NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE

UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and
Architecture
Main Campus II, Bajumpandan, Dumaguete City

EE 330 - AC/DC
MACHINERIES
Assignment 6

John Lloyd. A. Vincoy

BSME, III

Engr. Gil Tuban

Instructor
1. DEFINITION OF TERMS IN AC MOTORS
 A. Rotating Magnetic Field
A rotating magnetic field is produced when a three-phase supply to a
three-phase distributed winding of a rotating machine, which rotates in a
synchronous speed.
B. Synchronous Speed
Synchronous speed is the speed of rotation of the magnetic field in a rotary
machine It is determined by the frequency and the number of magnetic poles.
C. Rotor Speed
The rotor speed is the rotational speed of the rotor, which is measured in
rotations per minute (rpm) or tip speed in feet per minute.
D. Slip
A slip is The difference between the synchronous speed of the electric motor
magnetic field, and the shaft rotating speed – measured in RPM or frequency.
A slip increases with increasing load - providing a greater torque.

E. Torque

Torque is the turning force through a radius - with the units Nm in the SI-

system and the units lb ft in the imperial system. The torque developed by an
asynchronous induction motor varies when the motor accelerates from zero to
maximum operating speed.

F. Efficiency

Efficiency is the ratio of mechanical power delivered by the motor (output)

to the electrical power supplied to the motor (input).

Efficiency = (Mechanical Power Output / Electrical Power Input) x

100%

G. Frequency

Alternating current (ac) frequency is the number of cycles per second in an

ac sine wave. Frequency is the rate at which current changes direction per
second. It is measured in hertz (Hz), an international unit of measure where 1
hertz is equal to 1 cycle per second.
  Hertz (Hz) = One hertz is equal to one cycle per second.
 Cycle = One complete wave of alternating current or voltage.
 Alternation = One half of a cycle.
 Period = The time required to produce one complete cycle of a
waveform.

At its most basic, frequency is how often something repeats. In the case of
electrical current, frequency is the number of times a sine wave repeats, or
completes, a positive-to-negative cycle.
The more cycles that occur per second, the higher the frequency.
H. Wound rotor
A wound rotor motor is a variation of the three-phase induction motor,
designed to provide high starting torque for loads with high inertia, while
requiring very low current. Wound rotor motors are also referred to as “slip
ring motors.”

I. Squirrel Cage Winding

Squirrel cage motors are a subclass of induction motors, which harness

electromagnetism to generate motion. They are so-called “squirrel cage”
motors because the shape of their rotor – the inner component connected to
the output shaft – looks like a cage. Two circular end caps are joined by rotor
bars, which are acted upon by the electromagnetic field (EMF) generated by
the stator, or the outer housing composed of laminated metal sheets and
coiling of wire. The stator and the rotor are the two fundamental parts of any
induction motor, and the squirrel cage is simply one method of leveraging the
electromagnetic induction effect. The AC current passed through the stator
creates an EMF that fluctuates with the AC frequency, which “rotates”
around the rotor, inducing opposing magnetic fields in the rotor bars, thus
causing motion.

J. Squirrel Cage Rotor

The squirrel-cage rotor is used for the squirrel-cage rotor type induction
motor. General purpose power motors for industrial use are of this type.
When a squirrel-cage rotor is dipped in nitric acid to dissolve the iron content,
only the aluminum "cage" remains as shown here. It is possible to adjust the
characteristic curve delicately by adjusting the shape and material of the
cage-type conductor of the rotor.

K. Rotating Field

L. Power factor in AC Motor

Power factor is the relationship (phase) of current and voltage in AC

electrical distribution systems. Under ideal conditions current and voltage are
“in phase” and the power factor is “100%.” If inductive loads (motors) are
present, power factor less than 100% (typically 80 to 90% can occur).

Low power factor, electrically speaking, causes heavier current to flow in

power distribution lines in order to deliver a given number of kilowatts top an
electrical load.

2. OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TYPES OF AC

MOTOR

A. Induction Motor Operating Characteristics

 All torques of an induction motor, at a given slip, vary
approximately as the square of the voltage applied to its terminals
 Low rotor resistance results in high full load speed (low slip), high
efficiency (low rotor losses), and slightly higher starting current.
 High rotor resistance results in high starting torque for line current
drawn and slightly lower current during starting, but results in
lower full load speed and lower efficiency (high rotor losses).
 The slip at which maximum torque occurs is proportional to rotor
resistance
 Rotor frequency and voltage are proportional to slip. Thus, both are
zero at synchronous speed, but increase to a maximum at zero speed
(for slip range of 0 to 100%).
 Rotor I2R losses are proportional to slip and are in the rotor winding
of a squirrel cage motor. On a wound rotor motor, the secondary
 losses divide in proportion to the inherent rotor winding resistance
and any connected external resistance.

For a pure inertia load (no load torque), the heat energy added to the
rotor winding during acceleration (starting) is equal to the kinetic energy of
the rotating mass at full speed. The total kinetic energy added to the rotating
mass during acceleration to full speed is always the same for a particular
value of motor and load inertia regardless of load torque.

The effect of load torque is to increase the heat energy added to the
stator and rotor windings during acceleration to full speed due to longer
accelerating time. The kinetic energy is added to the rotating mass at a rate
determined by the accelerating torque (motor developed torque less load
torque), and the heat added to the rotor winding is determined by the rotor
current and the accelerating time.

