AC , DC and Three

phase motor
GROUP MEMBERS
MUNEEB UR REHMAN ( 072 )
MOHSIN ALI (048)
ALI JUNAID (012)
 MOTOR
A motor is a device which
converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
 Discovery of AC
MOTOR
First AC MOTOR was discovered in 1899.
1- Simple
2- Fixed speed and torque chracteristics
 AC MOTOR PRINCIPLE
In a motor, the induction principle is utilized.

 A live conductor is placed in a magnetic field

 The conductor is influenced by a force which

tries to move it through the magnetic field
Construction OF AC Motor
 The AC motor is made up of two parts

1- THE STATOR
The stationary section contain the windings.

2- THE ROTOR
The rotating section that contains the conductor.
 TORQUE
When the carrying coil rotates , it produces the
torque in the coil.
Motor torque is affected by the voltage.
As voltage increases the torque increases.
 DRAWBACKS
The high current when flow through the rotating
contacts , sparking and heating at those contacts can
waste the energy and shorten the lifetime of the
motor.
 CONCLUSIONS
 AC Motors operate through rotating magnetic fields

 The speed of the motor is determined by the frequency of the

power supply

 The torque of the motor is determined by the voltage applied

 AC motors are designed for a fixed voltage to frequency ratio

 DC MOTOR
First electric motor was discovered In
1833.
 CONSTRUCTION
In construction a D.C motor is similar to D.C
generator .

Magnetic field
Commutator
Armature

In generator armature is rotated in magnetic field and

current is output, where as in motor current passes
through armature that rotates in magnetic field.
 BRUSHLESS D.C MOTORS
Brushless D.C motors are constructed in a reverse
fashion from the traditional form. The rotor contains a
permanent magnet and the stator has the conducting
coil of the wire
 TORQUE
When current flows through the armature coil
the force on the conductor produces a torque,
that rotates the armature coil.

The amount of torque depends upon the following

factors:
Current
Strength of magnetic field
Area of the coil
Number of turns of coil
 Direction of torque
If the current in the coil were all the time in same
direction, the torque on it would be reversed after
each half revolution. But at this moment ,
commutator reverses the direction of current that
keeps the torque always in same direction.
 Benefits
It is easy to control the speed of D.C motor by
varying the field or armature voltage.
These are used where speed control is necessary.
By the elimination of brushes ,these motors offers
reduced maintenance no spark hazard and better
speed control.
They are widely used in computer disk drives and
other electronic devices.
 DRAWBACKS
There are some drawbacks which are as follow:
A little problem arises due to the use of
commutator, that is the torque vanishes the each
time the current changes its direction.
This creates the jerks in the smooth running of the
armature.
SOLUTION TO OVERCOME THE
PROBLEMS
This problem is overcome by using more than one
coil wrapped around a soft iron core. This results in
producing a more steady torque…
THREE PHASE MOTOR
 THREE PHASE MOTOR
It has three pairs of electromagnets, connected
to one of the three phase ac supply.

It provides a lot high power that what single

phase motor can deliver.
 THREE PHASE SYSTEM
It is a common method of alternating current
electric power transmission.

It is a type of poly phase system.

This method is used by electric power distribution

grids worldwide to distribute the power.
 WORKING
In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors
carry three alternating currents (of the same
frequency) which reach their instantaneous peak
values at different times.

This delay between phases has the effect of giving

constant power transfer over each cycle of the
current and also makes it possible to produce a
rotating magnetic field in an electric motor.
 PROPERTIES THAT MAKES
IT DESIREABLE
Three-phase has properties that make it very desirable in
electric power systems:

1. The phase currents tend to cancel out one another, summing

to zero in the case of a linear balanced load. This makes it
possible to eliminate or reduce the size of the neutral
conductor; all the phase conductors carry the same current
and so can be the same size, for a balanced load.
2- Three-phase systems can produce a magnetic field
that rotates in a specified direction, which simplifies
the design of electric motors.

3-Power transfer into a linear balanced load is

constant, which helps to reduce generator and motor
vibrations.
 Generation and distribution
of three phase alternating
current
At the power station, an electrical generator converts
mechanical power into a set of three alternating electric
currents, one from each coil of the generator.

The windings are arranged such that the currents vary

sinusoidally at the same frequency but with the peaks and
troughs of their wave forms offset to provide three
complementary currents with a phase separation of one-
third cycle (120° or 2π/3 radians).
The generator frequency is typically 50 or 60 Hz,
varying by country.

After numerous further conversions in the

transmission and distribution network, the power is
finally transformed to the standard utilization voltage
for lighting and equipment.

Three phase loads such as motors must be

connected to all three phases of the supply.
 Three phase motor
A three-phase induction motor has a simple design,
inherently high starting torque and high efficiency.

Such motors are applied in industry for pumps, fans,

blowers, compressors, conveyor drives, electric vehicles
and many other kinds of motor-driven equipment.

A three-phase motor is more compact and less costly

than a single-phase motor of the same voltage class .
Three-phase motors also vibrate less and hence last
longer than single-phase motors of the same power used
under the same conditions.

Resistance heating loads such as electric boilers or

space heating may be connected to three-phase systems.

By the use of three conductors a 3 phase system can

provide 173% more power than the two conductors of a
single-phase system.
 PHASE CONVERTERS
The two main types of 1 phase to 3 phase power
converters are as follow:

1. Rotary Phase Converters

2. Static Phase Converters
 ROTARY CONVERTER
It is the most common type of three phase
converter.
There were only a few companies who manufacture
this type with the most notable brand being TEMCo 3
Phase Converters.  A second quality brand also
recommended by the US Phase Converter Standards
Organization is the popular Ace Phase Converter
brand. 
 STATIC CONVERTER
The next most common type of phase converter is
called a static phase converter.

These can only be used on 3 phase motor loads.  These

units only generate a 3rd leg of power during start up but
then turn off leaving motors to run simply on 2 out of 3 of
their windings.

This can damage some types of 3 phase motor loads by

over heating the motor and burning it out when it is put
under its full load.
COLOUR CODES OF WIRES IN
THREE PHASE MOTORS
In PAKISTAN L1 is red ,
L2 is yellow, L3 is blue
whereas neutral wire is
represented by black
color .
 DISADVANTAGES OF
3-PHASE MOTORS
Speed decreases as load increases, unlike
Synchronous motors. The speed control auxiliary can
cost up to ten times the cost of the motor.

Another disadvantage is that single phase power is

common while three phase power is less commonly
available.
 To overcome speed issue
new technology in the form of VFDs (variable speed
drives) is now rectifying this situation very effectively.
THANKYOU