated to minimize heating due to eddy currents. In large machines, field
windings consist of rectangular copper strip wound on edge.
1 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-
422
BatStateU Alangilan
b. Smooth Cylindrical Type. It is used for steam turbine-driven alternators (turbo-

alternators) which run at very high speeds. The rotor consists of a smooth solid forged
steel cylinder, having a number of slots milled out at intervals along the outer
periphery (and parallel to the shaft) for accommodating field coils.
5. Stator
The stator of an AC generator is the part that is stationary (refer to Figure 1). Like the
rotor, this component may be the armature or the field, depending on the type of
generator. The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is generated there; the
stator will be the field if the field excitation is applied there.
6. Slip Rings
Slip rings are electrical connections that are used to transfer power to and from the rotor
of an AC generator (refer to Figure 1). The slip ring consists of a circular conducting
material that is connected to the rotor windings and insulated from the shaft. Brushes
ride on the slip ring as the rotor rotates. The electrical connection to the rotor is made by
connections to the brushes.
Slip rings are used in AC generators because the desired output of the generator is a sine
wave. In a DC generator, a commutator was used to provide an output whose current
always flowed in the positive direction. This is not necessary for an AC generator.
Therefore, an AC generator may use slip rings, which will allow the output current and
voltage to oscillate through positive and negative values. This oscillation of voltage and
current takes the shape of a sine wave.
Figure 2. Sinusoidal Voltage
AC GENERATOR THEORY
AC generators are widely used to produce AC voltage. To understand how these generators
operate, the basic theory of operation must first be understood.
Theory of Operation

422
BatStateU Alangilan
A simple AC generator consists of:

(a) a strong magnetic field, (b)
conductors that rotate through that
magnetic field, and (c) a means by
which a continuous connection is
provided to the conductors as they
are rotating (Figure 3). The strong
magnetic field is produced by a
current flow through the field coil
of the rotor. The field coil in the
rotor receives excitation using slip
rings and brushes. Two brushes are
spring-held in contact with the slip
rings to provide the continuous
connection between the field Figure 3. Simple AC Generator
coil and the external excitation
circuit. The armature is contained within the windings of the stator and is connected to the
output. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one complete cycle of AC is
developed. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the rotor. The magnitude
of AC voltage generated by an AC generator is dependent on the field strength and speed of the
rotor. Most generators are operated at a constant speed; therefore, the generated voltage depends
on field excitation, or strength.
The frequency of the generated voltage is dependent on the number of field poles and the speed
at which the generator is operated is
NP
f=
120
where:
f – frequency (Hz or cycles per second)
P – Total number of Poles
N – Rotor Speed
120 – conversion from minutes to seconds and from poles to pairs
AC GENERATOR OPERATION
Because of the nature of AC voltage and current, the operation of an AC generator requires that
rules and procedures be followed. In addition, there are various types of AC generators available,
each type having advantages and disadvantages.
Similar to the case of DC generator, the behavior of a Synchronous generator connected to an
external load is different than that at no-load. In order to understand the performance of the
Synchronous generator when it is loaded, consider the flux distributions in the machine when the
armature also carries a current. Unlike in the DC machine in alternators the emf peak and the
current peak will not occur in the same coil due to the effect of the power factor of the load. The
current and the induced emf will be at their peaks in the same coil only for UPF loads. For zero
power factor lagging loads, the current reaches its peak in a coil which falls behind that coil
wherein the induced emf is at its peak by 90 electrical degrees or half a pole-pitch. Likewise for
zero power factor leading loads, the current reaches its peak in a coil which is ahead of that coil
wherein the induced emf is at its peak by 90 electrical degrees or half a pole-pitch. For
simplicity, assume the resistance and leakage reactance of the stator windings to be negligible.
Also assume the magnetic circuit to be linear i.e. the flux in the magnetic circuit is deemed to be
proportional to the resultant ampere-turns - in other words the machine is operating in the linear

