OLFU 1. What is the analytical problem?

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY

SCIENCE 2. What type of information is needed to solve the problem?
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
3. How will the solution to this problem be used?

4. What criteria were considered in designing the experimental

INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
◦ Analytical chemistry is often described as the area of
chemistry responsible for characterizing the
composition of matter, both qualitatively (what is
present) and quantitatively (how much is present).
procedure?
5. Were there any potential interferences that had to be
eliminated? If so, how were they treated?
6. Is there a plan for validating the experimental method?

7. How were the samples collected?

8. Is there evidence that steps 2, 3, and 4 of the analytical

approach are repeated more than once?

9. Was there a successful conclusion to the problem?

Another appropriate description of Analytical Chemistry is:

“. . . the science of inventing and applying the concepts,

principles, and . . . strategies for measuring the
characteristics of chemical systems and species.”

ANALYTICAL CHEMIST

◦ Analytical chemists typically operate at the extreme

edges of analysis, extending and improving the ability
of all chemists to make meaningful measurements on ANALYSIS
smaller samples, on more complex samples, on shorter
time scales, and on species present at lower
concentrations.

An analysis involves several steps and operations which

THE ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE depend on:

Five-step process of analytical perspective: • the particular problem

1. Identify and define the problem. • your expertise

2. Design the experimental procedure.
3. Conduct an experiment, and gather data. • the apparatus or equipment available.
4. Analyze the experimental data.
The analyst should be involved in every step.
5. Propose a solution to the problem.

ANCH111- ANALYTICAL CHEM

Steps in an analysis
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
PURPOSE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
QUALITATIVE TESTS
◦ In medicine, analytical chemistry is the basis for
clinical laboratory test which helps the physician
diagnose disease and chart progress of patient’s
recovery.
◦ In industry, analytical chemistry provides the means
of testing raw materials and for assuring the quality
of finished products whose chemical composition
is critical. Many household products such as fuel,
paints, pharmaceuticals are analyzed by the
procedures developed by analytical chemists before
being sold in the market
◦ Environmental quality is often evaluated by testing
for suspected contaminants using the techniques
of analytical chemistry
◦ The nutritional value of food and carbohydrates by
chemical analysis for major components such as
vitamins and minerals. Indeed, even the calories in
food are often calculated from its chemical analysis
ANCH111- ANALYTICAL CHEM
◦ Analytical chemistry also makes an important
contribution in the field of diverse forensics,
archaeology and space science.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Qualitative analysis is what.
Quantitative analysis is how much
◦ Reveals the identity of the elements and compounds in
a sample.
◦ Qualitative TEST may be performed by selective
chemical reactions or with the use of instrumentation.
The formation of a white precipitate when adding a
solution of silver nitrate in dilute nitric acid to dissolved
sample indicated the presence of halide. Some
chemical reactions produce specific colors to indicate
the presence of the sample of interest such as classes
of organic compounds(ketones). Infrared spectra will
give fingerprints of organic compounds or their
functional group.
◦ SELECTIVE REACTIONS – a test that can occur with
other substances but exhibits a degree of preference
for the substances of interest
◦ SPECIFIC REACTIONS – test that occurs only with the
substance of interest
 ◦ SELECTIVITY – Strategies:

Sample preparation: extraction; precipitation

Instrumentation (selected detectors)

Target analyte (functional groups)

Chromatography (separates sample

constituents)

QUANTITTIVE ANALYSIS

◦ Indicates the amount of each substance in a sample.

QUANTITATIVE TESTS

◦ Quantitative analysis – measures the exact amount

of substance of interest

◦ 3 phases:

◦ Fast screening phase – rapid test, that

indicates presence or absence of sample of
interest

◦ Identification phase –

◦ Quantification phase -

TECHNIQUES includes; IMMUNOASSAYS; GAS

CHROMATOGRAPHY; MAS-SPECTROMETRY. LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY

Let say a sample is ANALYZE for all of its constituents. The

substance measured are called ANALYTEs. The process of
measuring the analytes is called determination.

COMMON ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS

◦ Many problems in analytical chemistry begin with the

need to identify what is present in a sample.

MOST ACOMMON TYPE OF PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED IN

THE ANALYTICAL LAB

1. Quantitative analysis- An analysis in which we

determine how much of a constituent species is present in
a sample.

2. Characterization analysis - An analysis in which we

evaluate a sample’s chemical or physical properties.

3. Fundamental analysis - An analysis whose purpose is

to improve an analytical method’s capabilities.

ANCH111- ANALYTICAL CHEM