Excel About

Spreadsheet
Spreadsheet
• A spreadsheet is an interactive computer
application program for organization, analysis and
storage of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets
developed as computerized simulations of paper
accounting worksheets.
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Spreadsheet
• The program operates on data represented as cells of
an array, organized in rows and columns. Each cell of
the array is a model–view–controller element that may
contain either numeric or text data, or the results
of formulas that automatically calculate and display a
value based on the contents of other cells.
• Spreadsheet users may adjust any stored value and
observe the effects on calculated values. This makes
the spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since many
cases can be rapidly investigated without manual
recalculation.
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Spreadsheet
• Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple
interacting sheets, and can display data either as text
and numerals, or in graphical form.
• Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical
functions, modern spreadsheets provide built-in
functions for common financial and statistical
operations. Such calculations as net present
value or standard deviation can be applied to tabular
data with a pre-programmed function in a formula.
Spreadsheet programs also provide conditional
expressions, functions to convert between text and
numbers, and functions that operate on strings of text.
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Spreadsheet
• Spreadsheets have replaced paper-based systems
throughout the business world. Although they were first
developed for accounting or bookkeeping tasks, they now
are used extensively in any context where tabular lists are
built, sorted, and shared.
• LANPAR was the first electronic spreadsheet on
mainframe computers. VisiCalc was the first electronic
spreadsheet on a microcomputer, and it helped turn
the Apple II computer into a popular and widely used
system. Lotus1-2-3 was the leading spreadsheet for DOS.
• Microsoft Excel now has the largest market share on the
Windows & Mac platforms.
• A spreadsheet program is a standard feature of an office
productivity suite, i.e. Excel is part of MS-Office suite
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Workbook - Worksheet
Workbook
• A booklet containing problems and exercises that a
student may work directly on the pages.
• A manual containing operating instructions, as for an
appliance or machine.
• A book in which a record is kept of work proposed or
accomplished.
Worksheet
• A sheet of paper with multiple columns; used by an
accountant to assemble figures for financial statements.
• A piece of paper recording work planned or done on a
project.
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Workbook - Worksheet
Open Excel.
By default, Excel will open a blank
workbook that contains Multiple
worksheets (spreadsheets). Each
box, located in both a column and
a row, is called a cell.
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The Basics
The Title Bar is located at the very top of the screen. On the Title bar,
Microsoft Excel displays the name of the workbook you are currently using. At
the top of your screen, you should see "Microsoft Excel - Book1" or a similar
name.
The Menu Bar is directly below the Title bar and displays the menu. The
menu begins with the word File and continues with the following: Edit,
View, Insert, Format, Tools, Data, Window, and Help. You use the menu to
give instructions to the software. Point with your mouse to a menu option
and click the left mouse button. A drop-down menu will appear. You can
now use the left and right arrow keys on your keyboard to move left and
right across the Menu bar options. You can use the up and down arrow
keys to move up and down the drop-down menu. To select an option,
highlight the item on the drop-down menu and press Enter.
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Toolbars
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CELLS
Microsoft Excel consists of worksheets. Each worksheet contains columns and
rows. The columns are lettered A to IV; the rows are numbered 1 to 65536. The
combination of column and row coordinates make up a cell address. For
example, the cell located in the upper left corner of the worksheet is cell A1,
meaning column A, row 1. Cell E10 is located under column E on row 10. You
enter your data into the cells on the worksheet.
Row
Column
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CELLS
Cells can be formatted to

help handle various types of
data.
Right click on a single cell,
or a group of cells, and
select "Format Cells" from
the drop down menu.
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Cell Formating
Brief descriptions of
format types can be
seen at the bottom of
the dialog box.
Take a moment to
look through the
various formatting
options. Click cancel
when you’re done.
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Cell Formating
Type a number into cell

A1, right click on the cell,
and select "Format Cells."
Note that a sample format
is shown on the top right
of the dialog box.
You can adjust the
number of decimal places
and any preceding
symbols.
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Working with Cell
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Working with Cell
AND NOW CHANGE THE VALUES AND SEE AUTOMATIC CALCULATION

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The "Fill" Feature
You can quickly fill in several types of

data series by selecting cells and
dragging the fill handle or by using the
Series command (point to Fill on the
Edit menu, and then click Series).
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Relative v/s Absolute Reference
• There are two types of cell references are there
one is relative and other is absolute.
• Relative and absolute references behave
differently when copied and filled to other cells.
• Relative references change when a formula is
copied to another cell.
• Absolute references, on the other hand, remain
constant no matter where they are copied.
• Example :
– Relative : +A1+B1, SUM(A1:C9)
– Absolute :+$A$1+$B$1, SUM($A$1:$C$9)
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• By default, all cell references are relative
references. When copied across multiple cells,
they change based on the relative position of
rows and columns.
• For example,
– if you copy the formula =A1+B1 from row 1 to
row 2, the formula will become =A2+B2.
– if you copy the formula =A1+B1 from col 1 to
col 2, the formula will become =B1+C1.
• Relative references are especially convenient
whenever you need to repeat the same
calculation across multiple rows or columns.
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=B2/C2*100
When you drag this

downward, formula
become
=B3/C3*100
=B4/C4*100
=…
When you drag this rightward, formula