422
BatStateU Alangilan
portion of the magnetization characteristics. Thus, the emf induced is the same as the terminal
voltage, and
the phase-angle between current and emf is determined only by the power factor (pf) of the
external load connected to the synchronous generator.
Ratings
Typical name plate data for an AC generator (Figure 4) includes: (1) manufacturer; (2) serial
number and type number; (3) speed (rpm), number of poles, frequency of output, number of
phases, and maximum supply voltage; (4) capacity rating in KVA and kW at a specified power
factor and maximum output voltage; (5) armature and field current per phase; and (6) maximum
temperature rise.
Power (kW) ratings of an AC generator are based on
the ability of the prime mover to overcome generator
losses and the ability of the machine to dissipate the
internally generated heat. The current rating of an
AC generator is based on the insulation rating of the
machine.
Figure 4. AC Generator Nameplate Rating
Figure 5. Stationary Field, Rotating Armature AC Generator
Types of AC Generators
There are two types of AC generators: the stationary field, rotating armature; and the rotating
field, stationary armature. A small AC generators usually have a stationary field and a rotating
armature (Figure 5). One important disadvantage to this arrangement is that the slip-ring and
brush assembly is in series with the load circuits and, because of worn or dirty components, may
interrupt the flow of current.
If DC field excitation is connected to the rotor, the stationary coils will have AC induced into
them (Figure 6). This arrangement is called a rotating field, stationary armature AC generator.
Advantages of having a stationary armature (and a rotating field system) are:

422
BatStateU Alangilan
1. The output current can be led directly from fixed terminals on the stator (or armature
windings) to the load circuit, without having to pass it through brush-contacts.
2. It is easier to insulate stationary armature winding for high AC voltages, which may have
as high as 30kV or more.
3. The sliding contacts (slip-rings) are transferred to the low voltage, low power DC field
circuit which can be easily insulated.
4. The armature windings can be easily braced to prevent any deformation, which could be
produced by the mechanical stresses set up as a result of short-circuit current and the high
centrifugal forces brought inti play.
The rotating field, stationary

armature type AC generator is
used when large power generation
is involved. In this type of
generator, a DC source is supplied
to the rotating field coils, which
produces a magnetic field around
the rotating element. As the rotor
is turned by the prime mover, the
field will cut the conductors of the
stationary armature, and an EMF
will be induced into the armature
windings.
Figure 6. Simple AC Generator - Rotating Field,
Stationary Armature
This type of AC generator has several advantages
over the stationary field, rotating armature AC
generator: (1) a load can be connected to the
armature without moving contacts in the circuit; (2)
it is much easier to insulate stator fields than rotating
fields; and (3) much higher voltages and currents
can be generated.
Three-Phase AC Generators
The principles of a three-phase generator are
basically the same as that of a single-phase
generator, except that there are three equally-spaced
windings and three output voltages that are all 120°
out of phase with one another. Physically adjacent
loops (Figure 7) are separated by 60° of rotation;
however, the loops are connected to the slip rings in
such a manner that there are 120 electrical degrees
between phases. Figure 7. Stationary Armature
of 3-Phase AC Generator
The individual coils of each winding are combined and represented as a single coil. The
significance of Figure 7 is that it shows that the three-phase generator has three separate
armature windings that are 120 electrical degrees out of phase.
AC Generator Connections
As shown in Figure 7, there are six leads from the armature of a three-phase generator, and the
output is connected to an external load. In actual practice, the windings are connected together,
and only three leads are brought out and connected to the external load.
Two means are available to connect the three armature windings. In one type of connection, the
windings are connected in series, or delta-connected () (Figure 8).
In a delta-connected generator, the voltage between any two of the phases, called line voltage, is
the same as the voltage generated in any one phase. As shown in Figure 8, the three phase

422
BatStateU Alangilan
voltages are equal, as are the three-line voltages. The current in any line is √ 3 times the phase
current.
Figure 8. Delta-Connected Generator

In the other type of connection, one of the leads of each winding is connected, and the remaining
three leads are connected to an external load. This is called a wye connection (Y) (Figure 9).
The voltage and current characteristics of the wye-connected AC generator are opposite to that
of the delta connection. Voltage between any two lines in a wye-connected AC generator √ 3
times any one phase voltage, while line currents are equal to phase currents. The wye-connected
AC generator provides an increase in voltage, but no increase in current (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Wye-Connected Generator

