ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II

UNIT-I-Polyphase induction machines

polyphase induction motor

A polyphase induction motor consists of a polyphase winding embedded in

a laminated stator and a conductive squirrel-cage embedded in a laminated
rotor. Three-phase currents flowing within the stator create a rotating
magnetic field which induces a current and consequent magnetic field in the
rotor.
Is polyphase the same as 3 phase?

A polyphase system is a means of distributing

alternating-current (AC) electrical power where the power
transfer is constant during each electrical cycle. ... Compared
to a single-phase, two-wire system, a three-phase three-wire
system transmits three times as much power for the same
conductor size and voltage.
Working of Three Phase Induction Motor

The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by

an electrical angle of 120o. When we connect the primary winding,
or the stator to a 3 phase AC source, it establishes rotating
magnetic field which rotates at the synchronous speed.
What are the two types of induction?

There are basically two types of induction motor. The types of

induction motor depend upon the input supply. There are single phase
induction motors and three phase induction motors. Single phase
induction motors arenot a self-starting motor, and three phase
induction motor are a self-starting motor.
What is crawling in 3 phase induction?

Sometimes, squirrel cage induction motors exhibits a

tendency to run at very slow speeds (as low as one-seventh
of their synchronous speed). This phenomenon is called as
crawling of an induction motor. This action is due to the
fact that, flux wave produced by a stator winding is not purely
sine wave.
What is 3 phase 4 wire distribution system?

In a symmetrical three-phase four-wire, wye system, the three

phase conductors have the same voltage to the system neutral.
The voltage between line conductors is √3 times the phase
conductor to neutral voltage: The currents returning from the
customers' premises to the supply transformer all share the
neutral wire.
How many volts is a 3 phase line?

3 phase system is expressed with line voltages. The line

votage is 440 volt. Also the voltage between any one phase
and neutral for a 3 phase system is 240 volts.
What are the main parts of 3 phase induction motor?

The stator of the three-phase induction motor consists of

three main parts :

● Stator frame,
● Stator core,
● Stator winding or field winding.
What is a Phase 3 motor?

Three-phase motors are a type of AC motor that is a specific

example of a polyphase motor. These motors can be either an
induction motor (also called an asynchronous motor) or a
synchronous motor. The motors consist of three main
components – the stator, the rotor, and the enclosure.
What are the applications of 3 phase induction motor?

Applications of Three Phase Induction Motor

● Lifts.
● Cranes.
● Hoists.
● Large capacity exhaust fans.
● Driving lathe machines.
● Crushers.
● Oil extracting mills.
● Textile and etc.
Why skewing is used in induction motor?

The rotor or stator slot of the induction motor skewed through some
angle so that the bars lie under alternate harmonic poles of the same
polarity or other words, bars must be skewed through two pitches. The
main purpose of skewing is to reduce the magnetic logging between the
starter and the rotor.
How does an induction generator work?

Principle of operation. An induction generator produces electrical power

when its rotor is turned faster than the synchronous speed. For a typical
four-pole motor (two pairs of poles on stator) operating on a 60 Hz
electrical grid, the synchronous speed is 1800 rotations per minute (rpm).
What is plugging in induction motor?

Plugging is the method of speed control in Induction Motor. In this

method the connection of the induction motors are reversed, this will
creates a reverse magnetic field which opposes the speed of rotation. and
hence drive stops.
What happens if phase and neutral are shorted?

In mains circuits, short circuits may occur between two phases,

between a phase and neutral or between a phase and earth
(ground). Such short circuits are likely to result in a very high current
and therefore quickly trigger an overcurrent protection device. ... A
short circuit may lead to formation of an electric arc.
Why do we use 3 phase 4 wire?

