Repulsion Motor

Definition: A repulsion motor is a single-phase electric motor that operates

by providing input AC (alternating current). The main application of
repulsion motor is electric trains. It starts as a repulsion motor and runs as
an induction motor, where the starting torque should be high for repulsion
motor and very good running characteristics for induction motor.
Construction of Repulsion Motor
It is a single-phase AC motor, which consists of a pole core that is the north
pole and south pole of a magnet. The construction of this motor is similar to
the split-phase induction motor and DC series motor.The rotor and stator are
the two main components of the motors which are inductively coupled. The
field winding (or a distributed type winding or the stator) is similar to the
main winding of the split-phase induction motor. Hence the flux is evenly
distributed and the gap between stator and rotor is decreased and the
reluctance is also decreased, which in turn improves the power factor.
The rotor or armature is similar to the DC series motor which is provided
with a drum-type winding connected to the commutator, where the
commutator is in-turn connected to carbon brushes which are short-
circuited. A brush holder mechanism provides variable crankshaft to
change the direction or alignment of brushes along the axis. Hence the
torque produced during this process helps to control the speed. The energy
in the repulsion motor is transferred through the transformer action or by the
induction action (where the emf is transferred between stator to the rotor).
Repulsion Induction Motor
In the repulsion induction motor, a high starting torque is due to repulsion motor
action. When it is running, the repulsion-induction motor functions through a
combination of repulsion motor and induction motor action.

Construction of Repulsion Induction Motor

The construction of a 2-pole repulsion induction motor is shown in the figure.

It consists of a stator which carries a single distributed winding fed from a 1phase
supply. The rotor of the repulsion-induction motor has two independent windings
placed one over the other.
 The inner winding is a squirrel cage winding with rotor bars permanently
short-circuited.
 The outer winding is a repulsion commutator armature winding which is
placed over the squirrel cage winding. The repulsion winding is connected to
a commutator on which ride short-circuited carbon brushes.
The repulsion induction motor is not equipped with a centrifugal device and hence
the repulsion winding works all the time.

Repulsion Start Induction motor

A repulsion-start induction-run motor consists of a stator carrying a single-phase
exciting winding and a rotor which has a closed type armature winding with a
commutator and brushes. The brushes on the commutator are short circuited. In the
repulsion-start induction-run motor, the action of repulsion motor is combined with
that of a 1-phase induction motor.
This motor is started as a repulsion motor with a corresponding high-starting torque.
At some predetermined speed, a centrifugal switch short-circuits the commutator
segments so that the motor operates as a 1-phase induction motor.
The centrifugal device is fitted on the rotor shaft of the motor. When the motor attains
about 80% of its normal speed, the centrifugal device forces a short-circuiting ring to
come in contact with the inner surface of the commutator which short-circuits all the
commutator bars. Then, the rotor resembles the squirrel cage type rotor and the
motor operates as a 1-phase induction motor.
At the same time of the short-circuiting of the commutator bars, the centrifugal
device also raises the brushes from the commutator that reduces the wear of the
brushes and commutator and makes the motor operation quiet.

Compensated repulsion motor

It is provided with an additional winding, called the compensating winding, to
improve power factor and provide better speed regulation. This winding is much
smaller than the stator winding and is usually wound in the inner slots of each main
pole and is connected in series with a rotor through an additional set of brushes
placed midway between the usual short-circuited brushes. A compensated type
motor finds use where there is a need for high power at the same speed.

Hysteresis Motor
A hysteresis motor is a single-phase synchronous motor whose operating principle is
based on the effect of magnetic hysteresis. According magnetic hysteresis, the
magnetic flux density in a ferromagnetic material lags behind the magnetising force.

Construction of Hysteresis Motor

A hysteresis motor consists of a stator and a rotor (see the figure).

The stator of the hysteresis motor has a main winding along with an auxiliary or
starting winding. When the stator winding is fed from a single-phase supply, it
produces a synchronously revolving magnetic field. The revolving magnetic field is
accomplished by using a permanent split capacitor type construction of the motor. As
a result, both the starting and the main windings of the motor remain connected in
the motor circuit during running as well as at starting. The value of the capacitor is so
adjusted that it results in a flux revolving at synchronous speed.
The rotor of the hysteresis motor consists of a smooth cylinder of magnetically hard
steel, without winding or rotor teeth.

Operation of Hysteresis Motor

When a single-phase AC supply is connected to the stator winding of the hysteresis
motor, a synchronously revolving magnetic field (assumed in counter-clockwise
direction) is produced. This revolving magnetic field produced by the stator
magnetises the rotor. Due to the effect of magnetic hysteresis, the magnetisation
axis of the rotor will lag behind the stator field axis by hysteresis lag angle (θ).