Summary
The important information covered in this chapter is summarized below.
1. Power (kW) ratings of an AC generator are based on the ability of the prime mover to
overcome generation losses and the ability of the machine to dissipate the heat
generated internally. The current rating of an AC generator is based on the insulation
rating of the machine.
2. There are three requirements that must be met to parallel AC generators:
 Their terminal voltages must be equal. A mismatch may cause high currents and
generator or distribution system damage.
 Their frequencies must be equal. A mismatch in frequencies can cause one
generator to "motor," causing an overload in the generators and the distribution
system.
 Their output voltages must be in phase. A mismatch in the phases will cause large
opposing voltages to be developed, resulting in damage to the generators and
distribution system due to high currents.
3. The disadvantage of a stationary field, rotating armature is that the slip-ring and brush
assembly is in series with the load circuits and, because of worn or dirty components,
may interrupt the flow of current.

422
BatStateU Alangilan
4. A stationary armature, rotating field generator has several advantages: (1) a load can
be connected to the armature without moving contacts in the circuit; (2) it is much
easier to insulate stator fields than rotating fields; and (3) much higher voltages and
currents can be generated.
GENERATED EMF EQUATION OF AN ALTERNATOR (DESIGN)
E RMS=4.44 k p k d f Φ T
E RMS=2.22 k p k d f Φ Z Ø
Consider the following:

Φ - flux per pole
P - Number of Poles
f - Frequency of induced EMF in Hz
Z - Total number of stator conductors
ZØ - Conductors per phase connected in series
Z
T - Turns per phase connected in series = Ø
2
kp - pitch factor or coil span factor
kd - distribution factor or belt factor
Pitch Factor or Coil Pitch. The ratio of phasor (vector) sum of induced emfs per coil to the
arithmetic sum of induced emfs per coil is known as pitch factor or coil span factor (k p) which is
always less than unity. Let the coil have a pitch short by angle θ electrical space degrees from
full pitch and induced emf in each coil side be E,
Figure 10. (a) Full Pitch Coil and Figure 11. Vector Diagram of Voltage in a
(b) Short Pitched Coil Short Pitched Coil
k p=sin [ ( 90 ° )( pitch ) ]
coil span∈number of slots

pitch=
slots per pole
Distribution Factor. The ratio of the phasor sum of

the emfs induced in all the coils distributed in a
number of slots under one pole to the arithmetic sum
of the emfs induced (or to the resultant of emfs
induced in all coils concentrated in one slot under
one pole) is known as breadth factor or distribution
factor (kd) The distribution factor is always less than
unity. Let no. of slots per pole = Q and no. of slots
per pole per phase = q Induced emf in each coil side
= EC Angular displacement between the slots, o The
422
BatStateU Alangilan
emf induced in different coils of one phase under one pole are represented by side AC, CD, DE,
EF Which are equal in magnitude (say each equal E C) and differ in phase (say by o) from each
other.
nβ
sin
2
k d=
β
n sin
2
where:
180 °
β=
slots per pole
and
slots
pole
n=
phase
Example:
1. Calculate the pitch factor for the given windings: (a) 36 slots, 4 poles, coil span 1 to 8;
(b) 72 stator slots, 6 poles, coil span 1 to 10 and (c) 396slots, 6 poles, coil span 1 to 12.
Solution:
(a) Total number of slots = 36
Poles = 4
Coil Span 1 to 8 = 7, here the coil span falls short by 2.
36 slots
−2
coil span∈number of slots 4 poles 7
pitch= = =
slots per pole 36 slots 9
4 poles
[
k p=sin [ ( 90 ° )( pitch ) ]=sin ( 90 ° ) ( 79 )]=0.9397
(b) Total number of slots = 72
Poles = 6
72 slots
−3
coil span∈number of slots 6 poles 9 3
pitch= = = =
slots per pole 72 slots 12 4
6 poles
[
k p=sin [ ( 90 ° )( pitch ) ] =sin ( 90 ° ) ( 34 )]=0.9239
(c) Total number of slots = 96
Poles = 6
96 slots
−5
pitch= = =
6 poles
11
[ ( )]
k p=sin [ ( 90 ° )( pitch ) ] =sin ( 90 ° )
16
=0.8819