=B2*110% become
=C2*100%
=D2*100%
=…
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=B2*C2*B8
When you drag this downward,

formula become
=B3/C3*B9
=B4/C4*B10
=…
B9 and B10 cells are blank,
the result will not be correct
But we want to fix GST Rate cell B8 as fixed in the formula, so we have to
change formula as = B2*C2*$B$8
When you drag this, the formula become

=B3/C3*$B$8
=B4/C4*$B$8
=…
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Define Range Name
• Define Range Name
• Select the range to be named and click cell

address area and provide range name
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Define Range Name

• Define / Modify / Delete Range Name
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Formulas and Functions
• Formulas are equations that perform
calculations on values in your worksheet. A
formula starts with an equal sign (=). For
example, the following formula multiplies 2 by 3
and then adds 5 to the result. =5+2*3
• Functions are predefined formulas that perform
calculations by using specific values, called
arguments, in a particular order, or structure.
Functions can be used to perform simple or
complex calculations.
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Looking at cell I19, we can

see that there are no special
functions associated with the
data. Using a simple
function can help make
regular updates to the data
easier.
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In this case, you can simply

click on the Autosum button
while cell I19 is selected, and
Excel will identify the which
cells to include when
calculating a total revenue
figure for FY2005. Hit enter to
lock the sum in. Notice that the
function reads:
=SUM(I12:I18)
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The same can be done using a formula,

instead of a function.
=I12+I13+I14+I15+I16+I17+I18
This long expression helps to show why
functions are handy tools.
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A variety of functions are available. In cell L21, I can use

the average function to determine a yearly average for
forecasted revenue.
fx=AVERAGE(I19:K19) or fx=AVERAGE(I19, J19, K19)
or fx=(I19+J19+K19)/3
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Click on the small

down arrow next to
the function symbol
(the epsilon). Select
"More Functions."
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One more thing about formulas and

functions:
You can utilize data from other worksheets
in order to populate cells. The figure in cell
c16 is the sum of I19 through k19 on
worksheet sample5yr4cast.
=SUM(sample5yr4cast!I19:K19)
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Working with functions
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SUMIF Function
• The Excel SUMIF function returns the sum of cells that
meet a single condition. The SUMIF function supports
logical operators (>,<,<>,=) and wildcards (*,?) for partial
matching.
Syntax
=SUMIF (range, criteria, [sum_range])
Arguments
– range - The range of cells that you want to apply the criteria
against.
– criteria - The criteria used to determine which cells to add.
– sum_range - [optional] The cells to add together. If sum_range
is omitted, the cells in range are added together instead.
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IF Function
• Function runs a logical test and returns one
value for a TRUE result, and another for a
FALSE result.
Syntax
=IF (Condition, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])
Nested IF statements
• function can be "nested". A "nested IF" refers
to a formula where at least one IF function is
nested inside another in order to test for more
conditions and return more possible results.
=IF(Condition, [value_if_true],IF(Condition,
[value_if_true], [value_if_false]))
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IF with AND, OR, NOT
• The IF function can be combined with the AND,
OR and NOT functions.
=IF(AND(Condition1, Condition2),
[value_if_true], [value_if_false])
=IF(OR(Condition1, Condition2),
[value_if_true], [value_if_false])
=IF(NOT(Condition), [value_if_true],
[value_if_false])
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Count Function
• The COUNT function counts the number of cells
that contain numbers, and counts numbers within
the list of arguments.
Syntax =COUNT(value1, [value2], ...)
COUNTA Function
• The COUNTA function counts the number of cells
that are not empty in a range.
Syntax =COUNTA(value1, [value2], ...)
Remarks : The COUNTA function counts cells containing any
type of information, including error values and empty text
(""). For example, if the range contains a formula that
returns an empty string, the COUNTA function counts that
value. The COUNTA function does not count empty cells.
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Countif Function
• COUNTIF is an Excel function to count cells in
a range that meet a single condition. COUNTIF
can be used to count cells that contain dates,
numbers, and text. The criteria used in
COUNTIF supports logical operators (>,<,<>,=)
and wildcards (*,?) for partial matching.
Syntax =COUNTIF (range, criteria)

