Elementos flexibles

de maquinas

Team 3
• Alférez Hinojosa Jesús Arturo
• Barboza Martínez Ángel Luis
• Bernal Mejía Ernesto Alan
• Fausto Reyes Alan André
• Flores Domínguez Alejandro
• Hernández Esparza Jorge Roberto

1
 Introduction
Flexible mechanical elements are used to
transmit power over comparatively large
distances. Mechanical elements are used
as replacements for gears, bearings and
other relatively rigid power transmission
devices. Elastic mechanical elements
absorb shock loads and help to dampen
and isolate the effects of vibrations.

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 What are flexible transmissions?

• A mechanical transmission is a mechanism that transmits power

between two or more elements within a machine.
• Power transmitters at comparatively large distances between
shafts.

• They are used to replace gear units, shafts and similar transmission
devices.
 flexible transmissions
Their elastic nature, and generally their long
length, is an advantage that contributes to
increase their useful life and gives them great
importance in shock load absorption, damping
and vibration separation.
Flexible mechanical elements should be
replaced at the first sign of deterioration to
avoid failure. avoid failure.
Flexible mechanical elements do not have an
infinite life, but when used according to a good
maintenance program, which includes periodic
inspections aimed at preventing or detecting
wear, aging and loss of elasticity and thus
preserving them correctly, they can be designed
to have a long service life without failures.
Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator
(free version.
Types of flexible mechanical
elements
Flat belts

Round belts

V-belts

Synchronizing belts

Roller chain

Wire ropes

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 • They can be used for large center-to-center distances.

• Except in the case of timing belts, there is some

slippage and creep; therefore, the ratio of the angular
velocity between the drive and driven shafts is not
Characteristics constant or exactly equal to the ratio of the pulley
diameters.
of the bands
• In some cases, an idler or tensioner pulley is required
to avoid center-to-center distance adjustments, which
are usually needed due to aging or installation of new
belts.
One of the main uses of belts is in pulleys where the main characteristic of belts is the transmission of power.

When the belt adheres to the pulleys, which are rigidly mounted to the motor shaft and driven shaft, the movement is transmitted by friction,
that is, by the effect of friction between the pulleys and the belt.

The transmission belt is usually a leather or rubber belt or any other flexible and resistant material, which allows the transmission of the
movement between both pulleys.

The belt must be kept sufficiently taut so that the motion is transmitted without slippage. The belt may be flat, V-belt, or toothed.

The transmission ratio (i) is the quotient between the output angular velocity (that of the driven pulley, n2) and the input angular velocity
(that of the driving pulley, n1), and coincides with the quotient between the diameter of the driving pulley (d1) and that of the driven pulley
(d2).

7
 Standard

•The dimensions of the pulleys according to UNE 18164-85

Standard are shown in the following table:

•A number of limited reference diameters are also established for

each type of throat section, establishing recommended and
minimum values.
•recommended values and minimum values are established for
each type of throat section
DEPENDING ON THIS RELATIONSHIP, WE SPEAK
OF:
SPEED REDUCING SYSTEM: IF THE DRIVEN PULLEY
IS GREATER THAN THE DRIVING PULLEY, ITS
ROTATIONAL SPEED WILL BE LESS THAN THE
SPEED OF THE DRIVING PULLEY. IT SHOULD BE
NOTED THAT THE FORCE OR TORQUE EXERTED
BY THE SYSTEM INCREASES IN THE SAME
PROPORTION AS THE SPEED IS REDUCED.
SPEED MULTIPLIER SYSTEM: THE DRIVEN PULLEY
IS SMALLER THAN THE DRIVING PULLEY, AND
CONSEQUENTLY ITS SPEED IS GREATER THAN
THE SPEED OF THE DRIVING PULLEY. IN THIS CASE
THE FORCE EXERTED BY THE SYSTEM AT THE
OUTPUT IS REDUCED IN THE SAME PROPORTION
RESULTING IN A SYSTEM WITH HIGH SPEED BUT
WITH LITTLE FORCE OR TORQUE.
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• They are elastic and generally of
great length, so that they play an
important role in absorbing shock
loads.

• Although this advantage is

important as far as the life of a
driving machine is concerned, the
element of cost reduction is
usually the main factor in
selecting these means of power
transmission.
 They allow the transmission of
rotary motion between two axes at Smooth and quiet operation
a great distance from each other.

As there is no metal-to-metal
contact, they do not require
lubrication. This is especially

Advantages Simple design and consequently

low manufacturing costs.
interesting in industries such as
the food industry, which are
sensitive to contamination.

If the mechanism jams, the belt

comes off and stops, contributing
Elastically absorb shock stresses to the safety of many machines
. that use this mechanism, such as
industrial drills.

