1. Model the construction and working principle of three phase induction motor.

2. Model the construction and working principle of single phase induction motor.
3. Construct the circuit diagram for half-wave rectifier and explain its working
4. Model the Constructional details of D.C machine with neat sketch.
5. Categorize the different types of D.C. motors. Explain in detail
6. Inspect the working operation of a D.C Motor in detail.
7. Categorize the various methods of speed control of separately excited dc
motor.
8. Analyze the torque- speed slip characteristics of any two types of single phase
induction motor.
9. Explain about the single phase bridge rectifier.
10. Explain the working of dc - dc converters.
11. Explain about the single phase voltage source inverter.
12. Explain the operation of full wave rectifiers with relevant waveforms.
13. Categorize the different types of single phase Induction motor.
14. Explain the working principle of any two types of single phase induction motor
15. Explain the characteristics of
i) DC Shunt motor
ii) DC Series motor
iii) DC Compound motor

16. List the two type of rotors utilized in a three phase induction motor?
17. How to make the use of slip?
18. Why the induction motor is called asynchronous motor?
19. List the applications of slip ring induction motor?
20. What are slip rings?
21. Illustrate the types of split phase induction motor?
22. Outline the types of 3- phase induction motor?
23. Illustrate the expression for torque equation of three phase induction motor
24. Compare slip ring rotor and cage rotor of an induction motor?
25. Summarise the application of an induction motor?
26. How to identify the cogging in an induction motor?
27. List the two windings which is utilized in the single-phase induction motor.
28. Identify any four use of single-phase induction motor.
 ANSWERS
1. Model the construction and working principle of three phase induction motor

A 3-phase induction motor consists of a stator and a rotor. The stator carries a 3-phase stator
winding while the rotor carries a short-circuited winding called rotor winding. The stator winding
is supplied from a 3-phase supply. The rotor winding drives its voltage and power from the stator
winding through electromagnetic induction and hence the name.

Working Principle of a 3-Phase Induction Motor

The working principle of a 3-phase induction motor can be explained by considering a portion of
it as follows−

When the 3-phase stator winding is fed from a balanced 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic
field (RMF) is produced in the motor. This RMF rotates around the stator at synchronous
speed which is given by,

• The RMF passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors, which as yet are
stationary. Due to the relative motion between the RMF and the stationary rotor conductors,
EMFs are induced in the rotor conductors. As the rotor circuit is closed with short-circuit
so currents start flowing in the rotor conductors.
• Since the current carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic field produced by
the stator winding. As a result, the rotor conductors experience mechanical force. The sum
of the mechanical forces on all the rotor conductors produce a torque which moves the
rotor in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field. Hence, in such a way the three
phase input electric power is converted into output mechanical power in a 3-phase
induction motor.
 • Also, according to Lenz’s law, the rotor should move in the direction of the stator field,
i.e., the direction of rotor currents would be such that they tend to oppose the cause
producing them. Here, the cause producing the rotor currents is the relative speed between
the RMF and the rotor conductors. Thus to reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts
running in the same direction as that of the RMF.
Construction of Three Phase Induction Motor

It can be better understood if we see the construction of three phase induction motor which has
two major parts :

1. Stationary part, known as Stator

2. Rotating part, known as Rotor.

1. Stator

It is the stationary part of the motor. It has three main parts :

Frame or Yoke

It is the outer part of the three phase induction motor. Its main function of the frame is to
support the stator core & stator winding. It acts as a covering, and it provides protection &
mechanical strength to all the inner parts of the three phase induction motor.
Stator core

The main function of stator core is to carry the alternating flux. In order to reduce the eddy
current loss, the stator core is laminated. The core is made up of thin silicon steel laminations.
These are insulated from each other by varnish, the slots are cut on inner periphery of core
stampings. The stator windings are placed in these slots.

Stator windings

Stator winding is made up of super enamelled copper wire. Three phase windings are placed in
the stator core slots & six terminals are brought out. They may be star connected or may be delta
connected. The windings are connected in star at starting.