- range : The range of cells to count.
- criteria : The criteria that controls which
cells should be counted.
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String Manipulation
• String is a represented text, It is comprised
of a set of characters that can also contain
spaces and numbers.
• Typically, string is enclose strings in
quotation marks for the data to recognized
as a string and not a number.
• The word "Hamburger" and the phrase "I
ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings. Even
"12345" is also considered a string
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String Manipulation
• LEN() function returns the length of
characters in a string.
• Syntax = LEN(Cellname/Text)
• Example
o =LEN("Excel") Result: 5
o =LEN("Excel ") Result: 6
o =LEN(" Ex cel ") Result: 8
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String Manipulation
• TRIM() function returns a text value with the
leading and trailing spaces removed.
• Note : TRIM function also removes
unnecessary spaces between string.
• Syntax = TRIM(Cellname/Text)
• Example
o =TRIM(" apples ") Result: "apples"
o =TRIM("123 Main") Result: "123 Main"
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String Manipulation
• LEFT() function returns the number of
characters from the left of a string.
• Syntax : = LEFT(Cellname/Text, [Number])
• If number is not specified, default value is 1.
• Example
o =LEFT("Excel") Result: "E"
o =LEFT("Akul45",4) Result: "Akul"
o =LEFT("Akul45",5) Result: "Akul4"
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String Manipulation
• RIGHT() function returns the number of
characters from the right of a string.
• Syntax = RIGHT(Cellname/Text, [Number])
• If number is not specified, default value is 1.
• Example
o =RIGHT("EXCEL") Result: "L"
o =RIGHT("123abc",3) Result: "abc"
o =RIGHT("123abc",4) Result: "3abc"
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String Manipulation
• MID() function extracts a substring from a
string (starting at any position)
• Syntax MID(text, start_pos, num_char)
• Example
o =MID("TechOnTheNet",1,4) ---> "Tech"
o =MID("TechOnTheNet",5,5) --->"OnThe"
o =MID("TechOnTheNet",10,3)--->"Net"
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String Manipulation
• FIND() function returns the position of a
specified text within a text string. The
search is case-sensitive
• Syntax = FIND(Cell, Text, [Start])
• Default value for Start is 1
• Example
o =FIND("T", "TechOnTheNet") ---> 1
o =FIND("T","TechOnTheNet",2) ---> 7
o =FIND("Net","TechOnTheNet") ---> 10
o =FIND("Z","TechOnTheNet") ---> #VALUE!
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String Manipulation
• CONCATENATE() function allows us to join
two or more strings.
• Syntax : = CONCATENATE (Txt1, Txt2, ...)
• Example
o =CONCATENATE("Arun", "Arya") -> ArunArya
o =CONCATENATE("Arun", " ", "Arya") ->Arun Arya
o =CONCATENATE("2", """", "= 2 inch")->2" = 2 inch
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String Manipulation
• LOWER() allows to convert text to lowercase.
• UPPER() allows to convert text to uppercase
• PROPER() function sets the first character in
each word to uppercase and the rest to
lowercase.
o = Lower("Excel") Æ Result: "excel"
o = UPPER("Excel") Æ Result: "EXCEL"
o = PROPER("rajasthan GoVeRmEnT")
Æ"Rajasthan Government"
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String Manipulation
• VALUE() function converts a text value that
represents a number to a number.
• Syntax : = VALUE(Cellname/Text)
• If text is not a number, the VALUE function
will return #VALUE!.
• Example
o =VALUE(12345) Result: 12345
o =VALUE("67") Result: 67
o =VALUE(123 apples) Result: #VALUE!
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String Manipulation
• TEXT() function returns a value converted
to text with a specified format.
• Syntax : = TEXT(Cellname/Value, Format)
• Example
o =TEXT("7678.87", "$#,##0.00") Æ"$7,678.87"
o =TEXT("7678.87", "0") Æ "7679"
o =TEXT("123.65", "0.0") Æ"123.7"
o =TEXT("1277", "#,##0") Æ"1,277"
o =TEXT(A2, "0000000") Æ 0000001
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String Manipulation
• Example
o =TEXT("12-Dec-03", "yyyy/mm/dd")
Æ"2003/12/12"
o =TEXT("12-Dec-03", "mmm dd, yyyy")
Æ"Dec 12, 2003"
o =TEXT("12-Dec-03", "mmmm") Æ"December "
o =TEXT("12-Dec-03", "mmm") Æ"Dec"
o =TEXT("12-Dec-03", "ddd") Æ"Fri"
o =TEXT("12-Dec-03", "dddd") Æ"Friday"
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String Manipulation
• EXACT() function compares two strings case-
sensitively and returns TRUE if both values are
the same, otherwise false.
• Syntax : = EXACT(Text1, Text2)
• Example
o =Exact("Excel", "Excel") Æ Result: true
o =EXACT("Excel", “EXCEL") Æ Result: false
o =Exact("www.Google.com", "www.google.com")
Æ Result: false
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String Manipulation
• REPLACE() function replaces a sequence of characters in
a string with another set of characters.
• = REPLACE(old, start, num, new)
o old : The original string value.
o Start : The position in old text to replace characters.
o Num : The number of characters to replace in old text.
o new : The replacement set of characters.
• =REPLACE(“Alphabet Soup”, 1, 5, "Beta")
Æ Result: "Betabet Soup“
• =REPLACE(techonthenet.com, 5, 2, "1234")
ÆResult: "tech1234thenet.com“
• =REPLACE("apples", 2, 5, "te")
ÆResult: "ate"
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String Manipulation
• SUBSTITUE () function replaces a set of characters with
another.
• = SUBSTITUTE(txt, old_txt, nw_txt, [nth_app] )
o txt : The original string to use to perform the substitution.