422
BatStateU Alangilan
2. Calculate the distribution factor for a 36-slots, four pole, single layer three phase
winding.
Solution:
Total Number of Slots = 36
Poles = 4
180 ° 180°
β= = =20˚
slots per pole 36 slots
4 poles
slots 36 slots
pole 4 pole
n= = =3
phase 3 phase
nβ 3 ( 20 ° )
sin sin
2 2
k d= = =0.9568
β 20 °
n sin 3 sin
2 2
3. The Stator of a three-phase, 16-pole alternator has 144 slots and there are 4 conductors
per slot connected in two layers and the conductors of each phase are connected in series.
If the speed of the alternator is 375 rpm, calculate the emf induced per phase and the Line
voltage. Resultant flux in the air-gap is 5 ×10−2 Wb per pole sinusoidally distributed.
Assume the coil span as 150˚electrical.
Solution:
For sinusoidal flux distribution:
Since the total Electrical Degree for a Full Pitched coil is equal to 180˚, assuming the coil
span is 150˚electrical, then the Pitch Factor (k p)
150 ° 5
pitch= =
180 ° 6
[
k p=sin ( 90 ° ) ( 56 )]=0.9659
Solving for the Distribution Factor (k d)
180 ° 180°
β= = =20 ˚
16 poles
slots 144 slots

pole 16 pole
n= = =3
phase 3 phase
nβ 3 ( 20 ° )
sin sin
2 2
k d= = =0.9568
β 20 °
n sin 3 sin
2 2
Solving for turns per phase

422
BatStateU Alangilan
4 conductors 144 slots conductors

× 192
Z slot 3 phase phase
T= Ø= = =96
2 2 2
Solving for the frequency
PN 16 poles ×375 rpm

f= = =50 Hz
120 120
Solving for the Phase Voltage:
E ØRMS=4.44 k p k d f Φ T
E ØRMS=4.44 ×0.9659 ×0.9568 ×50 Hz ×5 × 10−2 Wb ×96
E ØRMS=987.9080 volts
Solving for the Line Voltage of the Star-Connected Alternator:
Eline = √ 3 × E ØRMS
Eline = √ 3 × 987.9080 volts
Eline =1711.1069 volts
4. A three-phase, 16 poles AC Generator has a Delta-connected winding with 144 slots and
10 conductors per slot and the coil is chorded/shorted by 1. The flux per pole is 0.03 Wb,
sinusoidally distributed and speed is 375 rpm. Find the frequency and the phase and line
voltages.
Solution:
Solving for the frequency:
PN 16 poles ×375 rpm

f= = =50 Hz
120 120
For sinusoidal flux distribution:

Since the winding is chorded by 1 slot,
144 slots
−1
pitch= = =
16 poles
8
[ ( )]
k p=sin ( 90 ° )
9
=0.9848
Solving for the Distribution Factor (k d)
180 ° 180°
β= = =20 ˚
16 poles

422
BatStateU Alangilan
slots 144 slots

pole 16 pole
n= = =3
phase 3 phase
nβ 3 ( 20 ° )
sin sin
2 2
k d= = =0.9568
β 20 °
n sin 3 sin
2 2
Solving for turns per phase
10 conductors 144 slots conductors

× 480
Z slot 3 phase phase
T= Ø= = =240
2 2 2
Solving for the Phase Voltage:
E ØRMS=4.44 k p k d f Φ T
E ØRMS=4.44 ×0.9848 ×0.9568 × 50 Hz × 0.03Wb ×240
E ØRMS=1506.1030 volts
Solving for the Line Voltage of the Star-Connected Alternator
Eline =E ØRMS
Eline =1506.1030 volts
GENERATED EMF PER PHASE (EQUIVALENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT)

jXa Ra
IØ
EØ VØ
2 2
√
E Ø = ( V Ø cos θ+ I Ø Ra ) + ( V Ø sin θ ± I Ø X a )
−1
E Ø 2+V Ø 2−( I Ø Ra2 + I Ø X a2 )
δ =cos
2 EØ V Ø
or
E Ø ∠± δ =V Ø ∠ 0 °+ ( I Ø ∠ ± θ ) ( Ra + j X a )
where:
EØ - generated emf per phase
VØ - load voltage per phase
IØ - armature current per phase
Ra - armature winding resistance per phase
422
BatStateU Alangilan
Xa - inductive reactance of armature winding per phase