The function of neutral wire in 3 phase 4 wire system is to serve as a

return wire for general domestic supply system. The neutral is paired to
each of the single phase load. A neutral wire allows the three phase
system to use a higher voltage while still supporting lower voltage single
phase appliances. ... This makes it possible to eliminate the neutral
conductor on some lines; all the phase conductors carry the same current
and so can be the same size, for a balanced load.
Three-phase power is like having three men of equal strength pushing that same car
up the same hill. The three hot wires in a three-phase circuit are colored black, blue
and red; a white wire is the neutral and a green wire is used for the ground.
Why it is called squirrel cage induction motor?

Squirrel cage motors are a subclass of induction motors, which

harness electromagnetism to generate motion. They are so-called
“squirrel cage” motors because the shape of their rotor – the
inner component connected to the output shaft – looks like a cage.
What is difference between single-phase and 3 phase?

In electricity, the phase refers to the distribution of a load. What is the

difference between single-phase and three-phase power supplies?
Single-phase power is a two-wire alternating current (ac) power circuit. ...
Three-phase power is a three-wire ac power circuit with each phase ac
signal 120 electrical degrees apart.
INDUCTION MACHINE CONSTRUCTION

Stator
The stator construction of a three-phase induction machine is similar to that
of a three-phase synchronous machine. A three-phase winding is placed in a
number of slots in order to produce a rotating sinusoidal mmf wave. As with
other ac machines, the speed of rotation of the stator magnetic field is
described as the synchronous speed and is given by
Rotor

The rotor of an induction machine is different from other types of machine that we have considered so far: there is no
requirement for a power source on the rotor. The rotor of an induction machine can be one of two types
1. Wound Rotor
2. Cage Rotor
Wound Rotor Machines
Wound-rotor induction machines have a three-phase winding, similar to the stator winding, on the rotor. The rotor is usually
wye-connected with the terminals of the three rotor phases connected to slip-rings. In normal operation, the windings at the
slip-rings are short-circuited to allow currents to flow. An advantage of wound rotor machines is that external circuits can be
connected to the rotor, allowing external control of the machine. While all induction machines can be controlled to operate at
different torques and speeds, wound rotor control is particularly attractive in some applications. Wound-rotor induction machines
are usually significantly more expensive than cage rotor machines. Possible applications for wound-rotor machines include
1. speed control of very large machines (multi-MW)
2. reduced cost control of large machines
3. doubly-fed induction generation (used in class 3 wind turbines). This is the probably the most common type of wound
rotor machine
Cage Rotor Machines

Cage rotor machines (also called squirrel cage machines) are the most common
type of induction motor. In a cage rotor design, there are solid conductors in slots
on the rotor. The ends of the conductors are short-circuited at each end of the
rotor using an "end-ring". For small-medium sized machines (up to a few hundred
horsepower) the rotor conductors are cast using aluminum. This construction
makes the rotor relatively cheap to produce. In larger machines, rotors are usually
made by manually hammering solid copper bars into the rotor slots then manually
brazing an end-ring in place. Fabricated rotor cages are significantly more
expensive that cast rotor cages.
Stator
The stator of the motor is made up of many thin steel laminations stacked together
and held in the rotor housing. The conductors making up the coils in the stator
windings are looped through slots in the stator lamination. Coils in this machine
insulated from the laminations using plastic sheets and held together with string and
paper to separate coil groups. The stator coils and laminations are then dipped in
varnish and baked to provide mechanical integrity.
Rotor
The rotor of the 2 hp motor is constructed using steel laminationa and cast aluminum.
If you look closely at the rotor photos it is possible to see where the molten aluminum
has leached out between the steel laminations. In addition, the conductors in the rotor
have been constructed with a "skew" of one conductor pitch. The conductors are not
arranged parallel to the axis of the rotor, but at an angle, this is done to reduce torque
vibrations and noise.
The final two photos highlight different rotor constructions. On the left are two rotors,
with a cast cage rotor with large air fins to aid cooling, and a wound rotor, complete
with slip rings. On the right is a cutaway motor with a fabricated cage of copper bars,
also with significant skew.