o old_txt : The existing characters to replace.
o nw_txt : The new characters to replace old_text.
o nth_app : [Optional]. It is the nth appearance of old_text that
you wish to replace. If this parameter is omitted, then all
occurrence of old_txt will be replaced with nw_txt.
• =SUBSTITUTE(“Alphabet Soup”, "bet", "con", 1)
ÆResult: "Alphacon soup“
• =SUBSTITUTE(“techonthenet.com”, "t", "4", 2)
ÆResult: "techon4henet.com“
• =SUBSTITUTE(“techonthenet.com”, "t", "4")
ÆResult: "4echon4hene4.com"
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String Manipulation
• REPT() function returns a repeated text value a specified
number of times.
• = REPT (Text, Num)
o Text : The text value to repeat.
o Num : The number of times to repeat the text value.
• The REPT function returns a string/text value.
• =REPT(“is”, 2)
ÆResult: "isis"
• =REPT("apples ", 2)
Æ Result: "apples apples “
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String Manipulation
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Date Manipulation
• Date in Excel represent combination of
Day, Month, Year.
• To enter a date in Excel, use the "/" or "-"
characters otherwise it is treated as text.
• Date represent year, month and day but
stored as a serial number
o Date 01-01-1900 stored as 1
o Date 12-06-2021 stored as 44359
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Date Manipulation
• TODAY() function return the current date. No
argument required in this function.
• NOW() function return the current date and
time. No argument required in this function.
• DAY(datecell / datevalue) function return day
from the date
• MONTH(datecell / datevalue) function return
month from the date
• YEAR(datecell / datevalue) function return
year from the date
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Date Manipulation
• DATE(year, month, day) function convert
the to specified date
Example
Date(2021,05,29)Æ29/05/2021
• You can add / subtract numbers from date,
it will convert to next / previous dates
o =12/06/2021+23 will be 05/07/2021
o =12/06/2021-23 will be 20/05/2021
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Date Manipulation
• WEEKDAY(datecell, [Num]) returns the day
of the week.
o Num value is 1 (default) : The day is
ranging from 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday).
o Num value is 2 : The day is ranging from 1
(Monday) to 7 (Sunday).
• Example
o =Weekday("06/06/2021")Æ1
o =Weekday("06/06/2021",2)Æ7
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Date Manipulation
• EOMONTH(datecell, Number) returns the last
day of the month if Number is 0, positive
number will return next months last day,
negative number will return previous months
last day.
Example
o =EOMONTH("29/05/2021",0)Æ31/05/2021
o =EOMONTH("29/05/2021",-1) Æ30/04/2021
o =EOMONTH("29/05/2021",1) Æ30/06/2021
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Date Manipulation
• DATEDIF function calculates the number of days,
months, or years between two dates.
• Syntax =DATEDIF(Date1,Date2,unit)
• Unit
o "Y" : The number of complete years in the period.
o "M" : The number of complete months in the period.
o "D" : The number of days in the period.
o "MD" : The difference between the days in Date1 and Date2.
The months and years of the dates are ignored.
o "YM" : The difference between the months in Date1 and
Date2. The days and years of the dates are ignored
o "YD" : The difference between the days of Date1 and Date2.
The years of the dates are ignored.
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Date Manipulation
• Example
o =DATEDIF("01/01/2001","01/01/2003","Y")
->2 complete years in the period
o =DATEDIF("01/06/2001", "15/08/2002","M")
->14 months between 01/06/2001,
15/08/2002
o =DATEDIF("01/06/2001", "15/08/2002","D")
->440 days between 01/06/2001,
15/08/2002
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Date Manipulation
• Example
o =DATEDIF("01/06/2001","15/08/2002","YD")
->75 days between "01/06/2001“ ,
"15/08/2002“ after complete years
o =DATEDIF("28/07/2009","06/03/2016","YM")
->7 months after complete year
o =DATEDIF("28/07/2009","06/03/2016","MD")
->9 days after complete months
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Date Manipulation
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Data Analytics
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Excel Tables
• Excel Table converts a raw list of data into a
formatted Excel Table with many features, such
as sorting and filtering, that will help in organizing
your data. It applies a specific formatting to it.
• Table headers remain visible even when you
scroll.
• Filters are added to your data automatically.
• You can add Total Row feature to Tables. This
allows you to summarize the data with Average,
Count, Count Numbers, Max, Min, Sum, Standard
Deviation, Variance and more.
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Excel Tables
• Calculated Columns: If you have 5,00,000 rows
of data, calculated columns will adjust and
continue to add your formula as you add or
delete records in the table.
• Tables drag, formulas & formatting down
automatically.
• Easy Data Entry & Automatic Update for Pivot
Charts and Pivot Tables.
• Automatically AutoFill reduces errors.
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Excel Tables
Spreadsheet consists of information. Table consists of figures in orderly fashion.
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Excel Tables
• Click any single cell inside the data set.
• On the Insert tab, in the Tables group,
click Table.
• Excel automatically selects the data for

