A.

C ELECTRICAL
MACHINE
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 A.C ELECTRICAL MACHINE
A.C electrical machine is an electrical
machine which need AC power to convert
one form of energy to another form of
energy.

Types Of A.C Electrical Machine

1. A.C Motor
2. A.C Generator or Alternator.
 A.C. MOTOR
Is the electrical machine which convert the
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The motor which operates with a.c supply,
is called an a.c motor.

Types Of A.C Motor

1. Asynchronous motor or induction motor
2. Synchronous motor
 INDUCTION MOTOR
Is an AC electric motor in which the
electric current in the rotor needed to
produce torque.
 TYPES OF INDUCTION MOTOR
 According to rotor constructions

1. Squirrel – cage induction motor. Is the motor with

low starting torque.
2. Slip – ring induction motor or wound rotor
induction motor. this the motor with higher starting
torque.
According to the phase
1. Polyphase motor or three phase motor
2. Single phase motor
 PRINCIPLE WORKING OF POLYPHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
A.C is supplied to the stator which produces a
rotating magnetic field. This field causes the
rotor of the motor to rotate. As the rotor
rotates, it cuts the magnetic field produced by
stator, and an E.m.f. is induced in it. Due to
induced current the rotor sets up its own
magnetic field, and it starts to rotate with a
heavy torque and high speed.
 CONSTRUCTION OF 3 PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR.
The main parts of 3 phase induction motor
 SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
Is the speed of the revolution of the
magnetic field in the stator winding of
the motor.
It is given by
Example 1. A three-phase two-pole induction motor is
connected to a 50 Hz supply. Determine the synchronous
speed of the motor in rev/min.

Example 2. A stator winding supplied from a three-phase

60 Hz system is required to produce a magnetic flux
rotating at 900 rev/min. Determine the number of poles.

Example 3. The synchronous speed of a 3-phase, 4-pole

induction motor is 60 rev/s. Determine the frequency of
the supply to the stator windings.
 Exercise
1. The synchronous speed of a 3-phase induction
motor is 25 rev/s and the frequency of the supply
to the stator is 50 Hz. Calculate the equivalent
number of pairs of poles of the motor.

2. A 6-pole,
3-phase induction motor is connected to
a 300 Hz supply. Determine the speed of rotation
of the magnetic field produced by the stator.
 SLIP
Is the ratio between the difference between
rotor speed, synchronous speed and
synchronous speed
 is usually expressed as a percentage, thus,
Example 1. The stator of a 3-phase, 4-pole induction
motor is connected to a 50 Hz supply. The rotor runs
at 1455 rev/min at full load. Determine
(a) The synchronous speed
(b) The slip at full load.
Example 2. A 3-phase, 60 Hz induction motor has 2
poles. If the slip is 2 per cent at a certain load,
determine
(c) The synchronous speed
(d) The speed of the rotor
 Exercise
1.A three-phase induction motor is supplied from a
50 Hz supply and runs at1200 rev/min when the
slip is 4 per cent. Determine the synchronous
speed.

2. A 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has 8 poles. If

the full load slip is 2.5 per cent, determine
(a) The synchronous speed
(b) The rotor speed.
 TORQUE
Is the turning effect acting on the rotor shaft.
Where there is
Running Torque is the torque available at the rotor
shaft when the motor is running on normal speed
with load.
Starting Torque is the torque available at the rotor
shaft while starting the motor, irrespective of the
load value
Torque is given by torque (T)
 Squirrel - Cage induction Slip- ring induction
motor motor
1.Rotor is wound with bare copper 1. Rotor is wound with insulated
conductor copper wire
2.It has low starting torque 2.It has a high starting torque
3.It draws more current in the start 3.It draws less current in the start
4.It has a low copper loss 4.It has a high copper loss
5.Rotor is not connected to any 5. Rotor is connected to external
rheostat rheostat
6.It has high efficiency 6.It has a low efficiency
7.It has a simple construction 7.It has some what difficult
construction
8.It is cheap 8. It is costly 72
It is necessary to consider the following
points while selecting the Polyphase
induction motors for a particular service.
1. The power factor
2. Initial cost
3. Starting torque and starting current
4. Maintenance cost
5. Speed Control range
 SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION
MOTORS
 Rheostat control method
 Frequency changing control method
 Pole changing control method
 Cascade Control Method
 Advantages
1. Three phase motor are self starting
2. It requires less maintenance
3. It is simple in design
4. It gives reliable operation
5. Its efficiency is very high
6. It is easy to control
Applications
Three phase AC motor are widely used in industrial
and commercial applications.
A.C MASHINE
SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

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 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Is a motor with only one set of winding wound
on the stator to work at low voltage A.C. of up
to 250 volts
 Characteristics of single phase induction
motor
It is light in weight
small in size
Cheap in cost
but its working characteristics are fewer
in comparison to polyphase induction
motors.
 TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
The single phase are classified as follows:

