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Introduction to Chemical Analysis

• Chemical analysis includes any aspect of the chemical
characterization of a sample material.

• Analytical Chemistry?
• “Science of Chemical Measurements”

METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

ABSOLUTE METHODS RELATIVE METHODS

• Based on reaction • Based on comparison

stoichiometry of properties

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ABSOLUTE METHODS

• Based on reaction
stoichiometry

GRAVIMETRIC METHODS VOLUMETRIC METHODS

Based on weight data Based on volume data

CLASSICAL METHODS

RELATIVE METHODS

• Based on comparison
of properties

OPTICAL METHODS ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS

INSTRUMENTAL METHODS

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Areas of Chemical Analysis and

Questions They Answer
• Quantitation:
• How much of substance X is in the sample?
• Detection:
• Does the sample contain substance X?
• Identification:
• What is the identity of the substance in the sample?
• Separation:
• How can the species of interest be separated from the sample matrix for
better quantitation and identification?

What is Analytical Science?

• Analytical Chemistry provides the methods and tools needed for
insight into our material world…for answering four basic questions
about a material sample?
• What?
• Where?
• How much?
• What arrangement, structure or form?

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Analytical Chemistry

• 1. Wet (or classical) method – based on comparative qualities

• e.g. titrations, gravimetric analysis

• 2. Instrumental method – based on standard comparison

• e.g. spectrophotometry, chromatography

It answer the questions….

Qualitative analysis is what.
Quantitative analysis is how much.

What is it ?
How much is there?
How pure is it?
What are the impurities?

©Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley)

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TOTAL ANALYTICAL PROCESS

Formulation of specific
General statement Selection of
analytical
of the problem analytical method
problem

Decision YES Answer to problem? NO Sampling and sample

preparation

Interpretation and Treatment and evaluation of

data Measurement
reporting of data

An analysis involves several steps and operations,

The Analytical Process that depends on several cases or scenario

The analyst should be involved in every step.

1.) Formulating the Question:

Translate General Question into Specific Question :
Is this water safe to Drink?
What is the concentration of Arsenic in the
water sample?
2.) Selecting Analytical Procedures:
a.) Choose procedure to measure Arsenic in water
(i) Uncertainty in measurement
(ii) Limit of detection
(iii) Destroy sample
(iv) Availability, time, cost
b.) If necessary, develop new procedure

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The Analytical Process Source Caffeine Serving size

(mgs per (oz)
serving)
3.) Sampling: Regular coffee 106-164 5
a.) Select representative material to analyze Decaffeinated 2-5 5
(i) don’t use the entire sample coffee
(ii) consistency in sample collection Tea 21-50 5
Cocoa 2-8 6
beverage
Baking 35 1
chocolate
Sweet 20 1
chocolate
Milk chocolate 6 1
soft drinks 36-57 12

The Analytical Process

4.) Sample Preparation:
a.) convert sample into form suitable for
chemical analysis
(i) Dissolve sample
(ii) Concentrate sample

iii) Remove species that interfere with analysis

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The Analytical Process: Sample Preparation

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The Analytical Process

Different methods provide a range of precision, sensitivity, selectivity,

and speed capabilities.

©Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley)

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The sample size dictates what measurement techniques can be used.

©Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley)

Analytical Chemistry
Training Focuses on
• Underlying principles of chemical measurements ( integrating all
chemistry fields, math, physics, biology, electronics, and computers).
• Developing proficiency with quantitative analysis laboratory
procedures
• Exposure to role of chemical analysis in a broad range of modern
science.

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Where Do We Begin?
• Review of Basic Tools and Operations of Analytical Chemistry
• The Laboratory Notebook
• Analytical Balances, Volumetric Glassware
• Laboratory Safety
• Error Analysis
• Concepts
• Terminology
• Evaluation of Data
• Experimental Design
• Review of Solution Chemistry
• Units
• Concentration Calculations
• Stoichiometry
• Balanced Chemical Reactions

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