you. Check 'My table has headers' and
click on OK.
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Pivot Table
• A PivotTable is a powerful tool to calculate,
summarize, and analyze data that lets you
see comparisons, patterns, and trends in
your data.
• A pivot table is allow you :
– Easy Summary of Data
– Easy Data Analysis
– Quick Report Creation
– Helps in Quick Decision Making
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Pivot Table
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Pivot Table
• Select Insert > PivotTable.
• Under Choose the data, select Select a

table or range.
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Pivot Table
• In Table/Range, verify the cell range.
• Under Choose where you want the PivotTable
report to be placed, select New worksheet to
place the PivotTable in a new worksheet
or Existing worksheet and then select the
location you want the PivotTable to appear.
• Select OK.
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Pivot Table
• Under Choose where you want the PivotTable
report to be placed, select New worksheet to
place the PivotTable in a new worksheet
or Existing worksheet and then select the
location you want the PivotTable to appear.
• Select OK.
• Note: Selected fields are added to their default
areas: non-numeric fields are added to Rows,
date and time hierarchies are added to Columns,
and numeric fields are added to Values.
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Pivot Table
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Pivot Chart
• Sometimes it's hard to see the big picture
when your raw data hasn’t been summarized.
Your first instinct may be to create a
PivotTable, but not everyone can look at
numbers in a table and quickly see what's
going on.
• Pivot Charts are a great way to add data
visualizations to your data.
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Pivot Chart
• Select Insert > PivotChart.
• Under Choose the data, select Select a

table or range.
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Pivot Chart
• Under Choose where you want the PivotChart
to be placed, select New worksheet to place
the PivotChart in a new worksheet or Existing
worksheet and then select the location you
want the PivotChart to appear.
• Select OK.
• Select Chart Type and drag and drop
appropriate data in columns and rows
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Pivot Chart
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Conditional Formatting
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• Conditional formatting is a great way to visually
highlight important information in a worksheet.
• Conditional formatting enables you to highlight
cells with a certain color, depending on the cell's
value.
• Conditional formatting as automatic formatting
that is triggered by conditions that you define.
• Conditional formatting to automatically change
the color of cells that contain values greater than
or less than certain values.
• Highlighted Cell Rules – Greater than, Less
than, equal to, above/below average, Top,
Bottom, Duplicate Value etc.
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• Rule for Above / Low Average Value in a cell range
• Rule for Duplicate / Unique Values in a cell range
• Select Duplicate / Unique option than use format
option for color coding on those cells
• .......
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Data Validation
• Data validation is a feature in Excel used to control
what a user can enter into a cell. For example, you
could use data validation to make sure the value can
be
– Whole number between X to Y
– Decimal Number between X.y to Z.u
– Selection from list
– Date/Time
– Text Length
– Customise (Formula based)
• Data validation will validate the cell and display error.
• Data validation can also stop invalid user input define
earlier.
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Data Validation
• Select cells, in which you want to apply validation.
When you click on data validation following windows
will appear
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Data Validation
• Data validation is defined in
a window with 3 tabs, these
are
• Settings : Settings tab is
where you enter validation
criteria.
• Input Message : Input
Message tab is where a
tool-tip data is provided
when cell is clicked.
• Error Alert : Error Alert tab
is where Error message is
shown.
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Data Validation
Circle Invalid Data
• In this option we can check the existing data
• You can also clear the invalid data by use of