2. Rotor

It is a rotating part of the motor. It is mounted on the shaft. It consists of hollow laminated core
having slots on its outer periphery. The windings placed in these slots (rotor winding) may be
one of the following two types :

1. Squirrel cage rotor

2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.
1. Squirrel cage rotor

The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for carrying the rotor
conductors. The squirrel cage rotor consists of a aluminium, brass or copper bars. These
aluminium, brass or copper bars are called rotor conductors & are placed in the slots on the
periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors are permanently shorted by the copper, or aluminum
rings called the end rings. To provide mechanical strength, these rotor conductors are braced to
the end ring & hence form a complete closed circuit resembling like a cage & hence got its name
as squirrel cage induction motor.
2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor

The wound rotor consists a slotted armature. Insulated conductors are put in the slots &
connected to form a three phase double layer distributed winding similar to the stator winding.
The rotor windings are connected in star.

The open end of the start circuit are brought outside the rotor and connected to the insulated slip
rings. The slip rings are mounted on the shaft with brushes testing on them. The brushes are
connected to three phase variable resistors connected in star. The purpose of slip rings & brushes
is to provide a means for connecting external resistors in the circuit

2.Model the Constructional details of D.C machine with neat sketch.

A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration
device. The working principle of a DC machine is when
electric current flows through a coil within a magnetic
field, and then the magnetic force generates a torque that
rotates the dc motor. The DC machines are classified into
two types such as DC generator as well as DC motor. The
main function of the DC generator is to convert mechanical
power to DC electrical power, whereas a DC motor
converts DC power to mechanical power. The AC motor is
frequently used in industrial applications for altering
electrical energy to mechanical energy. However, a DC
motor is applicable where good speed regulation & an
ample range of speeds are necessary like in electric-
transaction systems. Construction of DC Machine
The construction of the DC machine can be done using some
of the essential parts like Yoke, Pole core & pole shoes, Pole
coil & field coil, Armature core, Armature winding otherwise
conductor, commutator, brushes & bearings. Some of the parts
of the DC machine is discussed below.

Construction of DC Machine
Yoke

Another name of a yoke is the frame. The main function of the

yoke in the machine is to offer mechanical support intended for
poles and protects the entire machine from moisture, dust, etc.
The materials used in the yoke are designed with cast iron, cast
steel otherwise rolled steel.

Pole and Pole Core

The pole of the DC machine is an electromagnet and the field

winding is winding among pole. Whenever field winding is
energized then the pole gives magnetic flux. The materials
used for this are cast steel, cast iron otherwise pole core. It can
be built with the annealed steel laminations for reducing the
power drop because of the eddy currents.

Pole Shoe

Pole shoe in the DC machine is an extensive part as well as to

enlarge the region of the pole. Because of this region, flux can
be spread out within the air-gap as well as extra flux can be
passed through the air space toward armature. The materials
used to build pole shoe is cast iron otherwise cast steed, and
also used annealed steel lamination to reduce the loss of power
because of eddy currents.

Field Windings

In this, the windings are wounded in the region of pole core &
named as field coil. Whenever current is supplied through field
winding than it electromagnetics the poles which generate
required flux. The material used for field windings is copper.

Armature Core

Armature core includes a huge number of slots within its edge.

The armature conductor is located in these slots. It provides
the low-reluctance path toward the flux generated with field
winding. The materials used in this core are permeability low-
reluctance materials like iron otherwise cast. The lamination is
used to decrease the loss because of the eddy current.

Armature Winding

The armature winding can be formed by interconnecting the

armature conductor. Whenever an armature winding is turned
with the help of prime mover then the voltage, as well as
magnetic flux, gets induced within it. This winding is allied to an
exterior circuit. The materials used for this winding are
conducting material like copper.