1.Split Phase Induction Motor

2.Capacitor Induction Motor
3.Shaded Pole Type Induction Motor
4.Universal Motor
 SPLIT PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
A split phase motor is motor with low starting
torque and it does not start at load

Characteristics Split Phase Induction Motor

 It has low power factor
 It has low starting torque
 It draws more current in the start
Split phase motor circuit Connection of split phase
diagram induction motor
Applications Split Phase Induction Motor

it is used to drive drilling machine

it is used to drive washing machines
it is used to drive blowers
it is used to drive centrifugal pumps,
it is used to drive refrigerator
 CAPACITOR INDUCTION MOTOR
Is a motor which has a high starting torque and it can
start at load.
 It consists capacitor, running and starting windings and
hence it will be able to produce more torque.

Types Of Capacitor Induction Motor

1. Capacitor Start Motor
2. Permanent Capacitor Motor
3. Capacitor start capacitor run motor
 Capacitor Start Motor
Is the motor in which capacitor is connected in series
with the starting winding and is suitable for such job
which require a high starting torque e.g. lathes, drilling
machine etc.
 Permanent Capacitor Motor
Is a motor which has no centrifugal switch and the
starting winding remains connected permanently to the
supply line through a capacitor.
 Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor
Two capacitors are used in this type of motor, out of which one is
connected directly and the other through a centrifugal switch, and they
both remain in series with the starting winding.
 This type of motor is suitable for such jobs which require a high
starting and running torque. Eg air-conditioner, pump, blower etc
 Shaded Pole Type Induction Motor
Is a self starting single phase induction motor whose one
of the poles is shaded by the copper ring.

Characteristics of Shaded Pole Type Induction Motor

 Motor has poor efficiency
 has low power rating
 high power loses
 Low starting torque
 Applications/uses of Shaded Pole Type Induction Motor
Used in small device like relays
Used in table fan
Used in tape recorders, projector, photocopying machine
Used for starting electronic clocks
Reversal Of the Rotational Direction Of Single
Phase Motor
The rotational direction of single phase motor
can be easily reversed by changing the
connection of the starting or running
winding, If, with normal connections, the
rotor rotates in clockwise direction then after
changing the connections of running winding
or of starting winding the rotor will rotate in
anticlockwise direction
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 Ac Machine
SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR

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Synchronous motors
This is motor runs at constant speed and it does not depend
on the torque acting on it.

Characteristic Of Synchronous Motors

 it has a constant speed
The efficiency of synchronous motor is around 90%–93%
The rotor is fed from a DC source for excitation of the
field winding.
it does not depend on the torque acting on it.
It is not self stating motor
More costly and require more maintenance.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

When a three phase-supply is given to the stator of the synchronous

motor, it produces a rotating magnetic flux of constant magnitude,
rotating at synchronous speed.
DC supply on the rotor will also produce a flux of constant magnitude.
 TYPES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

There are two major types of synchronous motor

depending on how the rotor is magnetized
1. Non excited motor.
i. Reluctance motors
ii. Hysteresis motor
iii. Permanent magnet synchronous motor
2. Dc excited motor.
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Explain with reason why synchronous motor is not self
starting. Discuss the methods of starting the synchronous
motor.
STARTING METHODS FOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

The different methods that are generally followed to start the

synchronous motor are
1. By using a Small induction motor
2. By using a damper winding
3. By using DC motor
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 STARTING METHODS FOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
By Using A Small Induction Motor;
In this method, the rotor of the synchronous motor
is brought to its synchronous speed with the help
of an external induction motor. This external
motor is Small induction motor

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By using a damper winding
 The damper windings are provided on the pole face slots in
the fields.
 These windings are short-circuited at both ends with the help
of end rings, thus forming a squirrel-cage system.
 Now, when a three-phase supply is given to the stator of a
synchronous motor, it will start as a three-phase induction
motor.

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By using DC motor
In this method of starting, the synchronous motor is
brought to its synchronous speed with the help of a
DC motor coupled to it.

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 Hunting in Synchronous Motor
Is the periodic swing of the rotor to either side
before stopping at the equilibrium position

Causes of Hunting
1. Sudden change in load
2. Sudden change in field current
3.A load containing harmonic torque
4. Fault in supply system.

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Effects of Hunting in Synchronous Motor

1. It may lead to loss of synchronism.

2. It produces mechanical stresses.
3. Increases machine loss and causes
temperature rise.
4. Causes greater surges in current and power
flow.

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 Function/uses of Synchronous Motor

1.Used for power factor improvement.

2.Used where operating speed is less and high
power is required.
3. Synchronous motor is capable of operating
under
either leading or lagging power factor

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Application of Synchronous Motor
1. Rolling mills,
2. Chippers
3. Mixers
4. Air Compressors
5. Pumps