“clear validation circle” option
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Data Validation
Custom formula example
• =ISNUMBER(A1)
• =ISTEXT(A1)
• =COUNTIF($a$1:$a$10,a1)<=1
• =AND(len(a1)>5,len(a1)<10)
• =OR(A1=“Y”,A1=“N”)
• =SUM(A1:A10)<=100
• =WEEKDAY(A1,2)<>7
• =B1=TRIM(B1)
• =ISERROR(FIND(" ",A1))
• =AND(ISNUMBER(A2),LEN(A2)=5)
• =MOD(A1,5)=0
• ……….
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Interest Calculation
Simple Interest
• = P (1+R*T)
P = Principal Amount
R = Rate of interest
T = Number of years
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Interest Calculation
Compound Interest
• = P (1+R/N)^(N*T)
P = Principal Amount
N = Compounding frequency
R = Rate of interest
T = Number of time periods elapsed
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PMT Function
• PMT stands for "payment", hence the function's
name.
• PMT, one of the financial functions, calculates
the payment for a loan based on constant
payments and a constant interest rate.
• You can use the PMT function to figure out
payments for a loan, given the loan amount,
number of months, and interest rate.
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PMT Function
Syntax : PMT (Rate, nper, pv, [fv], [type])
– Rate : The interest rate / Payment per Year
– nper : Years x Payment per Year
– pv : The present value, or total value of all
loan payments now
– fv : - [optional] The future value, or a cash
balance you want after the last payment is
made. Defaults to 0 (zero)
– type : - [optional] When payments are due. 0
= end of period. 1 = beginning of period.
Default is 0
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PMT Function
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Calculated Manually
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PPMT Function
• The PPMT function in Excel calculates the principal portion of a
loan payment for a given period based on a constant interest rate
and payment schedule.
• Syntax = PPMT(rate, per, nper, pv, [fv], [type])
– Rate : the constant interest rate per period.
– Per : the target payment period. It should be an integer between 1
and nper.
– Nper : the total number of payments for the loan or investment.
– Pv : the present value, i.e. how much a series of future payments is
worth now. The present value of a loan is the amount you originally
borrowed.
– Fv (optional) : the future value, i.e. the balance you wish to have
after the last payment is made. If omitted, it is assumed to be zero
(0).
– Type (optional) - indicates when the payments are due:
• 0 or omitted - payments are due at the end of each period.
• 1 - payments are due at the beginning of each period.
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IPMT Function
• IPMT is interest payment function. It returns the interest
amount of a loan payment in a given period, assuming
interest rate and the total amount are constant.
• Syntax = IPMT(rate, per, nper, pv, [fv], [type])
– Rate : the constant interest rate per period.
– Per : the target payment period. It should be an integer between 1
and nper.
– Nper : the total number of payments for the loan or investment.
– Pv : the present value, i.e. how much a series of future payments is
worth now. The present value of a loan is the amount you originally
borrowed.
– Fv (optional) : the future value, i.e. the balance you wish to have after
the last payment is made. If omitted, it is assumed to be zero(0).
– Type (optional) - indicates when the payments are due:
• 0 or omitted - payments are due at the end of each period.
• 1 - payments are due at the beginning of each period.
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PPMT/IPMT Function
Principal Amount of Installment
PPMT (Rate, Installment No., Years x Installment Per Year, P)
o Rate : Interest rate for the loan / Payment Per Year
o Payment No. : Installment Year
o Years x Installment per Year : Total No. of Installment
o P : Principal Amount
Interest Amount of Installment
IPMT (Rate, Installment No., Years x Installment Per Year, P)
o Rate : The interest rate for the loan / Payment Per Year
o Payment No. : Installment Year
o Years x Installment per Year : Total No. of Installment
o P : Principal Amount
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What-If Analysis
• What-If Analysis is the process of changing the values
in cells to see how those changes will affect the outcome
of formulas on the worksheet.
• What-if Analysis determine how projected performance
is affected by changes is assumptions.
• A Brainstorming technique. Also defined as
Sensitive Analysis. Benefits:
o Can form Better and more informed decisions.
o By changing assumption and observing estimating
the results
o Able to predict the outcome of the results
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What-If Analysis
• Three kinds of What-If Analysis tools
come with Excel:
– Goal Seek,
– Data Tables and
– Scenarios
• Goal Seek takes single input
• Scenarios and Data tables take sets of
input values and determine possible
results.
Goal Seek
• The Goal Seek function (What-if-Analysis) is a
method of solving for a desired output by changing
an assumption that drives it.
• Goal Seek is a method for finding one-time
solutions to problems.
• The function essentially uses a trial and error
approach to back-solving the problem by plugging
in guesses until it arrives at the answer.
• It enables you to set the end result to determine the
input to produce the result.

Goal Seek
Goal Seek

Data Table
• A data table is a range of cells in which you can
change values in some of the cells and come up
with different answers to a problem.
• A one-variable data table is a data-analysis tool
that provides various results based on changing
one variable
• Two Variable Data Table use to determine the
affect of two variables on a single formula result
Data Table
• One Variable Data Table

Data Table
• Two Variable Data Table
Scenario Manager
• Scenario Manager enables you to specify multiple
sets of assumptions, called scenarios, to quickly
see the results of any given Scenario.
• Represents different sets of what-if conditions to be
considered in assessing the outcome of
spreadsheet models
• A scenario summary report is a condensed version
of the scenario results

Scenario Manager
• A bookseller has printed 1000 Book at the cost of
Rs. 100 each and want to gain profit by selling it on
demand basis.
Scenario Manager
• Step 1: Click Data->What-IF Analysis->Scenario
Manager

Scenario Manager
• Step 2: Click Add
Provide Scenario Name
Provide Cell Address, which
varies (changes)
Scenario Manager
• Step 3 : Add Multiple Scenario by provide Multiple
values for each scenario and name each scenerio
• Step 4 : Click Summary
• Step 5 : Select the Result Cell and click OK

Scenario Manager
NPV Function
• The NPV function is a financial function that
calculates the Net Present Value (NPV) of an
investment using a discount rate and a series of
future cash flows.
• The NPV determining the value of an investment
(a company, a project, a cost-saving initiative,
etc.).
• If a project's NPV is positive (> 0), the company
can expect a profit and should consider moving
forward with the investment. If a project's NPV is
neutral (= 0), the project is not expected to result
in any significant gain or loss.

