The Crocodile and the Five Judges

In the dry season, waters in

some lakes and ponds dried up. Once
there was a male crocodile crawling out
of a lake which had just dried up. It
hard tears in his eyes due to his miseries
induced by having no food and water. It
kept crawling till he reached near a cart
track where it met a man who was
driving a cart.

The cart-driver asked “where

are you going, brother crocodile? ‘I
have been without food and water for
days. I have been crawling very hard in
search of a place where there is water,
but I have failed
to find one. Please save my life by bringing me to a river, “replied the crocodile in a sobbing and pitiful
manner. The cart –driver freed his oxen from the yoke and told the crocodile to crawl up the front part
of the body of cart. Then, he used a rope to tie the crocodile to the body of the cart so tightly that the
crocodile might not fall off. Arriving at a river, the cart-driver untied the crocodile and let it crawl down
into the river.

So ungrateful was the dishonest crocodile that after it had drunk its fill and gained back
strength, it said to the cart-driver: you tied me so tightly that almost choked to death. Now, you must
give me one of your oxen to eat and I will forgive you, or I will eat you right now.

The cart-driver absolutely disagreed. While arguing with the crocodile, the cart-driver spotted a
fisherman owing a boat the middle of the river. He waved his hand, calling the fisherman to help judge
his case.

The fisherman on seeing such the big crocodile felt terrified and thought: if I judge the
crocodile guilty, he will bear me malice and will try to bite me one day and I can find no way to escape
as I am a fisherman in this river”. Out of such a though, then fisherman judged the cart-driver guilty and
said that the car-driver had to give one of his oxen to the crocodile to eat. This was the first judge who
had judged partially because of his fear for the crocodile.

The cart-driver totally declined the fisherman’s judgement and tied his oxen far from the river
side. The fisherman then said goodbye to the crocodile and went away. The crocodile crawled up on
the land to deep arguing with the cart-driver when a one-armed old man came walking. The crocodile and the
cart-driver asked him to seek justice for them.

The one –armed old man upon knowing the details became very angry with the other crocodile that had
bitten off one of his arms. Therefore, he judged the crocodile guilty. This was the second judge who had made a
partial decision owing to his hatred with the crocodile.

The crocodile disagreed with the one-armed old man’s decision so strongly that he has about to dart to
bite the old man, but the old man had already walked away. While the cart-driver and the crocodile were
arguing, there was a large lizard crawling up from the river. The crocodile then called the lizard to help judge
his case.

The lizard, which one of the crocodile’s friends, on hearing the crocodile and the cart-driver out
decided that the cart- driver was the loser and that the cart-driver had to give one of his oxen to the crocodile to
eat. This was the third judge who judged partially because of friendship.
The cart-driver disagreed and kept arguing with the crocodile when there was a monkey going down to
the river to drink the water. The cart-driver and the crocodile asked him to help judge their case.

The monkey was so ignorant and indecisive that he did not know what to do and how to judge, so he
stood with his face pulled. When the cart-driver said that he would give cooked rice to him (the monkey) to eat
if he (the monkey) judge he was the winner, the monkey judge the crocodile guilty and turned to look at the
crocodile. When the crocodile said he would give more food than that given by the cart-driver to him (the
monkey) to eat, if he decided that he (the crocodile) was the winner, the monkey judged the cart-driver guilty.
The monkey kept making such an indecisive judgement so many times that the cart-driver and the crocodile
drove the monkey into the forest. This was the fourth judge who judge with partially as a result of ignorance and
being fooled by bribes without deal.
At that time, it was a little bit late in the afternoon. The crocodile was threatening to eat the man’s ox
when a rabbit jumped out of the forest. The two litigants begged the rabbit to judge their case fairly.

The rabbit was a wise and honest animal without the aforementioned four prejudices. He asked the two
litigants about the details. On learning the truth, the rabbit told the crocodile to crawl up and lie on the front part
of the body of the cart and then told the cart-driver to tie the crocodile. Then, the rabbit asked the crocodile did
he tie you as tightly as he does now?’

No. I would not have been angry with him at all if he had tied me this way, replied the crocodile. Then,
the rabbit told the man to further tighten the rope, but the crocodile still said he would not have been angry if the
cart-driver had tied him such to such an extent. The rabbit then told the cart driver to get a wedge to tighten as
tightly as possible. The crocodile was wedged so tightly that his eyes stuck out. Then he told the rabbit: yes, he
had tied me as tightly as now.

