Electrical Machine II

EEEEC11 (3 – 0 – 2)
Semester 4
Chapter 01: Fundamentals of AC machine
winding
• Physical arrangement of windings in stator and cylindrical rotor; slots
for windings; single turn coil - active portion and overhang
• full-pitch coils, concentrated winding, distributed winding, winding
axis
• Air-gap MMF distribution with fixed current through winding
• concentrated and distributed, Sinusoidal distributed winding, winding
distribution factor
Electrical Machine
?
The electromechanical energy conversion process is a reversible one and simple
adjustment of the mechanical shaft and electrical conditions reverses the flow of power as
illustrated in Fig. 1.2. In this mode of operation, the electromechanical device, in general
called the electric machine, is known as the motor and the machine is said to be in the
motoring mode. Under steady speed operation, again TM (motor) = TL(load). Both in
generating and motoring modes, losses occur in the electric machine, but the overall
conversion efficiencies are very high (close to or above 90%).
A transformer is a static device that transforms electric energy from one ac voltage level to
another. It is this device that has made the electric system almost universally ac

Because the principle of rotating ac machines is akin to that of a transformer, these two are always studied together
in a book. Further, since the transformer analogy can be extended to both the ac machine types, the transformer
study usually precedes the machine study.
 BASIC PRINCIPLE, TYPES AND CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
OF ELECTRIC MACHINES

There are three basic rotating electric

machine types, namely
• 1. the dc machine,
• 2. the polyphase synchronous
machine (ac), and
• 3. the polyphase induction machine
(ac).

Three materials are mainly used in machine manufacture; steel to conduct magnetic flux, copper
(or aluminium) to conduct electric current and insulation to insulate the voltage induced in
conductors confining currents to them.
All electric machines comprise of two parts: the cylindrical rotating member called the
rotor and the annular stationary member called the stator with the intervening air-gap as
illustrated in Fig. 1.4. The rotor has an axial shaft which is carried on bearings at each end
located in end covers bolted to the stator. The shaft extends out of the end cover usually at
one end and is coupled to either the prime mover or the load.

The stator and rotor are both made of magnetic material

(steel) which conducts the magnetic flux upon which
depends the process of energy conversion
In both dc and synchronous machines, the main field is created by field poles excited with direct
current. The winding on the field poles is called the field winding. The relative motion of the field
past a second winding located in the other member induces emf in it. The winding interchanges
current with the external electric system depending upon the circuit conditions. It is this winding,
called the armature winding, which handles the load power of the machine, while the field
winding consumes a small percentage (0.5% to 2%) of the rated load power. The load dependent
armature current is known as load current.
SIMPLE LOOP IN
A UNIFORM
MAGNETIC
FIELD
 1= single layer widing

Coil side per pole per phase

Coil side per pole

Formula
• Induction machine:
Induction machines are the
electrotechnical energy
conversion devices in which
the rotor voltage (which
produces the rotor current
and the rotor magnetic
field) is induced in the rotor
windings rather than being
physically connected by
wires. The distinguishing
feature of an induction
motor is that no dc field
current is required to run
the machine.
INDUCTION MOTOR CONSTRUCTION

Two different types of induction motor rotors can be placed inside the stator.
One is called a cage rotor, while the other is called a wound rotor.
• A cage induction motor rotor
consists of a series of conducting bars
laid into slots carved in the face of the
rotor and shorted at either end by
large shorting rings. This design is
referred to as a cage rotor because
the conductors if examined by
themselves, would look like one of
the exercise wheels that squirrels or
hamsters run on.
The other type of rotor is a wound rotor. A wound rotor has a complete set of
three-phase windings that are mirror images of the windings on the stator. The
three phases of the rotor windings are usually star-connected, and the ends of the
three rotor wires are tied to slip rings on the rotor's shaft. The rotor windings are
shorted through brushes riding on the slip rings. Wound-rotor induction motors,
therefore, have their rotor currents accessible at the stator brushes, where they
can be examined and where extra resistance can be inserted into the rotor circuit.
It is possible to take advantage of this feature to modify the torque-speed
characteristic
of the motor.
Very important concept
Production of Revolving
Field
Principle of
Operation
Reversal of Direction of Rotation of
Three-phase Induction Motors
At Standstill = Block
Rotor = I(start) = I (SC)
By Students
Topic to be covered by students as they miss
the Saturday class

Single-phase Induction
motor working principle
based on field theory

Equivalent circuit of
Single-phase induction
motor based on forward-
backward field theory
For reference: In a capacitor start capacitor run (CSCR) motor
during starting, the phase difference between the voltage and
current can be more than 90 degrees due to the presence of a
high-value starting capacitor in series with the auxiliary
winding.
Synchronous Alternator
Pilot Exciter: The pilot exciter is a small DC generator that is directly coupled to the shaft of
the synchronous alternator. It generates a relatively low voltage DC output, which is used to
power the field winding of the main exciter. The advantage of using a pilot exciter is that it
operates at the same speed as the alternator rotor, providing a stable and synchronized DC
output.

Main Exciter: The main exciter is a larger DC generator driven by an auxiliary motor or a
turbine. It receives power from the pilot exciter and further boosts the DC voltage to a
higher level required for the field winding of the synchronous alternator. The main exciter
typically operates at a different speed from the alternator rotor, and its output voltage is
regulated to maintain a constant field current in the alternator rotor.

Together, the pilot exciter and main exciter form a cascade excitation system. The pilot
exciter provides a stable and synchronized low voltage output, while the main exciter steps
up this voltage to the level required for the alternator field winding. This arrangement
ensures reliable and efficient excitation of the synchronous alternator, enabling it to
generate a constant and synchronized AC output voltage.
Armature reaction in a synchronous alternator refers to the effect of the armature current on
the distribution of magnetic flux in the machine. When current flows through the armature
winding, it produces its own magnetic field that interacts with the main magnetic field
produced by the rotor's field winding. This interaction leads to a distortion or shifting of the
main magnetic field lines, affecting the performance of the machine.
Magnetic Field Distortion: The armature current creates a magnetic field that opposes or
distorts the main magnetic field produced by the rotor's field winding. This distortion causes
a redistribution of magnetic flux in the air gap, leading to changes in the distribution of flux
density and the location of the magnetic neutral axis.
Effect on Terminal Voltage: The distortion of the magnetic field alters the voltage induced in
the stator windings as they rotate through the field. This can result in changes to the terminal
voltage of the alternator, affecting its voltage regulation and performance.
Cross-Magnetizing and Demagnetizing Effects: Armature reaction can lead to both cross-
magnetizing and demagnetizing effects. Cross-magnetizing effect occurs when the armature
current produces a magnetic field that is perpendicular to the main magnetic field, causing a
distortion in the flux pattern. Demagnetizing effect occurs when the armature current
weakens the main magnetic field, reducing the total flux passing through the armature.
Question for students:
What is the role of OCC
and SCC in the EMF
method
Parallel Operation of Alternators