δ - angle between E Ø and I Ø
Example:
1. A 1.2 MVA, 6600 volts, 3Ø Y-connected alternator has an effective resistance of 0.4ohm
and a reactance of 6ohms per phase. Find the generated voltage (line-to-line and phase) if
it delivers full load current at 0.80 lagging power factor at rated voltage. What will be the
generated voltage for the same excitation and load current, if the power factor is leading?
Solution:
j6ё Ϭ͘ ϰё
IØ
EØ VØ
(a) When power factor is 0.8 lagging:

S3 Ø =√ 3 V L¿ I L
S3 Ø
I L=
√3 V L¿
1.2×10 6 ∠−36.8699 ° VA
I L= ¿ =104.9727 ∠−36.8699 ° A
√ 3 × ( 6600 ∠0 ° V )
For Y-connected Generator,
V 6600 ∠0 ° V
V Ø= L =
√ 3 √3
I L =I Ø =104.9727 ∠−36.8699° A
Z aØ=0.4+ j6 Ω
E Ø ∠ ± δ =V Ø ∠ 0 °+ ( I Ø ∠−θ ) ( R a+ j X a )
6600∠ 0 ° V
EØ= + [ (104.9727 ∠−36.8699 ° A ) ( 0.4+ j 6 Ω ) ]
√3
Therefore, the Generated Voltage per phase of the Alternator is:
E Ø =4249.0537 ∠6.4684 ° V
And the Generated Line-to-Line Voltage is:
E L =√3 E Ø =√ 3 × 4249.0537∠ 6.4684 ° V

E L =7359.5769∠6.4684 ° V
(b) When power factor is 0.8 leading:

S3 Ø =√ 3 V L¿ I L

422
BatStateU Alangilan
S3 Ø
I L=
√3 V L¿
1.2×10 6 ∠36.8699 ° VA
I L= ¿ =104.9727∠ 36.8699 ° A
√ 3 × ( 6600 ∠0 ° V )
For Y-connected Generator,
V 6600 ∠0 ° V
V Ø= L =
√ 3 √3
I L =I Ø =104.9727 ∠ 36.8699 ° A
Z aØ=0.4+ j6 Ω
E Ø ∠± δ=V Ø ∠0 °+ ( I Ø ∠+ θ ) ( Ra + j X a )
6600∠ 0 ° V
EØ= + [ (104.9727 ∠ 36.8699 ° A )( 0.4 + j 6 Ω ) ]
√3
E Ø =3506.3453 ∠8.6783° V
E L =√3 E Ø =√ 3 ×3506.3453 ∠8.6783 ° V
E L =6073.1682∠8.6783 °V
Alternative solution (Magnitude only):

S3 Ø =√ 3 V L I L
S3Ø 1.2× 106 VA

I L= = =104.9727 A
√3 V L √3 × ( 6600V )
p . f .=cos θ=0.8
θ=cos−1 0.8
θ=36.8699°
Then,
2 2
√
E Ø = ( V Ø cos θ+ I Ø Ra ) + ( V Ø sin θ+ I Ø X a )
2 2
EØ=
√[ 6600V
√3
×0.8+ ( 104.9727 A ) ( 0.4 Ω ) +
E Ø =4249.0537 V
6600 V
][√3
× 0.6+ ( 104.9727 A ) ( 6 Ω )
]
E L =√3 E Ø =√ 3 × 4249.0537V
E L =7359.5769V

422
BatStateU Alangilan
−1
E Ø 2+V Ø 2−( I Ø Ra2 + I Ø X a2 )
δ =cos
2 EØ V Ø
6600V 2
[ ( )
]
2 2 2
( 4249.0537 V ) + −[ ( 104.9727 A ×0.4 Ω ) + ( 104.9727 A ×6 Ω ) ]
√3
δ =cos−1
6600V
2× 4249.0537 V ×
√3
δ =6.4684 °

