EE-3111

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

SYSTEMS

INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. NEELAM MUGHEES
Lecture Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to:

 Understand AC Motors and their working principle

 Understand Motor Starters
 AC MOTORS

 The motor that converts the alternating current into

mechanical power is called an AC motor.
 This motor is driven by an alternating current. The stator and
the rotor are the two most important parts of the AC motors.
 The stator is the stationary part of the motor, and the rotor is
the rotating part of the motor. The AC motor may be single
phase or three phase.
 The three phase AC motors are mostly applied in the industry
for bulk power conversion from electrical to mechanical. For
small power conversion, the single phase AC motors are
mostly used.
Classification of AC Motor
 Synchronous Motor

 The motor that converts the AC electrical power into

mechanical power and is operated only at the synchronous
speed is known as a synchronous motor.
Working Principle of a Synchronous Motor
 When 3-phase supply is given to 3-phase windings of
stator, stator winding produces a 3 phased rotating
Magnetic-Field. DC supply is given to the rotor.
 The revolving field tries to drag the rotor with it, but could
not do so because of rotor inertia. Hence, no starting torque
is produced. Thus, inherently synchronous motor is not a
self-starting motor.
 Induction Motor or Asynchronous Motor

 The machine which converts the AC electric power into mechanical

power by using an electromagnetic induction phenomenon in called
an induction motor. The induction motor is mainly classified into two
types., i.e., the single phase induction motor and the three phase
induction motors.
Working Principle of an Induction Motor
 In the DC motor, we give one supply to the stator and another to the
rotor through brush arrangement. But in induction motor, we give
only one supply, so it is interesting to know how an induction motor
works. It is simple, from the name itself we can understand that here,
the induction process is involved.
 Working Principle of Induction Motor (1
and 3-Phase)
 A rotating magnetic field is set up in the rotator when a 3-phase
supply is given. This revolving magnetic field moves with
synchronous speed. There is air-gap present between the rotor and
stator, and rotor is stationary.
 The stationary rotor cut the revolving field and due to
electromagnetic induction an emf is induced in the rotor
conductor.
 Current starts to flow through the rotor and it becomes a current
carrying conductor in magnetic field. A force acts on it and it
starts to rotate.
 This is a self-starting motor because there are three single phase
lines with a 120° phase difference. So the rotating magnetic field
has the same phase difference which will make the rotor to move.
 Single-Phase Induction Motor is not self-
starting

 We know that the AC supply is a sinusoidal wave and it produces a pulsating magnetic field
in the uniformly distributed stator winding. The word Pulsating means that the field builds
up in one direction falls to zero and then builds up in the opposite direction.
 Since we can assume the pulsating magnetic field as two oppositely rotating magnetic
fields, there will be no resultant torque produced at the starting, and hence the motor does
not run.
 After giving the supply, if the rotor is made to rotate in either direction by an external force,
then the motor will start to run.
 Motor Starters

 We can solve this problem by making the stator winding into two
winding – one is the main winding, and another is auxiliary winding.
 We connect one capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding. The
capacitor will make a phase difference when current flows through both
coils. When there is a phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting
torque, and it will start to rotate.
 Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor
gets disconnected from the motor, but if we rotate with the hand, it will
start rotating. That is why we use a capacitor in the single-phase
induction motor.
 Induction Motor Slip and Speed

 Because the rotor is moving slower than the stator magnetic field, we say the rotor is “slipping” through the stator field, and we
define the slip as:

 where ns and nr are in RPM or revolution per second. Slip is often represented as a percentage:

 From this, the speed of motor is:

 Synchronous speed:

 Rotor Frequency:
Example

A six-pole, 60 Hz induction motor operates at 3% slip. At what rate do the

stator field, the rotor, and the rotor field revolve? What is the frequency of the
rotor currents?

The stator and rotor fields rotate around the air gap at 1200 RPM
Example
Example
AC Motors in Industries

 Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives

because they are self-starting, reliable and economical.
 Single-phase induction motors are used extensively for smaller loads, such as
household appliances like fans.
 Motors for textile machinery depend on a wide range of parts and components
to function daily. Mainly brushless / induction motors are used in this industry.
 Overall, one of the biggest advantages of Induction motors is their high
efficiency – which can go as high as 97%.
 The main disadvantage of an induction motor is that the speed of the motor
varies with the applied load.
DC-DC Converters

 The functions of dc-dc converters are:

 to convert a dc input voltage Vs into a dc output voltage Vo;
 to protect the supplied system and the input source from electromagnetic
interference (EMI); and
 to satisfy various international and national safety standards.
 We will discuss Buck and Boost converter. The step-down dc-dc converter is
commonly known as a buck converter. The step-up dc-dc converter is commonly
known as a boost converter.
Any Questions?