Lecture On

Basic Electrical Engineering

(EE-101), Unit-05: Electrical Machines

Dr. Anil Kumar Yadav

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Hamirpur (H.P.)

16 July 2022 1
•Let, φ = Flux per pole in Weber.
•Z = Total number of armature conductors.
•N = Armature rotation in revolution per minute ( r.p.m ).
•P = Number of poles.
•A = Number of parallel paths in armature.
•E = e.m.f induced in any parallel path or generated e.m.f.
• A = P for lap winding.
• A = 2 for wave winding.
DC Motor
A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device. The working principle
of a DC machine is when electric current flows through a coil within a magnetic field,
and then the magnetic force generates a torque that rotates the dc motor.

Back E.M.F. in DC Motor

When the armature of a dc motor rotates, the windings or conductors on the armature also
rotate in the magnetic field. According to " Faraday's Laws of Electro-Magnetic Induction "
e.m.f. is induced in the conductors, whose direction, as found by " Fleming's Right-Hand
Rule ", is in opposition to the applied voltage. The emf induced in the armature winding is
in the opposite direction, hence it is referred to as back e.m.f. Eb of the motor. This back
emf tries to oppose applied voltage V, but it has to drive armature current Ia against the
opposing of back emf Eb.

The induced emf acts in opposite direction to the applied

voltage V (Lenz’s law) and is known as Back EMF or
Counter EMF (Eb). The equation to find out back emf in a
DC motor is given below,

The back emf Eb(= PΦZN/60 A) is always less than

the applied voltage V, although this difference is small when
the motor is running under normal conditions
The significance of Back EMF
Back emf is very significant in the working of a dc motor.
The presence of back emf makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating machine i.e., it
makes the motor to draw as much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque
required by the load. Armature current (Ia),

When the motor is running on no load, small torque is required to overcome the friction
and windage losses. Therefore, the armature current Ia is small and the back emf is nearly
equal to the applied voltage.
If the motor is suddenly loaded, the first effect is to cause the armature to slow down.
Therefore, the speed at which the armature conductors move through the field is reduced and
hence the back emf Eb falls. The decreased back emf allows a larger current to flow through
the armature and larger current means increased driving torque.
Thus, the driving torque increases as the motor slows down. The motor will stop slowing down
when the armature current is just sufficient to produce the increased torque required by the
load.
If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving torque is momentarily in excess of the
requirement so that armature is accelerated. As the armature speed increases, the back emf Eb
also increases and causes the armature current Ia to decrease. The motor will stop accelerating
when the armature current is just sufficient to produce the reduced torque required by the load.
Therefore, the back emf in a DC motor regulates the flow of armature current i.e.,
it automatically changes the armature current to meet the load requirement.
Induction Motors
Introduction
 Three-phase induction motors are the most
common and frequently encountered machines in
industry
- simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
- wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to
10 MW
- speed is power source frequency dependent
• not easy to have variable speed control
• requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control
Construction
 An induction motor has two main parts
- a stationary stator
• consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core
• core, constructed from stacked laminations, having a number of
evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the stator winding

Stator of IM
Construction
- a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor
slots, providing space for the rotor winding
• one of two types of rotor windings
• conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) »
similar to the winding on the stator
• aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings,
forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
 Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
- squirrel-cage
- wound-rotor
Construction
Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
Introduction to Induction machine
 The three phase induction motor is most popular electric drive.
 Its basic principle of operation is induction and hence the name Induction
motor.
 Induction is a phenomenon of an induced voltage in a coil due to a changing
flux established by either another coil (as in general case) or the same coil.
 Construction: An induction motor has stator (a stationary member) and a rotor
(a rotating member), separated by an air gap, as in any rotating machine. The
windings on the stator are fed from an a.c. source. Due to alternating current
through the stator windings, a magnetic field varying with time is established in
the air gap. The rotor conductors are placed in this field and hence there is an
induced e.m.f in these which circulates the rotor current, since it is a winding
with closed path. The rotor current through the rotor winding and the magnetic
field in the air gap produces a torque which is responsible for rotation of the
rotor.
 In its constructional aspect, therefore we say further that the stator
winding is distributed in the stator slots placed all over its periphery. The
rotor winding is also accommodated in rotor slots all over the rotor
periphery and electrically, it has a closed path.
 The rotor winding may either be in squirrel cage type or the wound rotor
type with these rotors, the induction machine is classified in two
categories : (a) Squirrel cage induction motor (b) The wound rotor or the
slip ring induction motor.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQqyGNOP_3o
Squirrel cage rotor
 The squirrel cage rotor has one conductor in each rotor slot. At both ends of these
conductors the end rings are connected. Thus, the end rings provide the short
circuited or closed path for rotor conductors. With the point O and O’ joined
together as shown the rotor conductor and the end rings looks like cage . Hence
this rotor is known as the squirrel cage rotor. The important features of the rotor
are:
 (i) It has a compact construction hence is trouble free.
 (ii) There are no external connections made with the rotor winding. Hence there
are no slip rings thus structure is rugged.
 (iii) Since external connections are not there, its characteristics cannot be changed
by adding external resistance. This is the only disadvantage.
 (iv) The squirrel cage bars the end rings and the end rings projections for fanning
action are generally integral part and rotor is sturdy.
 (v) The squirrel cage winding is suitable for any number of stator winding poles.
 This is an advantage when the numbers of poles on the stator winding is to be
changed.
Wound rotor
 The phase wound rotor carries the rotor winding which is a polyphase a.c.
winding. The number of poles on the stator and the rotor winding must be equal
for motor operation. The rotor winding ends are connected to slip rings. The slip
rings are mounted on the shaft . The rotor winding ends are connected to these slip
rings and the stationary brushes makes contact with these slip rings. Thus the
outside circuit is connected to the brush-loads, the stationary brushes makes
electrical contact with rotating slip rings. Summarising, the outside circuit is
connected to the rotor winding with the help of the brush slip arrangements. With
these features the slip ring induction motor has follows:
 (i) The rotor winding is not adaptable to any number of poles.
 (ii) Adding external resistances during starting, the starting torque can be
increased with lower currents. As motor speeds up, this external resistance is
gradually cut off for better efficiency.
 (iii) It is a popular industrial drive and is suitable for heavy duties such as cranes ,
lifts, hoists etc.
Construction
Slip rings

Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings

Brushes
 Rotating Magnetic Field
 Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees form
each other, fed by balanced three phase
source
 A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a speed
120 f e
nsync = rpm
P

Where fe is the supply frequency and P is the

no. of poles and nsync is called the
synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions per
minute)
Rotating Magnetic Field
Principle of operation
 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current
flows in the rotor windings
 The rotor current produces another magnetic field
 A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those
two magnetic fields

τ=
ind kBR × Bs
Where τind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
Induction motor speed
 At what speed will the IM run?
- Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
- If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor
will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is
generated and the rotor speed will fall below the
synchronous speed
- When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
Induction motor speed
 So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than
the synchronous speed
 The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip

n=
slip nsync − nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
The Slip
nsync − nm
s=
nsync
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
Example 7-1 (pp.387-388)
A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected
induction motor has a full-load slip of 5 percent
1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?
Solution
120 f 120(60)
1. =
nsync =e
= 1800 rpm
P 4

2. nm= (1 − s)ns
(1 0.05) ×1800 =
=− 1710 rpm

3. f r = sf e = 0.05 × 60 = 3Hz

4. τ = Pout Pout
=
load
ωm 2π nm
60
10 hp × 746 watt / hp
= 41.7 N .m
1710 × 2π × (1/ 60)
Problem 7-2 (p.468)
Introduction to Synchronous
machines
 Synchronous machines are available in three forms: (i) as motor (ii) as
alternator (iii) as synchronous converters. The armature winding of
synchronous machines which is generally on stator is similar to induction
motor armature winding. When used as motor, three phase supply is given
to armature, which produces rotating magnetic field as induction motor.
The speed of this rotating magnetic field is synchronous speed Ns=120f/P
where, P is number of poles on machine.
 These machines are constructed in two general forms: (i) salient pole (ii)
cylindrical rotor. The field winding is generally put on rotor. Two slip rings
are provided to carry d.c. field current. Same machine can be used as
generator or motor. When working as generator, the machine is coupled to
prime mover and is run at synchronous speed. When field winding is
excited with d.c. current, three phase voltage is generated and is available
at armature terminals.
 When used as motor, the machine armature is connected to a 3-phase
balanced supply of rated voltage. If the frequency of supply is f Hz, the
motor runs at the constant speed Ns which is the synchronous speed. For
same frequency machine has higher number of poles for lower speed.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vk2jDXxZIhs
Construction
 Salient pole synchronous machines are constructed in all sizes for small
and medium speeds. An elementary 4pole, 3phase machines is shown
below. Stator has two coils in each phase which are connected in series.
The three phases may be connected in star or delta.
 The rotor is having salient poles. The pole faces are so shaped that the
radial air gap length increases from the pole centre to pole tips. This creates
the sinusoidal flux density in the air gap. Damper winding is provided in
the pole faces. This consists of copper bars short circuited at both ends,
placed in the specially provided holes as shown below. Field windings are
placed on rotor. The leads of field winding are connected to two slip rings
mounted on rotor shaft.

Cylindrical rotor
 The shaft and the core of the cylindrical rotor are forged as one piece. The
field winding instead of being on salient poles is provided in radial slots.
The solid poles themselves act as effective dampers.
 Alternator:
An elementary two-pole three phase synchronous machine is shown below. A
three phase balanced supply when connected to the stator of this machine
produces a two pole field which rotates at synchronous speed. If the field
winding is excited with a suitable direct current, thus creating two pole field,
and the rotor is run at synchronous speed, a three phase voltage will be
generated in the armature. The frequency of this voltage will be f=NsP/120 as
given below. The voltage is generated in each phase will be sinusoidal as flux
density wave form is sinusoidal and is related by the expression
E= 4.44 Фf.T volts
 Further the voltages in three phases will differ in time phase. If the rotor is
rotated in anticlockwise direction as shown below, the voltage in phase b
will lag behind voltage in phase by 120 deg similarly for other phases.
Phasor diagram is shown below.

 The windings of alternator are not concentrated but are distributed. To take
into account the effect of this, the voltage expression is multiplied by a
factor known as distribution factor (kd). Further, if the pith of the coil is not
kept full, but is its fraction the output voltage reduces and a factor is
introduced in the voltage equation to account for this reduction. This
known as pitch factor (kp).