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Construction of AC Motors
The 3-phase induction motor mainly consists of two parts:
1. Stator
2. Rotor
The stator is a static part and rotor is a rotating part, both are separated by a
small air gap, which varies from 0.4 mm – 4 mm depending on the rating of the
motor.
1. Stator
The figure shows the stator of the induction motor. It consists of a steel frame,
which encloses a hollow, cylindrical cone, made up of thin laminations of silicon
steel to reduce eddy current loss and hysteresis loss. A large number of identical
slots are cut on the inner periphery of the core.
The stator conductors are placed in these slots, which are insulated from each
other and also from the slots. The conductors are connected as a balanced star
or delta winding. The windings are wound for a definite no. of poles, depending
on the requirement of speed.
If high speed needed, the winding is wound for less no. of poles and vice-versa.
The relation between speed and no. of poles is given by,
Ns=120f/P
where,
2. Rotor
The rotor is mounted on the shaft of the motor to which, any mechanical load can
be connected. There are 2 types of rotors such as:
The figure shows the squirrel cage rotor, which consists of a cylindrical laminated
core with parallel slots, for carrying rotor conductors. The conductors of the rotor
are heavy copper or aluminium bars. One bar is placed in each slot.
All the bars are brazed or welded at both ends to two copper end rings, thus
short-circuiting them at both ends. As the rotor bars are short-circuited, it is
impossible to add external resistance in series with the rotor circuit during
starting.
The slots are slightly skewed because it reduces the noise due to magnetic hum
and makes the rotor to run smoothly and it also reduces the locking tendency
between the rotor and the stator.
The figure shows the phase wound induction motor along with the rotor
connections stance The rotor is laminated. The cylindrical core contains uniform
slots three-phase star-connected winding is placed in these slots.
The open ends of star winding are connected to 3 insulated slip rings, mounted
on the shaft of the motor, with carbon brushes connected to them. The three
brushes are connected to 3 phase star connected rheostat, which is used as a
startor during the starting period. The slip rings are short-circuited by means of a
metal collar during the running condition.
Read also: Electric Circuit: Types of circuits, Kirchhoff’s Law and Its
Classification
Types of AC Motors
Following are the different types of AC motors:
1. Induction motors
2. Synchronous motors
3. Single-phase motors
4. Three-phase motors
5. Squirrel cage induction motor
6. Phase wound motor or wound motor or slip-ring motor
1. Induction Motors
In a DC motor, the electric supply gives both to the stator and the other to the
rotor through a brush arrangement. In an induction motor, we only supply one to
the stator. When we give the electric supply to the stator winding, a magnetic flux
is produced in the stator due to the current flowing in the coil.
The rotor winding is so designed that each coil is short-circuited. The magnetic
flux from the stator cuts the short-circulated coil in the rotor. As the rotor coils are
short-circuited, the current will start flowing through the coil of the rotor. This is
called Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
When current flows through the rotor coil, another magnetic flux is generated in
the rotor. There are now two fluxes in stator and rotor. The rotor flux will lag
behind with respect to the stator flux. Due to that, the rotor will get the torque that
will make the rotor to rotate in the direction of the rotating magnetic field.
2. Synchronous Motors
Here the rotor is a permanent magnet that is synchronized with the rotating
magnetic field and rotates synchronously with the frequency of the current
applied to it.
Working Principle
Hence, the stator winding produces a 3-phase rotating magnetic field. The rotor
is supplied with a DC supply. The rotor enters the rotating magnetic field
generated by the stator winding and rotates in synchronization.
Now, the speed of the motor depends on the frequency of supply current. The
synchronous motor speed is controlled by the frequency of the current applied.
The speed of a synchronous motor is calculated by
Ns=60f/P=120f/p
where,
3. Single-Phase Motors
Working Principle
In these types of ac motors, a single-phase AC supply is provided to the stator
winding. This causes a magnetic field that pulses in a sinusoidal manner.
After some time the field polarity reverses and the alternating current may not
provide the required winding to the motor. But if the motor is driven by external
means, the motor will rotate with limited speed.
4. Three-Phase Motors
Working Principle
When these types of ac motors are charged by a three-phase supply, the stator
winding produces a constant magnetic field with 120 displacements in a constant
magnitude that revolves at synchronous speed.
The rotation of this rotor conductor can also be explained by Lenz’s law which
states that the currents induced in the rotor oppose the cause of its production,
here this resistance is rotating the magnetic field.
As a result, the rotor starts rotating in the same direction of the stator rotating
magnetic field. If the rotor speed is greater than the stator speed, then no current
will be generated in the rotor because the reason for the rotor rotating is the
relative motion of the rotor and the stator magnetic field.
The difference between stator and rotor fields is known as slip. The 3-phase
motor is called asynchronous machine due to this relative speed difference
between the stator and rotor.
This rotor is a cylinder of steel piece whose surface consists of highly conductive
metal (usually aluminium or copper). When an alternating current move through
the stator windings, a rotating magnetic field is generated.
This produces a current in the rotor winding, which generates its own magnetic
field. The interaction of magnetic fields generated by the stator and rotor winding
produces a torque on the squirrel cage rotor.
A major advantage of a squirrel cage motor is how efficiently you can change its
speed-torque characteristics. This can be achieved by adjusting the size of the
bars in the rotor. This types of motors are used in various industries because
they are reliable, self-starting, and easy to adapt.
Working Principle
This rotating magnetic field of stator induces voltages in the rotor bars and
therefore short-circuit currents in the rotor bars begin to flow. These rotor
currents produce their own self-magnetic field which will combine with the field of
the stator. Now the rotor field will try to resist its cause, and so the rotor starts to
follow the rotating magnetic field.
The moment the rotor catches the rotating magnetic field the rotor current drops
to zero because there is no greater relative motion between the rotating magnetic
field and the rotor. Therefore, at that time the rotor experiences zero tangential
force so the rotor disintegrates momentarily.
After the disintegration of the rotor, the relative motion between the rotor and the
rotating magnetic field reestablishes hence the rotor current being re-induced.
So again, the tangential force is restored to the rotation of the rotor, and so again
the rotor starts rotating the magnetic field, and as such, the rotor keeps a
constant speed which is less than the speed of rotating magnetic field or
synchronous speed.
The induction motors have been managing the industrial world for many years. In
induction motors used in elevators and hoists, you can see a type of rotor, called
a slip ring rotor, while in most other applications you can see a simple, squirrel
cage type rotor.
The common induction motor, or squirrel-cage type motor, generates very low
starting torque, and for some applications, this low starting torque will cause
heavy problems. It is under these conditions that slip ring induction motors are
used, as they provide high starting torque.
Advantages of AC Motors
Following are the advantages of AC motor:
Read next:
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