S3 Ø = √ 3 V L I L
S3Ø 1.2× 106 VA

I L= = =104.9727 A
√3 V L √3 × ( 6600V )
p . f .=cos θ=0.8
θ=cos−1 0.8
θ=36.8699°
Then,
2 2
√
E Ø = ( V Ø cos θ+ I Ø Ra ) + ( V Ø sin θ−I Ø X a )
2 2
EØ=
√[ 6600V
√3
×0.8+ ( 104.9727 A ) ( 0.4 Ω ) +
6600 V
√3 ][
× 0.6−( 104.9727 A )( 6 Ω )
]
E Ø =3506.3453 V
E L =√3 E Ø =√ 3 ×3506.3453 V
E L =6073.1682V
−1
E Ø 2+V Ø 2−( I Ø Ra2 + I Ø X a2 )
δ =cos
2 EØ V Ø
6600 V 2
[ ( )
]
2 2 2
( 3506.3453 V ) + −[ ( 104.9727 A × 0.4 Ω ) + ( 104.9727 A × 6 Ω ) ]
√3
δ =cos−1
6600 V
2× 3506.3453V ×
√3
δ =8.6783 °
2. A 1MVA, 11 kV, 3Ø Δ-connected alternator has an effective resistance of 0.1ohm and a
reactance of 8ohms per phase. Find the generated voltage (line-to-line and phase) if it
delivers full load current at 0.80 lagging power factor at rated voltage. What will be the
generated voltage for the same excitation and load current, if the power factor is leading?
Solution:

422
BatStateU Alangilan
j6ё Ϭ͘ ϰё
IØ
EØ VØ

S3 Ø =√ 3 V L¿ I L
S3 Ø
I L=
√3 V L¿
1.0× 106 ∠−36.8699 ° VA

I L= ¿ =52.4863∠−36.8699 ° A
√ 3 × ( 11000 ∠0 ° V )
For Δ-connected Generator,
I 52.4863 ∠−36.8699° A
I Ø= L =
√3 √3
I Ø =30.3030 ∠−36.8699° A
V L=V Ø =11000 ∠0 ° V
Z aØ=0.1+ j 8 Ω
E Ø ∠ ± δ =V Ø ∠ 0 °+ ( I Ø ∠−θ ) ( R a+ j X a )
E Ø =11000 ∠ 0 ° V + [ (30.3030 ∠−36.8699 ° A ) ( 0.1+ j 8 Ω ) ]
E Ø =11149.5342∠ 0.9873 ° V
E L =EØ =11149.5342∠0.9873 ° V

S3 Ø =√ 3 V L¿ I L
S3 Ø
I L=
√3 V L¿
1.0× 106 ∠36.8699 ° VA
I L= ¿ =52.4863∠36.8699 ° A
√ 3× ( 11000 ∠ 0 ° V )

422
BatStateU Alangilan
I L 52.4863 ∠36.8699 ° A
I Ø= =
√3 √3
I Ø =30.3030 ∠36.8699 ° A
V L=V Ø =11000 ∠0 ° V
Z aØ=0.1+ j 8 Ω
E Ø ∠± δ=V Ø ∠0 °+ ( I Ø ∠+ θ ) ( Ra + j X a )
E Ø =11000 ∠ 0 ° V + [ (30.3030 ∠36.8699 ° A )( 0.1+ j8 Ω ) ]
E Ø =10858.7344 ∠1.0329 ° V
E L =EØ =10858.7344 ∠1.0329 ° V
Alternative solution (Magnitude only):

