Exp 14: Pedigree Analysis

Aim: Preparation and analysis of Pedigree charts

Principle: The Mendelian concept of dominance and segregation can also be studied in
humans by preparing and analysing the pedigree charts.
Autosomal Linked Dominant Traits:
a) Transmission of traits occur from parents of either sex.
b) Males and females are equally affected.
c) The pedigree is vertical.
d) Multiple generations are affected.
e) Example – Polydactyly, simple in the cheek.
Note: the pedigree charts to be drawn in the plain sheet with the corresponding notes in the writing
sheet

Autosomal Recessive trait:

a) Occur in equal proportions in multiple male and female siblings, whose parents are
normal but carriers.
b) The siblings are homozygous for the defective allele, but their parents are
heterozygous.
c) Consanguinity occasionally results in the appearance of such traits.
d) Example – Albinism
X – linked dominant traits:
a) The trait appears in almost all the generations.
b) If the female is affected, then about half her sons are affected.
c) If the male is affected then all of his daughters are affected but no son is affected.
d) Example – Duchene muscular dystrophy (absence of teeth, bifid tongue, mental
retardation)

X – linked recessive traits:

a) Females express the trait only when they are homozygous for the mutant allele.
b) Males express even when they are hemizygous for it.
c) Carrier females pass it to half the sons, while homozygous females transfer equally to
50% daughters and 50% sons.
d) There is no male-to-male transmission.
e) Example – Red green colour blindness and haemophilia.

Y – linked traits:
a) The gene for the trait is present on the Y-chromosome.
b) The trait is present only in males as females do not have a y chromosome.
c) Therefore, the traits are called male-sex limited traits.
d) All the sons of a affected male would express the trait.
e) Example – Hypertrichosis.
 Exp 15: Turbidity of Water Samples

Aim: To study turbidity of water sample.

Principle: Various characters that control the quality of water are taste, smell, colour, amount
of dissolved nutrients, dissolved O, and CO2, pH and different types of plants and animals
and their density. Turbidity of the water body determines the depth up to which light can
penetrate and thus affects the distribution and photosynthesis of phytoplankton and
macrophytes. More turbid the water body less is the thickness of its photic zone.
Measurement of turbidity using measuring cylinder

Requirements: Water samples from different sources, three measuring

cylinders (500mL) of the same height

Procedure
(i) Collect about 2 litres of water samples from different sources.
(ii) Transfer 500ml water sample in the measuring cylinders of same volume and height.
(iii)Mark the three cylinders A, B and C and leave them undisturbed overnight.

Observations
Observe the amount of sediment settled at the bottom of each cylinder and also note whether
the water above the sediment is still turbid.
Record your observations in the table:

(Record work to be done on left side)

TURBIDITY WATER SAMPLES
Water sample Thickness of sediment Clarity of water
Turbid/semiturbid/clear
A More Turbid
B Less Semiturbid
C Least Clear

Exp 16: Soil Texture Analysis

Aim: To study the texture of soil samples.

Principle: Soil texture refers to the relative proportions of different types of soil particles in
the soil. Based on the size of soil particles, the texture is described as 3 types namely sand (2-
0.05 mm average diameter), silt (0.05-0.002 mm) and clay (less than 0.002 mm). Soil which
has all of these fractions in equal proportions is called a loam soil. Soil texture affects
density, water holding capacity, aeration, temperature, capillary and non-capillary pore
spaces and root penetration.

Requirements: Dried soil samples from two places (garden soil and roadside soil), polythene
bags, hand lens, oven, balance, mechanical sieve set and blotting sheet.
Procedure:

1. Collect about 300-500 g of soil from garden and roadside in polythene bags. Label
them as A and B.
2. Dry the soil sample in an oven or out in the sun to remove the soil moisture.
3. Take three sieves of different sizes (2mm, 0.05 mm and 0.2 mm) and arrange them in
a collecting chamber.
4. Take 200 g of the soil in the first sieve (sieve of 2 mm mesh) and close the lid. To
sieve the soil, shake the set of sieves manually for 5-10 minutes and collect the three
soil fractions.
5. `Weigh the soil fractions collected (sand, silt, and clay) in the 3 compartments.
A sample B sample
a) Weight of the soil sample taken 200 g. 200 g
b) Weight of sand fraction. 40 g. 20 g
c) Weight of silt fraction. 80 g. 120 g
d) Weight of clay fraction 80 g. 60 g
6. Percentage of sand, silt, clay in sample A and sample B calculated respectively, and texture
class are identified using soil textural triangle.
Note: The weight of three fractions must be equal to the total weight of the sample soil taken
for analysis.