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 • The first advantage can sometimes turn out to be a disadvantage, as it
can take up too much space if the shafts are too far apart.
• At very high speeds, the belt can slip (except for the toothed belts) and
transmission is not effective.
• The power it can transmit is limited.
• They generate high stresses on the supports (except toothed belts).
• The friction coefficient may vary with dust and dirt.

Disadvantages • Advantages
• Provide wide gear ratios
• Have a long life (3 to 5 years)
• Easy to install and remove
• Require little maintenance
• Have low overload adsorption capacity
• Produce little noise.

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 Power transmission configuration

Open belt drive It is the most common and is used on parallel shafts if the
rotation on both shafts is in the same direction.

Open belt drive

Grape crushing machine
 Cross-belt
drive

•It is also used on parallel

shafts, but only if it is desired
that the shafts rotate in
opposite directions. Care
should be taken that in the
crossing area, there is no
contact between the belt
strands, as this would result
in heavy wear. To avoid this,
it is recommended that the
distance between axes be
greater than 35 to 30 times
the belt width.
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 Semi-crossed belt drive.

•It is used on intersecting shafts, usually with flat belts. It is

recommended that the distance between shafts be four times the
sum of the diameter of the largest pulley and the width of the pulley
with horizontal shaft. Although it is normal for the shafts to intersect
at an angle of 90º, it is possible for the shafts to intersect at very
different angles, resulting in quite complex configurations.
•
•In these cases, it is necessary to check that the belt does not slip off
the pulley during operation.

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 Belt with external tensioning roller
Transmission with external tensioner
Parallel Lathe

• By means of this configuration the belt can be tensioned, increasing the contact
angle between belt and pulley. In this way we can transmit more power due to the
greater pulley-belt contact angle, although we also reduce the belt's useful life by
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increasing belt wear.
Belt with external tensioning roller

•It is similar to the previous case, but the tensioner is inside, so that by
applying force on the belt, it allows its tensioning, decreasing the contact
angle and extending the belt's useful life.

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 Variable speed belt

• In this case, there are two options

for varying the speed of rotation of
the shafts to which it is transmitted
(variation of the transmission ratio):
•Use of several pulleys with
different diameters

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19
Types of bands
Flexible elements for
power transmission are
• Bands elements are classified into four main
classified into three
- Belts. groups
main groups:

• flat band
- Chains - Cables • trapezoidal or V-bands
• round bands
• regulating or synchronizing bands
 Types of bands
• Trapezoidal These are the most commonly used, as they firmly adapt
to the pulley channel avoiding possible slippage between pulley and
belt.
• Round belts Round belts are used when the belt has to adapt to tight
curves when small forces are required.
• Planes Increasingly less used, they are used to transmit the rotational
effort and the movement of the motors to the machines.
• Sprockets Timing belts, which are also trapezoidal, are used when it is
necessary to ensure grip. In these belts, the coupling is made on
pulleys with cut teeth that reproduce the profile of the belt. This type
is the most commonly used in automobile engine transmissions.

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 Flat belts

• Flat belts are used extensively in applications requiring

small pulley diameters, high belt surface speeds, low
noise levels, low weight or low inertia. They are not used
where absolute synchronization between the pulleys
must be maintained, as they rely on friction for proper
operation. All flat belts are subject to slippage, because
relative movement occurs between the surface of the
pulley and the surface of the adjacent belt that is under
deformation by the load of the combined tensile and
bending stresses. Flat belts must be kept in tension to
operate and therefore require tensioning devices.

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 Modern flat belt drives consist of an elastic
core surrounded by an elastomer; they have
significant advantages over gear and V-belt
drives.
A flat belt drive has an efficiency of about
Flat belts 98%, which is about the same as a gear drive.

Flat belts produce very little noise and absorb

more torsional vibration from the system than
V-belt or gear drives. Flat belts

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• The most used chains for power
transmission are classified into two main
groups:
• - Roller chains.
• - Inverted or Silent Tooth Chains.
• In the case of cables, they are classified by
the material of which they are made:
• - Hemp cables.
• - Cotton cables.
• - Metallic Cables
 chain

• Highest axial force and power transmission of the flexible

hoses
• Supports the lower peripheral speed due to "chord effect".
• Vibration generation Chordal effect
chains
Longitud de la banda

The length of the band is expressed as :

Donde:

The angles covered are expressed as :

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 Band length

Substituting in the length equation:

The length of the band is expressed as:

Donde:

The angles covered are expressed as:

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 Forces in the band

The basic equations developed for band brakes are also applicable here. The following torque and
friction equations can be written:

where

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 Fuerzas en la banda

In deriving the above equations, it is assumed that the coefficient of friction of the belt is uniform
throughout the Angle covered and that centrifugal forces on the belt can be neglected.

The required initial belt tension (or tension force) Fi depends on the elastic characteristics of the
belt, but can be approximated by:

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 Forces in the band

The transmitted power, in SI units of watts, is:

Where:

The transmitted power, in English units, is:

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 Force ban

Donde F1 y F2 están en libras fuerza y u esta en pies por minuto.