Commutator

The main function of the commutator in the DC machine is to

collect the current from the armature conductor as well as
supplies the current to the load using brushes. And also
provides uni-directional torque for DC-motor. The commutator
can be built with a huge number of segments in the edge form
of hard drawn copper. The Segments in the commutator are
protected from the thin mica layer.
Brushes

Brushes in the DC machine gather the current from the

commutator and supply it to the exterior load. Brushes wear
with time to inspect frequently. The materials used in brushes
are graphite otherwise carbon which is in rectangular form.

Categorize the different types of D.C. motors. Explain in detail

Types of DC Machines
The excitation of the DC machine is classified into two types
namely separate excitation, as well as self-excitation. In a
separate excitation type of dc machine, the field coils are
activated with a separate DC source. In the self-excitation type
of dc machine, the flow of current throughout the field-winding
is supplied with the machine. The principal kinds of DC
machines are classified into four types which include the
following.

• Separately excited DC machine

• Shunt-wound/shunt machine.
• Series wound/series machine.
• Compound wound / compound machine.
Separately Excited
In Separately Excited DC Machine, a separate DC source is
utilized for activating the field coils.

Shunt Wound
In Shunt wound DC Machines, the field coils are allied in
parallel through the armature. As the shunt field gets the
complete o/p voltage of a generator otherwise a motor supply
voltage, it is normally made of a huge number of twists of fine
wire with a small field current carrying.
Series Wound
In series-wound D.C. Machines, the field coils are allied in
series through the armature. As series field winding gets the
armature current, as well as the armature current is huge, due
to this the series field winding includes few twists of wire of big
cross-sectional region.

Compound Wound
A compound machine includes both the series as well as shunt
fields. The two windings are carried-out with every machine
pole. The series winding of the machine includes few twists of
a huge cross-sectional region, as well as the shunt windings,
include several fine wire twists.

The connection of the compound machine can be done in two

ways. If the shunt-field is allied in parallel by the armature only,
then the machine can be named as the ‘short shunt compound
machine’ & if the shunt-field is allied in parallel by both the
armature as well as series field, then the machine is named as
the ‘long shunt compound machine’.

Inspect the working principle and emf equation of a D.C Motor in detail.

The DC machine e.m.f can be defined as when the armature in

the dc machine rotates, the voltage can be generated within
the coils. In a generator, the e.m.f of rotation can be called the
generated emf, and Er=Eg. In the motor, the emf of rotation can
be called as counter or back emf, and Er=Eb.
Let

Φ is the useful flux for every pole within webers

P is the total number of poles

z is the total number of conductors within the armature

n is the rotation speed for an armature in the revolution for each

second

A is the no. of parallel lane throughout the armature among the

opposite polarity brushes.
Z/A is the no. of armature conductor within series for each
parallel lane

As the flux for each pole is ‘Φ’, every conductor slashes a flux
‘PΦ’ within a single revolution.

The voltage produced for each conductor = flux slash for each
revolution in WB / Time taken for a single revolution within
seconds

As ‘n’ revolutions are completed within a single second and 1

revolution will be completed within a 1/n second. Thus the time
for a single armature revolution is a 1/n sec.

The standard value of produced voltage for each conductor

p Φ/1/n = np Φ volts
The voltage produced (E) can be decided with the no.of armature conductors within series
I any single lane among the brushes thus, the whole voltage produced

E = standard voltage for each conductor x no. of conductors within series for each lane

E = n.P.Φ x Z/A
The above equation is the e.m.f. the equation of the DC machine

Working principle or Principle of Operation for DC Motor

The operation of a direct current (DC) motor is based on the principle that when a current-
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical
force. The direction of force is given by Fleming's left-hand rule and the magnitude of this
force is given by:

F= BIL Newtons

Where B is a magnetic field, I is current and L is the length of the conductor.

According to Fleming's Left Hand Rule, if we arrange our thumb, forefinger and middle
finger of the left-hand perpendicular to each other, the thumb will point in the direction of
the magnetic force, the forefinger will point in the direction of the magnetic field and the
middle finger will point in the direction of the current.