NPV Function
• NPV = FV / [ (1 + Rate)^Time ] Where,
– PV = Present Value
– FV = Future payment (cash flow)
– Rate = Discount rate (or interest rate)
– Time = the time periods in future the cash
flow is
• Syntax
= NPV(Rate, Cash Flow)
NPV Function

Vlookup Function
• VLOOKUP stands for 'Vertical Lookup'.
• It is a function that makes Excel search for a
certain value in a column (the so called 'table
array'), in order to return a value from a different
column in the same row.
• Purpose : Lookup a value in a table array by
matching on the asked column
• Return value : The matched value from a table
array.
Vlookup Function

Vlookup Function
Syntax : Vlookup(Lookup_value, Table Array,
Column_Index_Num, [Range_Lookup])
– Lookup_value : Value you want to look up
– Table Array : The Range where the lookup value
located
– Column_Index_Num : Column number in the
range that contains the return value
– Range_Lookup : Optionally, ‘True’ for an
appropriate match or ‘False’ for an exact of the
return value
Table Array should be using absolute
reference or named range
Vlookup Function
What to search
=Vlookup(A7,Sheet1!$A$1:$d$1,2,0)
Where to search
Return Column No.
0 for Exact match

Hlookup Function
• HLOOKUP stands for ‘Horizontal Lookup'.
• It is a function that makes Excel search for a
certain value in a row (the so called 'table
array'), in order to return a value from a different
row in the same column.
• Purpose : Lookup a value in a table array by
matching on the asked row
• Return value : The matched value from a table
array.
Hlookup Function
Syntax : Hlookup(Lookup_value, Table
Array, Row_Index_Num, [Range_Lookup])
– Lookup_value : Value you want to look up
– Table Array : The Range where the lookup value
located
– Row_Index_Num : Column number in the range
that contains the return value
– Range_Lookup : Optionally, ‘True’ for an
appropriate match or ‘False’ for an exact of the
return value
Table Array should be using absolute
reference or named range
Hlookup Function
Match Function
• The MATCH function searches for a specified
item in a range of cells, and then returns the
relative position of that item in the range.
• Example
– Range A1:A3 contains the values 5, 25, and 38,
– The formula =MATCH(25,A1:A3,0) returns the value
number 2.
• Use MATCH function when you need the
position of an item in a range instead of the item
itself.

Match Function
Syntax = MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array,
[match_type])
• lookup_value : The value that you want to match
in lookup_array.
• lookup_array :The range of cells being searched.
• match_type : [Optional] The number -1, 0, or 1. The
default value for this argument is 1.
– 1 or omitted MATCH finds the largest value that is less than or equal
to lookup_value.
– 0 MATCH finds the first value that is exactly equal to lookup_value. The
values in the lookup_array argument can be in any order.
– -1 MATCH finds the smallest value that is greater than or equal to
lookup_value.
Vlookup - Match Duo

• VLOOKUP and MATCH functions to give you
better control over how the column index
number changes.
• This dynamic duo can help prevent errors and
improve your VLOOKUP formulas.
• When you add or delete columns in an area that
the VLOOKUP refers to, the result can return an
error or incorrect result? If we can replace 3
with a function to get
Column no.

Vlookup - Match Duo
• Vlookup function for Subject name
=Vlookup(A7,Sheet1!$A$1:$d$1,2,0)
• We want to replace 2 with function, for which we
can use MATCH function
• =Vlookup(A7,Sheet1!$A$1:$d$1, MATCH(B6,
Sheet1!$A$1:$D$4,0) ,0)
1 2 3 4
Encrypt Workbook

Protect Worksheet
Excel Help

Excel Help
Working With Data

• Data that is organized in columns or rows
can utilize various formatting methods.
• Microsoft Excel can import these various
types of data.
• Data can be separated using…
• Commas (.csv)
• Tabs or spaces (.txt)

Working With Data
Open the file called
Staff.csv
Column and Row
Resize the columns so that

you can see more of the
data…

SORT – Arranging Data
Sorting data is sometimes necessary.

This data is currently in alphabetical
order by last name. Sort it by city
instead.
SORT – Arranging Data

Working across worksheets
Insert an additional
worksheet inside this
workbook. Click on
Insert/Worksheet.
Highlight and
copy the data
from cell B9
through E18.
Paste it on the
new sheet.
Right click on the

new worksheet, then
select paste from the
drop down menu.
Charts and Graphs
Highlight the data you

want to graphically
represent. Then click
the chart wizard icon on
your toolbar

Charts and Graphs
You can also
launch the
Chart Wizard
by selecting
Insert/Chart.
Charts and Graphs
Notice that the Chart toolbar appears when

you insert a chart. You can edit the charts
properties at any time.
Page Setup
Page Setup dialog box.
Click on File/Page Setup.
Printing
To see all printing options,

make sure you select print
from the file menu. Clicking
on the printer icon on your
toolbar will allow to print
directly to your default
printer with default options.