The accelerating time (and the time the high starting current exists) is
inversely proportional to the accelerating torque. Under low-voltage starting
conditions, the ratio of heat added to the rotor compared to the kinetic energy
at full speed is even greater because the accelerating torque is reduced
(developed torque varies approximately as the square of the voltage), the load
torque is unchanged, and the ratio of accelerating torque to load torque is
reduced.

B. Synchronous Motor

Synchronous motors have the following characteristics:

 A three-phase stator similar to that of an induction motor. Medium

voltage stators are often used.
 A wound rotor (rotating field) which has the same number of poles as
the stator, and is supplied by an external source of direct current (DC).
Both brush-type and brushless exciters are used to supply the DC field
current to the rotor. The rotor current establishes a north/south
magnetic pole relationship in the rotor poles enabling the rotor to
“lock-in-step” with the rotating stator flux.
 Starts as an induction motor. The synchronous motor rotor also has a
squirrel-cage winding, known as an Amortisseur winding, which
produces torque for motor starting.
 Synchronous motors will run at synchronous speed in accordance with
the formula:
 
120 × Frequency
Synchronous RPM =
Number of Poles

Example: the speed of a 24 -Pole Synchronous Motor operating at 60

Hz would be:
120 x 60 / 24 = 7200 / 24 = 300 RPM

Synchronous Motor Operation

 The squirrel-cage Amortisseur winding in the rotor produces Starting

Torque and Accelerating Torque to bring the synchronous motor up to
speed. ·
 When the motor speed reaches approximately 97% of nameplate RPM,
the DC field current is applied to the rotor producing Pull-in Torque
and the rotor will pull-in-step and “synchronize” with the rotating flux
field in the stator. The motor will run at synchronous speed and
produce Synchronous Torque.
  After synchronization, the Pull-out Torque cannot be exceeded or the
motor will pull out-of-step. Occasionally, if the overload is momentary,
the motor will “slip-a-pole” and resynchronize. Pull-out protection must
be provided otherwise the motor will run as an induction motor
drawing high current with the possibility of severe motor damage. A

Synchronous Motor
Synchronous motors are like induction motors in that they both have stator
windings that produce a rotating magnetic field. Unlike an induction motor,
the synchronous motor is excited by an external DC source and, therefore,
requires slip rings and brushes to provide current to the rotor.

In the synchronous motor, the rotor locks into step with the rotating magnetic
field and rotates at synchronous speed. If the synchronous motor is loaded to
the point where the rotor is pulled out of step with the rotating magnetic field,
no torque is developed, and the motor will stop.

A synchronous motor is not a self-starting motor because torque is only

developed when running at synchronous speed; therefore, the motor needs
some type of device to bring the rotor to synchronous speed.
Synchronous motors use a wound rotor. This type of rotor contains coils of
wire placed in the rotor slots. Slip rings and brushes are used to supply
current to the rotor. (as shown in above Figure).
 Rotating Field is generated using a three-phase Stator

Rotating Field is generated using a two-phase Stator and

Power Source
Single phase Induction Motor- Stator Field and Rotor Fields
Split-Phase Induction Motors
Capacitor Motors

Centrifugal Switch Motors

Shaded Pole Motors

AC Series Motors
Universal Motors
Single phase induction motor: The single-phase induction motor is not self-
starting. When the motor is connected to a single-phase power supply, the
main winding carries an alternating current. It is logical that the least
expensive, most reduced upkeep sort engine ought to be utilized most
regularly. These are of different types based on their way of starting since
these are of not self starting. Those are split phase, shaded pole and capacitor
motors. Again capacitor motors are capacitor start, capacitor run and
permanent capacitor motors. Permanent capacitor motor is shown below.

In these types of motors the start winding can have a series capacitor and/or a
centrifugal switch. When the supply voltage is applied, current in the main
winding lags the supply voltage because of the main winding impedance. And
current in the start winding leads/lags the supply voltage depending on the
starting mechanism impedance. The angel between the two windings is
sufficient phase difference to provide a rotating magnitude field to produce a
starting torque. The point when the motor reaches 70% to 80% of
synchronous speed, a centrifugal switch on the motor shaft opens and
disconnects the starting winding.

Applications of Single Phase Induction Motor

These are used in low power applications and widely used in domestic
applications as well as industrial. And some of those are mentioned below

● Pumps
● Compressors
● Small fans
● Mixers
● Toys
● High speed vacuum cleaners
● Electric shavers
● Drilling machines
Three-Phase Induction Motor: These motors are self-starting and use no
capacitor, start winding, centrifugal switch or other starting device. Three-
phase AC induction motors are widely used in industrial and commercial
applications. These are of two types, squirrel cage and slip ring motors.
Squirrel cage motors are widely used due to their rugged construction and
simple design. Slip ring motors require external resistors to have high starting
torque.

Induction motors are used in industry and domestic appliances because these
are rugged in construction requiring hardly any maintenance, that they are
comparatively cheap, and require supply only to the stator.

Applications of Three Phase Induction Motor

● Lifts
● Cranes
● Hoists
● Large capacity exhaust fans
● Driving lathe machines
●  Crushers
● Oil extracting mills
● Textile and etc.

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%20an%20electric%20motor%2C%20efficiency,Electrical%20Power
%20Input)%20x%20100%25
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basics/electricity/what-is-frequency
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