To be written in drawing sheet

Observation
Percentage of sand, silt, and clay fraction

Soil sample % Sand %Silt %Clay Texture soil

A 4 80 80 Clay loam
B 10 50 30 Silty clay loam

Exp 17: WATER HOLDING CAPACITY OF SOIL

Page1: Observation:(to be written on drawing side)
Record your observation in the following table. Calculate the percentage of water holding
capacity of the soil as follows.
 Weight of crucible + blotting paper : Ag
 Weight of crucible + blotting paper
+ soil sample before experiment : Bg
 Weight of dry soil : B-A =C g
 Weight of crucible + blotting paper
+wet soil sample after experiment :Dg
 Weight of wet soil after the experiment : D-A =E g
 Mass of water absorbed by soil : E-C=N g
 % water holding capacity : N/Cx100
Page2: Writing side (Write the title again)
Aim: To determine the water holding capacity of soils.
Principle: Water holding capacity of the soil is the amount of water retained in the capillary
pore spaces of the soil after the percolation of gravitational water into the deeper layers.
Water holding capacity depends upon the capillary pore spaces in the soil. Sandy soil has
very low water holding capacity, whereas clayey soils have very high-water holding capacity.

Procedure:
1. Dig a small pit about 10cm X 10cm. Scoop 100-300gm of soil from the pit
and collect it in a small polythene bag.
2. Remove the pebbles and large lumps from the soil sample.
3. Pass the soil through a coarse sieve to remove small lumps and dead
decaying leaves and twigs.
4. Spread the soil into a thin layer on a sheet of blotting paper or old
newspaper and sun-dry it for 2-3 hours or dry it in a pan kept on a stove.
Alternatively dry the soil sample in an oven at 108 degree Centigrade for 1
hour.
5. With the help of pestle and mortar grind the sample into fine powder.
6. Put a small disc of blotting paper at the base of the Gooch Crucible along
with the blotting paper and note its weight.
7. Transfer the soil sample into the crucible. Tap the rim of the crucible gently
several times with the help of glass rod so that soil is compactly filled and
forms a uniform layer at the top. Add more soil if necessary.
8. Weigh the crucible along with soil sample and note its weight.
9. Fill the Petri dish with water and place two small glass rods in it parallel to
and at a small distance from each other.
10. Place the crucible on the two glass rods in such a manner that its bottom is
in contact with water.
11. Leave the set up undisturbed till water appears at the upper surface of the
soil.
12. Wait till entire soil surface is wet.
13. Remove the crucible and allow all the gravitational water to flow out from
the bottom.
14. When no more water percolates. Wipe dry with blotting paper.
15. Weigh the crucible and note its weight.

(On the next drawing page: Draw the table given below)
Sample Wt. of Wt. of Wt. of Wt. of Wt. of Amt. of % Water
Crucible+blotting Crucible soil Crucible wet soil water holding
paper(A) +blotting sample B- +blottin D-A=E absorbed capacity
paper+soil A=C g paper+ E-C= N N/CX100
sample(B) wet soil
(D)
Garden 42.2g 81.6g 39.4g 100g 57.8g 18.4g 46.7g
Soil

Exp 18: LIVING ORGANISM IN WATER SAMPLE

(Drawing side)

AIM-To analyze living organisms in water samples

PRINCIPLE-The productivity and trophic status of a water body is determined by assessing
the number and type of organisms present in the water body. Water body with very high
density of phytoplankton per unit area is a productive water body. Such water bodies are
turbid with high amounts of nutrients and dissolved oxygen. These water bodies support large
number of organisms of different trophic levels. The non-productive water bodies which have
very low densities of organisms per unit area are transparent waters with low mineral
concentration and dissolved oxygen and few trophic levels. The status of health of a water
body can be determined by analyzing water samples for the number and type of organisms
present in it. It also helps to find out whether a water body is polluted as some organisms are
strong indicators of water pollution.
PROCEDURE-
1) Collect about a litre of water sample from nearby water body
2) Add about 5ml of FAA to fix and preserve the organisms present in each sample at the
place of collection
3) In the laboratory, transfer the water sample into a measuring cylinder of one litre capacity.
Label each water sample to indicate the site from which the water sample has been
collected.
4) Leave the water samples undisturbed for 48-72 hours
5) Decant off the clear water, leaving concentrated sediment at the bottom
6) Transfer the sediment into a vial, or a small test tube. Cork and label each vial for future
use
7) With the help of a dropper, transfer a few drops of sediment liquid from a vial into a watch
glass. Dilute the sediment with water if the sediment is highly concentrated.
8) With the help of a dropper, transfer a drop of water from the watch glass on the centre of a
slide and mount it. Blot the excess water using blotting paper.
9) Prepare a few more slides of each water sample in the same way
10) Observe each slide under low magnification and then under high magnification
 Content Sheet
SL
No DATE Name of the experiment
1 Jan-04 T.S of mammalian testis and ovary
2 Jan-06 T.S. of mammalian blastocyst
3 Jan-08 V.S. of ovary showing female gametophyte
4 Jan-11 Disease and disease causing organisms
5 Jan-13 Homologous organs
6 Jan-15 Analogous organs
7 Jan-18 Xeric adaptation
8 Jan-20 Hydric adaptation
9 Jan-22 Pollen germination
10 Jan-25 Pollen tube growth
11 Jan-27 Nuclear staining
12 Jan-29 Mitosis
13 Feb-01 Ph analysis
14 Feb-03 Pedigree analysis
15 Feb-05 Turbidity of water sample
16 Feb-08 Soil texture analysis
17 Feb-10 Water holding capacity
18 Feb-12 Living organisms in water sample

Note: Fill the same for each experiment in record

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