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule

Basic Motor Operation Function
The field magnets are excited, resulting in the formation of alternate North
and South poles.

Currents are carried by armature conductors.

 Poles and part of DC motor

All North-pole conductors carry currents in one direction, while all South-pole conductors
carry currents in the opposite direction. Currents are carried into the plane of the paper
by the armature conductors under the N-pole (denoted as in the figure). The conductors
beneath the S-pole carry currents away from the plane of the paper (shown in the figure).
A mechanical force acts on each armature conductor because it is carrying current and
is placed in the magnetic field. Using Fleming's left-hand rule, it is clear that the force on
each conductor tends to rotate the armature anticlockwise. All of these forces combine to
create a driving torque that sets the armature to rotate.
 Simple DC motor

Cross-section of DC motor
The current in a conductor is reversed when it moves from one side of a
brush to the other. At the same time, it is influenced by the next pole, which
has the opposite polarity. As a result, the direction of the force on the
conductor remains constant. It should be noted that the function of a
commutator in a motor is the same as that of a commutator in a generator.
It helps to develop a continuous and uni-directional torque by reversing the
current in each conductor as it passes from one pole to another.

Categorize the various methods of speed control of separately excited dc motor

Speed control techniques in separately excited dc motor: i) Varying the armature voltage in the
constant torque region.
ii) In the constant power region, field flux should be reduced to achieve speed above the rated
speed.

Speed Of A DC Motor
Back emf Eb of a DC motor is nothing but the induced emf in armature conductors due to
rotation of the armature in magnetic field. Thus, the magnitude of Eb can be given by EMF
equation of a DC generator.
Eb = PØNZ/60A
(where, P = no. of poles, Ø = flux/pole, N = speed in rpm, Z = no. of armature conductors, A =
parallel paths)

Eb can also be given as,

Eb = V- IaRa

thus, from the above equations

N = Eb 60A/PØZ

but, for a DC motor A, P and Z are constants

Therefore, N ∝ K Eb/Ø (where, K=constant)

This shows the speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf and inversely
proportional to the flux per pole.
Speed Control Of Shunt Motor

1. Flux Control Method

It is already explained above that the speed of a dc motor is inversely proportional to the flux
per pole. Thus by decreasing the flux, speed can be increased and vice versa.

To control the flux, a rheostat is added in series with the field winding, as shown in the circuit
diagram. Adding more resistance in series with the field winding will increase the speed as it
decreases the flux. In shunt motors, as field current is relatively very small, Ish2R loss is small.
Therefore, this method is quite efficient. Though speed can be increased above the rated value by
reducing flux with this method, it puts a limit to maximum speed as weakening of field flux beyond
a limit will adversely affect the commutation.

2. Armature Control Method

Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf Eb and Eb = V - IaRa. That means,
when supply voltage V and the armature resistance Ra are kept constant, then the speed is
directly proportional to armature current Ia. Thus, if we add resistance in series with the
armature, Ia decreases and, hence, the speed also decreases. Greater the resistance in series with
the armature, greater the decrease in speed.
3. Voltage Control Method

Multiple voltage control:

In this method, the shunt field is connected to a fixed exciting voltage and armature is
supplied with different voltages. Voltage across armature is changed with the help of
suitable switchgear. The speed is approximately proportional to the voltage across the
armature.

Explain the characteristics of

iv) DC Shunt motor
v) DC Series motor
vi) DC Compound motor
Generally, three characteristic curves are considered important
for DC motors which are, (i) Torque vs. armature current, (ii)
Speed vs. armature current and (iii) Speed vs. torque. These are
explained below for each type of DC motor. These characteristics
are determined by keeping the following two relations in mind.

Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia
and
N∝Eb/ɸ
These above equations can be studied at - emf and torque
equation of dc machine. For a DC motor, magnitude of the back
emf is given by the same emf equation of a dc generator i.e. E b =
PɸNZ / 60A. For a machine, P, Z and A are constant, therefore,
N ∝ Eb/ɸ

Characteristics Of DC Series Motors

Torque Vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia)
This characteristic is also known as electrical characteristic.
We know that torque is directly proportional to the product of
armature current and field flux, Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia. In DC series motors,
field winding is connected in series with the armature, i.e. I a = If.
Therefore, before magnetic saturation of the field, flux ɸ is
directly proportional to Ia. Hence, before magnetic saturation Ta
α Ia2. Therefore, the Ta-Ia curve is parabola for smaller values of
Ia.
After magnetic saturation of the field poles, flux ɸ is independent
of armature current Ia. Therefore, the torque varies proportionally
to Ia only, T ∝ Ia. Therefore, after magnetic saturation, Ta-Ia
curve becomes a straight line.
The shaft torque (Tsh) is less than armature torque (Ta) due
to stray losses. Hence, the curve Tsh vs Ia lies slightly lower.
In DC series motors, (prior to magnetic saturation) torque
increases as the square of armature current, these motors are
used where high starting torque is required.

Speed Vs. Armature Current (N-Ia)

We know the relation, N ∝ Eb/ɸ
For small load current (and hence for small armature current)
change in back emf Eb is small and it may be neglected. Hence,
for small currents speed is inversely proportional to ɸ. As we
know, flux is directly proportional to Ia, speed is inversely
proportional to Ia. Therefore, when armature current is very small
the speed becomes dangerously high. That is why a series
motor should never be started without some mechanical
load.
But, at heavy loads, armature current Ia is large. And hence,
speed is low which results in decreased back emf Eb. Due to
decreased Eb, more armature current is allowed.

Speed Vs. Torque (N-Ta)

This characteristic is also called as mechanical characteristic.
From the above two characteristics of DC series motor, it can
be found that when speed is high, torque is low and vice versa.
Characteristics Of DC Shunt Motors
Torque Vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia)
In case of DC shunt motors, we can assume the field flux ɸ to be
constant. Though at heavy loads, ɸ decreases in a small amount
due to increased armature reaction. As we are neglecting the
change in the flux ɸ, we can say that torque is proportional to
armature current. Hence, the Ta-Ia characteristic for a dc shunt
motor will be a straight line through the origin.
Since heavy starting load needs heavy starting current, shunt
motor should never be started on a heavy load.

Speed Vs. Armature Current (N-Ia)

As flux ɸ is assumed to be constant, we can say N ∝ Eb. But, as
back emf is also almost constant, the speed should remain
constant. But practically, ɸ as well as Eb decreases with increase
in load. Back emf Eb decreases slightly more than ɸ, therefore,
the speed decreases slightly. Generally, the speed decreases
only by 5 to 15% of full load speed. Therefore, a shunt motor
can be assumed as a constant speed motor. In speed vs.
armature current characteristic in the following figure, the straight
horizontal line represents the ideal characteristic and the actual
characteristic is shown by the dotted line.
Characteristics Of DC Compound Motor
DC compound motors have both series as well as shunt winding.
In a compound motor, if series and shunt windings are connected
such that series flux is in direction as that of the shunt flux then
the motor is said to be cumulatively compounded. And if the
series flux is opposite to the direction of the shunt flux, then the
motor is said to be differentially compounded. Characteristics of
both these compound motors are explained below.

(a) Cumulative compound motor

Cumulative compound motors are used where series

characteristics are required but the load is likely to be removed
completely. Series winding takes care of the heavy load, whereas
the shunt winding prevents the motor from running at dangerously
high speed when the load is suddenly removed. These motors
have generally employed a flywheel, where sudden and
temporary loads are applied like in rolling mills.
(b) Differential compound motor

Since in differential field motors, series flux opposes shunt flux,

the total flux decreases with increase in load. Due to this, the
speed remains almost constant or even it may increase slightly
with increase in load (N ∝ Eb/ɸ). Differential compound motors are
not commonly used, but they find limited applications in
experimental and research work.