The rabbit said: if it has now reached such a critical extent, I will find justice for you. The rabbit told
the cart-driver: take out your ax and chop off his head. He is very ungrateful, so do not let him line any longer.
This was the fifth judge who judged fairly without the four prejudices.
The ungrateful crocodile was at that time
killed by the cart-driver, who later gave out
of the crocodile’s meat to the villagers. As
for the crocodile’s head which was tied near
the yoke of the cart, had been since then
called the crocodile’s head of the cart by the
villagers.

Cambodian Literature
Cambodia
The classical literature of Cambodia
The Kingdom of Wonder comprises works composed in verse and
recorded between the 16th and mid-19th
Cambodia century; much of it reflects the cultural
influence of India. It can be classified
A country on the Indochinese mainland according to three major genres: the
of Southeast Asia. Cambodia is largely a epic, verse novels, and cbap, or “codes
land of plains and great rivers and lies of conduct.”
amid important overland and river trade
routes linking China to India and
Southeast Asia. The influences of many Cambodian Literature
Asian cultures, alongside those of France
The best-known epic is the Reamker
and the United States, can be seen in the
(“Honour of Rama”; Eng. trans.
capital, Phnom Penh, one of a handful of
Reamker), the Cambodian version of the
urban centres in the largely rural
Ramayana, one of the great epic poems
country.
of India. Surviving texts of the Reamker
date from the 16th or 17th century, but
Cambodia bas-reliefs at Angkor Wat show that the
Rama (Cambodian Ream) story had
For 2,000 years Cambodia’s civilization
been known in Cambodia for centuries.
absorbed influences from India and
The Cambodian version includes
China and, in turn, transferred them to
incidents and details not found in the
other Southeast Asian civilizations.
Sanskrit original written by the poet
From the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of
Valmiki. As in other Southeast Asian
Funan and Chenla (1st–8th century)
countries, the Rama story in Cambodia
through the classical age of the Angkor
is not confined to the realm of literature
period (9th–15th century), it held sway
but extends to all Cambodian art forms,
over territories that are now part of
from sculpture to dance drama and from
Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. The
painting to tourist art.
Khmer (Cambodian) empire reached its
apex in the 12th century, a time marked
by the construction of the massive Cambodian Literature
temple complexes known as Angkor
Verse novels emerged during the early
Wat and Bayon and the imperial capital
18th century. They are usually long, in
of Angkor Thom.
some instances consisting of as many as
8,000 stanzas. Most are based on the
jataka tales (stories of the former lives of
the Buddha, found widely in Southeast
Asian literature), while others draw on
local folktales and legends. One of the
best-known is Tum Teav, a tragic love
story believed to be based on real events
that occurred during the 17th century.
The story was passed down orally and
then eventually recorded in the 19th
century by the poet Santhor Mok. It
remains a widely known story that is
taught in schools and often retold in
comic-strip format. It has also been
filmed on two occasions and has inspired
stage adaptations and popular songs
Cambodian Literature
 Cambodian literature is
something of a unique creation,
born from a tragic national
history and a culture of oral
storytelling. Vincent Wood
explores the history of
Cambodia’s literature and the
struggles faced by Khmer
writers in the twentieth century.
 Historically, only a small portion
of Cambodia’s population was
literate and so large parts of the
storytelling traditions of the
country are oral and based in
local folklore. These stories are
heavily influenced by the
predominant religions of
Buddhism and Hinduism and
also reflect the cultural influence
of nearby India.
 The oldest example of such oral
stories is the Reamker, a
Cambodian version of the Indian
epic Ramayana which is
traditionally staged theatrically
with dance alongside the verses.
For most of Cambodia’s history,
written literature was, for the
most part, restricted to the royal
courts or Buddhist monasteries
of the country.
Cambodian Literature
In 1863 Cambodia became a
protectorate of France, bringing
new literary attitudes and
technologies to the country; by
1908 the first book in Khmer
was printed in Phnom Penh.
This allowed a new flowering of
Cambodian literature and by
1954 the Khmer Writers’
Association had been set up in
order to promote writing, as well
as introduce new themes and
direction to literature.
Cambodian Literature
 Tararith Kho is one of the few
Cambodian authors to have
made a name for himself both
within his own country and
internationally. He became a
Scholar at Risk fellow at
Harvard. His books and poetry
anthologies include Lesson of
Life, Culture Should Not Stay
Alone, Regretful, Red Print and
Khmer Nigeria Poetry.
 Other recent literature is still
predominantly focused on big
issues plaguing the country, such
as Somaly Mam’s The Road of
Lost Innocence. The book is a
memoir about Mam’s childhood
and adolescence as a prisoner of
the sex trade in Cambodia, and
helps to raise awareness of the
extent of the trafficking to this
day.
 THE CROCODILE AND
THE FIVE JUDGES
Culture of Cambodians in Decision
Making
Cross cultural management will be more
effective if you understand the
importance Cambodians place on
personal relationships. The
communication style in Cambodia
generally reflects the value placed on
relationships as people tend to be fairly
indirect in the way they communicating.
This helps to protect relationships and
avoid conflict:
 Negotiations will be slow while
they take the time to get to know
you. It is worth being patient as
any display of impatience could
jeopardize the deal.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A STORY
INTRODUCTION
The most fundamental components of a storyline are
the setting, characters, plot, conflict, and theme.
Understanding what each of these aspects contributes
to the story enables the reader to comprehend the
structure and significance of a short story.
Understanding how these aspects interact provides
the reader with an appreciation for the short story's
purpose.
ELEMENTS OF A STORY
 SETTINGS
 CHARACTERS
 CONFLICT
 THEME
 PLOT
ELEMENT: SETTINGS
When/where does the story take place? The word
"setting" includes not only where the story takes
place but also when it happens, as well as the people
and culture that live in the world where the story
takes place.
Having a well-developed setting is important because
it enhances the reading
experience and helps the
story's plot, tone, and
characters flourish.
ELEMENT:
CHARACTERS
A character is a person, animal, or anything
personified who acts in the plot of a short story or
other literary work. Through characters, readers can
experience the world that the author has built, both
through the characters' interactions with and
perceptions of their environment.
ELEMENT: CONFLICT
Conflict is any challenge that a character faces in a
narrative. In a short narrative, the conflict is a
struggle between two people or objects. The
protagonist is on one side of the primary conflict.
Conflict is essential to any story's tension and serves
to propel the narrative forward. It is frequently
employed to disclose a deeper meaning inside a
narrative while exposing the motivations, ideals, and
faults of the characters.
ELEMENT: THEME
The idea, belief, moral, lesson, or insight being
discussed here is referred to as
the theme. It's the author's main point of contention
that they want the reader to grasp. The theme might
be thought of as the "why" of the story.
It is also important to have a theme in order to give
your characters and events significance, the kind of
significance that frequently results in a significant
amount of emotional or spiritual participation and
release from the audience.
ELEMENT: PLOT
The sequence of events that take place throughout the
narrative is referred to as the plot. In general, a plot
will have an introduction, rising action, climax,
falling action, and resolution.
The plot is in charge of making sure that every
important part of the story is in place so that the
reader can understand it and it can move forward.
GREAT STORIES ARE BUILT ON COMPELLING
CHARACTERS, PLOTS, AND THEMES.