(c) When power factor is 0.8 lagging:
S3 Ø = √ 3 V L I L
S3Ø
I L=
√3 V L
1.0 ×106 VA
I L= =52.4863 A
√3 ×11000 V
I 52.4863 A
I Ø= L =
√3 √3
I Ø =30.3030 A
V L=V Ø =11000 V
p . f .=cos θ=0.8
θ=cos−1 0.8
θ=36.8699°
Then,
2 2
√
E Ø = ( V Ø cos θ+ I Ø Ra ) + ( V Ø sin θ+ I Ø X a )
2 2
√
E Ø = [ 11000 V × 0.8+ ( 30.3030 A ) ( 0.1Ω ) ] + [ 11000 V ×0.6 + ( 30.3030 A )( 8 Ω ) ]
E Ø =11149.5342V
E L =EØ =11149.5342V
−1
E Ø 2+V Ø 2−( I Ø Ra2 + I Ø X a2 )
δ =cos
2 EØ V Ø
422
BatStateU Alangilan
( 11149.5342V )2+ ( 11000 V )2 −[ ( 30.3030 A × 0.1Ω )2+ ( 30.3030 A ×8 Ω )2 ]

δ =cos−1 [ 2× 11149.5342V × 11000 V ]
δ =0.9873 °
(d) When power factor is 0.8 leading:
S3 Ø = √ 3 V L I L
S3Ø
I L=
√3 V L
1.0 ×106 VA
I L= =52.4863 A
√3 ×11000 V
I 52.4863 A
I Ø= L =
√3 √3
I Ø =30.3030 A
V L=V Ø =11000 V
p . f .=cos θ=0.8
θ=cos−1 0.8
θ=36.8699°
Then,
2 2
√
E Ø = ( V Ø cos θ+ I Ø Ra ) + ( V Ø sin θ−I Ø X a )
2 2
√
E Ø = [ 11000 V × 0.8+ ( 30.3030 A ) ( 0.1Ω ) ] + [ 11000 V ×0.6−( 30.3030 A ) ( 8 Ω ) ]
E Ø =10858.7344 V
E L =EØ =10858.7344 V
−1
E Ø 2+V Ø 2−( I Ø Ra2 + I Ø X a2 )
δ =cos
2 EØ V Ø
( 10858.7344 V )2 + ( 11000 V )2− [ ( 30.3030 A × 0.1Ω )2 + ( 30.3030 A ×8 Ω )2 ]

δ =cos −1
[ 2× 10858.7344 V × 11000 V ]
δ =1.0329 °

422

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department Ac Generators Ac Generator Components

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department Ac Generators Ac Generator Components

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

Figure 1. Basic AC Generator

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

b. Smooth Cylindrical Type. It is used for steam turbine-driven alternators (turbo-

Figure 2. Sinusoidal Voltage

2 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

A simple AC generator consists of:

3 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

Figure 4. AC Generator Nameplate Rating

Figure 5. Stationary Field, Rotating Armature AC Generator

4 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

The rotating field, stationary

5 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

Figure 8. Delta-Connected Generator

Figure 9. Wye-Connected Generator

6 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

GENERATED EMF EQUATION OF AN ALTERNATOR (DESIGN)

Consider the following:

coil span∈number of slots

Distribution Factor. The ratio of the phasor sum of

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

8 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

slots 144 slots

Solving for turns per phase

9 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

4 conductors 144 slots conductors

Solving for the frequency

PN 16 poles ×375 rpm

Solving for the Phase Voltage:

E ØRMS=4.44 ×0.9659 ×0.9568 ×50 Hz ×5 × 10−2 Wb ×96

Solving for the Line Voltage of the Star-Connected Alternator:

Eline = √ 3 × 987.9080 volts

Eline =1711.1069 volts

PN 16 poles ×375 rpm

For sinusoidal flux distribution:

Solving for the Distribution Factor (k d)

10 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

slots 144 slots

10 conductors 144 slots conductors

Solving for the Phase Voltage:

E ØRMS=4.44 ×0.9848 ×0.9568 × 50 Hz × 0.03Wb ×240

Solving for the Line Voltage of the Star-Connected Alternator

Eline =1506.1030 volts

GENERATED EMF PER PHASE (EQUIVALENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT)

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

Xa - inductive reactance of armature winding per phase

(a) When power factor is 0.8 lagging:

And the Generated Line-to-Line Voltage is:

E L =√3 E Ø =√ 3 × 4249.0537∠ 6.4684 ° V

(b) When power factor is 0.8 leading:

12 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department