Schrage Motor
Schrage motor is an inverted 3-phase induction motor with primary winding on the
rotor and the secondary winding on the stator. The schematic diagram of a 2-pole
Schrage motor is shown in the figure.

In a Schrage motor, a 3-phase supply is fed to the rotor circuit. The resultant air-gap
flux runs at synchronous speed Ns with respect to the rotor and the rotor runs at a
speed Nr in the opposite direction with the short-circuited rotor windings. As a result,
the magnetic field runs at slip speed with respect to the stator inducing current in it
which is having frequency equal to the slip frequency. Hence, the torque is produced
in the motor.
The rotor also has a DC winding in the same slots as the primary winding. The DC
winding of the Schrage motor is also known as tertiary winding or regulating
winding. The DC winding is connected to a commutator on which three sets of
brush pairs are placed for a 3-phase EMF injection into the stator winding or
secondary winding to control the speed and power factor of the motor.
When the injected EMF adds to the secondary EMF, the speed of the motor
increases and when it opposes, the speed decreases. The placement of brushes on
the same commutator segment cancels the effect of secondary winding and hence
the machine works as an inverted induction motor. The frequency of the brush EMF
is always the slip frequency because the rotating field moves at slip speed with
respect to the brushes.

Advantages of Schrage Motor

The advantages of a Schrage motor over an induction motor are given as follows −
 Schrage motor provides a constant torque over a wide range of speeds.
 The power developed in the Schrage motor is proportion to the speed of the
motor.
 No external resistances are required for speed control of the motor, hence,
the overall efficiency of the Schrage motor is improved.
 The speed of the Schrage motor is independent of the load.
 The speed of the Schrage motor can be easily increased or decreased over a
wide range of 0.5 Ns to 1.5 Ns.
Disadvantages of Schrage Motor
The Schrage motor has the following disadvantages −
 A Schrage motor is more expensive than an induction motor of the same
rating.
 The maintenance cost of a Schrage motor is higher than that of an induction
motor.
 The moment of inertia of rotor of a Schrage motor is greater than that of an
induction motor of the same size.
 Due to the third winding (or DC winding), the losses are increased in a
Schrage motor.
 The placement of primary winding on the rotor limits the supply voltage, in turn
limiting the output of the motor.

Servomotor
An AC servomotor uses AC electric input to produce mechanical output in the form
of precise angular velocity. For low-power applications, the two-phase squirrel cage
induction type AC servo motors are used. The three-phase squirrel cage induction
motors have been modified for application in high-power servo systems.

Two-Phase AC Servomotor
The schematic diagram of a two-phase AC servomotor is shown in the figure.

The stator of a two phase AC servomotor consists of two distributed windings which
are displaced from each other by 90° electrical.
 One winding is known as reference phase and is supplied from a constant
voltage source.
 The other winding is known as control phase and is supplied with a variable
voltage of the same frequency as the reference phase voltage, but is
displaced by 90° electrical.
The control phase is normally supplied from a servo amplifier. The speed and the
torque developed in the motor is controlled by the phase difference between the
control phase voltage and the reference phase voltage. The direction of the rotation
of the rotor can be altered by changing the phase difference from leading to lagging
or vice-versa, between the control phase voltage and the reference phase voltage.
The torque-speed characteristics of a two-phase AC servo motor for various control
voltages is shown in the figure. From the characteristics curve, it can be seen that
the characteristics remain almost constant for various control voltages. The high
rotor resistance ensures a negative slope for the torque-speed characteristics over
its entire operating range and hence furnishes the servomotor with positive damping
for good stability.

Drag-Cup Servomotor
The response of a 2-phase servomotor to very small control signals being improved
by decreasing the weight and inertia of the motor and this design of the servomotor
is known as drag-cup servomotor.

In this motor, a thin cup of non-magnetic material is used as the rotor. A stationary
iron core at the middle of the conducting cup completes the magnetic circuit of the
motor. As the rotor is thin and hence its resistance is very high. Therefore, the drag-
cup servomotor has a high starting torque.

Three-Phase AC Servomotor
A three-phase squirrel cage induction motor is a highly non-linear coupled circuit
machine. By using a control method called vector control or field-oriented control, it
can be used as a linear decoupled machine.
In the vector control method, the currents in the machine are controlled in such a
way that its torque and flux become decoupled. This results in high-speed response
and the high-torque response of the motor. Therefore, the 3-phase induction motor
with the vector control method can be used as servomotors for applications in high
power servo-systems.