Freytag modified Aristotle’s system by

Teaching Plot Structure Through Short
Stories
Plot is the literary element that describes the
structure of a story. It shows the a causal
arrangement of events and actions within a story.
Types of Linear Plots
Plots can be told in
adding a rising action (or complication) and
a falling action to the structure. Freytag used
the five-part design shown above to describe
a story’s plot.
Modified Plot Structure

Freytag’s Pyramid is often modified so that

it extends slightly before and after the
primary rising and falling action. You might
Pyramid Plot Structure think of this part of the chart as similar to
the warm-up and cool-down for the story.
The most basic and traditional form of
plot is pyramid-shaped. Plot Components

This structure has been described in more

detail by Aristotle and by Gustav Freytag.

Aristotle’s Unified Plot

The basic
CONFLICT
triangle-shaped plot structure was
described by Aristotle in 350 BCE. Aristotle
used the beginning, middle, and end
structure to describe a story that moved
along a linear path, following a chain of
cause and effect as it works toward the
solution of a conflict or crisis.

Freytag’s Plot Structure

 Types of Conflict

INDONESIA

COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE
1. COGNITIVE COMPONENT - Beliefs or Knowledge
2. AFFECTIIVE COMPONENT - Feelings
3. BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT - Predisposition to act

TONE
- Refers to the methods by which writers and speakers
reveal attitude or feeling (Author Attitude)
- The author's attitude to the subject matter towards the
readers

MOOD
- It depends on what the reader feels. The mood is usually
created at the beginning of the story.
(Audience or Readers Attitude)