Excel Functions
STRING FUNCTIONS
• CHAR • MID
• CLEAN • PROPER
• CODE • REPLACE
• Concat with & • REPT
• CONCATENATE • RIGHT
• DOLLAR • SEARCH
• EXACT • SUBSTITUTE
• FIND • T
• FIXED • TEXT
• LEFT • TRIM
• LEN • UPPER
• LOWER • VALUE

NUMERIC / MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
• ABS • BIN2HEX
• ACOS / ACOSH • BIN2OCT
• AGGREGATE • CEILING
• ASIN / ASINH • CEILING.PRECISE
• ATAN • COMBIN
• ATAN2 • COMBINA
• ATANH • COMPLEX
• AVERAGE • CONVERT
• AVERAGEA • COS
• AVERAGEIF • COSH
• AVERAGEIFS • COUNT / COUNTA
• BIN2DEC • COUNTBLANK
• COUNTIF

• COUNTIFS • MAXA
• DEGREES • MDETERM
• EVEN • MEDIAN
• EXP • MIN / MINA
• FACT • MINVERSE
• FLOOR • MMULT
• FREQUENCY • MOD
• INT • N
• LARGE • ODD
• LINEST • PI
• LN • POWER
• LOG / LOG10 • PRODUCT
• MAX • RADIANS
•RAND • SUMIFS
•RANDBETWEEN • SUMPRODUCT
•ROMAN • SUMSQ
•ROUND • SUMX2MY2
•ROUNDDOWN • SUMX2PY2
•ROUNDUP • SUMXMY2
•SIGN • TAN / TANH
•SIN / SINH • TRUNC
•SMALL • VALUE
•SQRT • VAR
•SUBTOTAL • VARA
•SUM • VARP
•SUMIF • VARPA
STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
• CHIINV
• CHITEST
• AGGREGATE
• COVAR
• AVEDEV
• FORECAST
• AVERAGE
• GROWTH
• AVERAGEA
• INTERCEPT
• AVERAGEIF
• LARGE
• AVERAGEIFS
• LINEST
• BETADIST
• MAX / MAXA
• BETAINV
• MEDIAN
• BINOMDIST
• MIN
• CHIDIST
• MINA
• PERCENTILE
STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
• PERCENTRANK • VARPA
• PERMUT
• PI
• QUARTILE
• RANK
• SLOPE
• SMALL
• STDEV
• STDEVA
• STDEVP
• STDEVPA
• VAR / VARA
• VARP
LOGICAL FUNCTIONS
• AND
• FALSE
• IF
• NOT
• OR
• TRUE

INFORMATION FUNCTIONS
• CELL
• ERROR.TYPE
• INFO
• ISBLANK
• ISERR
• ISERROR
• ISLOGICAL
• ISNA
• ISNONTEXT
• ISREF
• ISTEXT
• N
• NA
• TYPE 153
By Akul Bhargava
DATE / TIME FUNCTIONS

• DATE • TODAY
• DATEDIF • WEEKDAY
• DATEVALUE • YEAR
• DAY
• DAYS360
• HOUR
• MINUTE
• MONTH
• NETWORKDAYS
• NETWORKDAYS.INTL
• NOW
• SECOND
• TIME
• TIMEVALUE
DATABASE FUNCTIONS
• DAVERAGE
• DCOUNT
• DCOUNTA
• DGET
• DMAX
• DMIN
• DPRODUCT
• DSTDEV
• DSTDEVP
• DSUM
• DVAR
• DVARP
FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
• ACCRINT • NPV
• ACCRINTM • PMT
• AMORDEGRC • PPMT
• AMORLINC • PV
• DB • RATE
• DDB • SLN
• FV • SYD
• IPMT • VDB
• IRR
• ISPMT
• MIRR
• NPER

LOOKUP / REFERENCE FUNCTIONS
• ADDRESS • ROW
• AREAS • ROWS
• CHOOSE • TRANSPOSE
• COLUMN • VLOOKUP
• COLUMNS
• HLOOKUP
• HYPERLINK
• INDEX
• INDIRECT
• LOOKUP
• MATCH
• OFFSET
Learn Excel URL
• https://www.excel-easy.com/
• https://www.techonthenet.com/excel/index.
php
• https://bettersolutions.com/excel.htm
• https://support.microsoft.com/en-
us/office/excel-video-training-9bc05390-
e94c-46af-a5b3-d7c22f6990bb

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Spreadsheet

Cells can be formatted to

Type a number into cell

Working with Cell

AND NOW CHANGE THE VALUES AND SEE AUTOMATIC CALCULATION

The "Fill" Feature

You can quickly fill in several types of

Relative v/s Absolute Reference

When you drag this

When you drag this rightward, formula

Relative v/s Absolute Reference

When you drag this downward,

When you drag this, the formula become

• Select the range to be named and click cell

Define Range Name

Formulas and Functions

Looking at cell I19, we can

In this case, you can simply

Formulas and Functions

The same can be done using a formula,

A variety of functions are available. In cell L21, I can use

Formulas and Functions

Click on the small

One more thing about formulas and

Working with functions

Working with functions

Working with functions

Working with functions

Syntax =COUNTIF (range, criteria)

Working with functions

Working with functions

Spreadsheet consists of information. Table consists of figures in orderly fashion.

• Excel automatically selects the data for

• Under Choose the data, select Select a

• Under Choose the data, select Select a

• You can also clear the invalid data by use of

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Provide Scenario Name

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• Step 5 : Select the Result Cell and click OK

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Return Column No.

0 for Exact match

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Vlookup - Match Duo