La fuerza centrifuga se expresa como:

Donde:

Cuando se considera la fuerza centrifuga la ecuación se transforma en:

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Example

34
formulas

35
solucion

36
solución

37
solución

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 Slip
To eliminate slippage, the initial tension of the belt needs to be retained. But as the belt lengthens
over time, some of the initial tension will be lost. One solution would be to have excessive initial
tension; but this would put large loads on the pulley and shaft and would also shorten belt life.
Some of the best approaches are as follows:
1. Develop ways to adjust tension during operation.
2. Increase the angle of coverage.
3. Change the belt material to increase the coefficient of
friction.
4. 4. Use a larger belt section.
5. Figure 18.2 illustrates one way to maintain belt tension.
The slack side of the belt is on top, so that the warping of
the belt acts to increase its angle of coverage.

Weighted idler wheel to maintain the

desired tension on the sprocket 39
Bandas Sincrónica
• Synchronous belts, or timing belts,
consist of flat belts with a series of
teeth evenly spaced on the inside
circumference, thus combining the
advantages of flat belts with the
excellent traction of gears and
chains.

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 Bandas Sincrónica
• Since synchronous belts do not slip,
unlike flat belts, the belt tension
required is low, resulting in very low
bearing loads. Synchronous belts do not
elongate and do not require lubrication.
The speed is transmitted uniformly
because there is no chord rise or pitch
line drop as in roller chains. The
equations developed for the length and
forces of the flat belt are equally valid
for synchronous belts.

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Example

42
Example

43
 V-bands

•V-belts are used with electric motors to drive a variety of components,

such as fans, compressors or machine tools. One or more V-belts are
used to drive accessories in automotive engines and in most internal
combustion machines. V-belts are made in standard lengths and with
standard cross-section sizes, details of which are found in catalogs. The
grooved pulleys on which V-belts run are called grooved.

•They are usually made of cast iron, pressed steel or cast metal.
shows a V-belt in the groove of a sheave in screen.

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 V-bands

• V-belts are often applied where timing between shafts is not important. V-belts are easily installed and
removed, are quiet when in operation (but are not as quiet as flat belts), require little maintenance, and
provide shock absorption between the drive and driven shafts. Typically V-belts operate best at belt
speeds between 1 500 and 6 500 ft/min. Optimum speed (peak capacity) is 4 500 ft/min: V-belts operate
satisfactorily for speed reasons.
• Example formula in slide 7

up to approximately 7 to 1.
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 • V-belts operate at 90 to 98% efficiency, lower than that
determined for flat belts.
• V-belts have a fiberglass-reinforced neoprene core and a
V-bands neoprene-impregnated fabric lining that protects the inside and
provides a wear-resistant surface for the belt. Because their inner
tension cords are resistant to elongation, V-belts (unlike flat
belts) do not require frequent adjustment of the initial tension.

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 Ventajas de las bandas en V
• One of the major advantages of V-belts compared to flat belts is their wedging action, which increases the normal force from dN for flat belts to
(dN/2)/sen ß for V-belts, where B is the groove angle. Since V-belts have a trapezoidal cross section, the belt operates on the groove side and a
wedging action increases the pull. Pressure and frictional forces act on the belt side. The force equations that were developed in Section 18.2 for flat
belts apply equally for V-belts if the coefficient of friction μ is replaced with u/sin B. Likewise, the belt length equation for flat belts [equation (18.5)] is
equally valid for V-belts. The only difference when using equation (18.5) for V-belts is that the pitch radius or pitch diameter is used, whereas for flat
belts the outside radius or outside diameter of the sheave is used.

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 Nominal input power
It is essential that the maximum possible load conditions be considered in the design
of a V-belt. the normal rated power of the impeller is:

Where

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 •The largest possible pulleys should be used in a V-belt
design. Small pulleys are less efficient and greatly reduce
belt life due to slippage and extreme belt flexing. If small
pulleys must be used and the speed is high, the smallest
pulley (2L) should be selected. Table 18.2 below shows the
Nominal input power minimum pitch diameters in inches; Table 18.3 shows the
minimum pulley diameters in inches recommended for
electric motors. The criteria used to determine these
critical sizes were bearing and shaft loads, not belt flex life.

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50
Factor de corrección de arco

•The power rating tables to be considered in

the following section are based on a 1 to 1 ratio
with a 180° angle of coverage around each
sheave. When pulleys with different diameters
are used, there is a loss of tractive effort in the
smaller pulley.

•The angle a, used to describe the loss in arc

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Arc correction factor

52
 Factor de corrección de
arco

•The power rating tables to be considered

in the following section are based on a 1 to
1 ratio with a 180° angle of coverage
around each sheave. When pulleys with
different diameters are used, there is a
loss of tractive effort in the smaller pulley.
The angle a, used to describe the loss in
arc
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